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Cardiovascular disease has become the number one cause of death worldwide. For the diagnosis and therapy of coronary artery disease, interventional C-arm-based fluoroscopy is an imaging method of choice. While these C-arm systems are also capable of rotating around the patient and thus allow a CT-like 3-D image reconstruction, their long rotation time of about five seconds leads to strong motion artefacts in 3-D coronary artery imaging. In this work, a novel method is introduced that is based on a 2-D-2-D image registration algorithm. It is embedded in an iterative algorithm for motion estimation and compensation and does not require any complex segmentation or user interaction. It is thus fully automatic, which is a very desirable feature for interventional applications. The method is evaluated on simulated and human clinical data. Overall, it could be shown that the method can be successfully applied to a large set of clinical data without user interaction or parameter changes, and with a high robustness against initial 3-D image quality, while delivering results that are at least up to the current state of the art, and better in many cases.
Book Synopsis 3-D Imaging of Coronary Vessels Using C-arm CT by : Chris Schwemmer
Download or read book 3-D Imaging of Coronary Vessels Using C-arm CT written by Chris Schwemmer and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular disease has become the number one cause of death worldwide. For the diagnosis and therapy of coronary artery disease, interventional C-arm-based fluoroscopy is an imaging method of choice. While these C-arm systems are also capable of rotating around the patient and thus allow a CT-like 3-D image reconstruction, their long rotation time of about five seconds leads to strong motion artefacts in 3-D coronary artery imaging. In this work, a novel method is introduced that is based on a 2-D-2-D image registration algorithm. It is embedded in an iterative algorithm for motion estimation and compensation and does not require any complex segmentation or user interaction. It is thus fully automatic, which is a very desirable feature for interventional applications. The method is evaluated on simulated and human clinical data. Overall, it could be shown that the method can be successfully applied to a large set of clinical data without user interaction or parameter changes, and with a high robustness against initial 3-D image quality, while delivering results that are at least up to the current state of the art, and better in many cases.
Atherosclerosis represents the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Two of the most common, severe, diseases that may occur, acute myocardial infarction and stroke, have their pathogenesis in the atherosclerosis that may affect the coronary arteries as well as the carotid/intra-cranial vessels. Therefore, in the past there was an extensive research in identifying pre-clinical atherosclerotic diseases in order to plan the correct therapeutical approach before the pathological events occur. In the last 20 years imaging techniques and in particular Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance had a tremendous improvement in their potential. In the field of the Computed Tomography the introduction of the multi-detector-row technology and more recently the use of dual energy and multi-spectral imaging provides an exquisite level of anatomic detail. The MR thanks to the use of strength magnetic field and extremely advanced sequences can image human vessels very quickly while offering an outstanding contrast resolution.
Book Synopsis 3D Imaging Technologies in Atherosclerosis by : Rikin Trivedi
Download or read book 3D Imaging Technologies in Atherosclerosis written by Rikin Trivedi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atherosclerosis represents the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Two of the most common, severe, diseases that may occur, acute myocardial infarction and stroke, have their pathogenesis in the atherosclerosis that may affect the coronary arteries as well as the carotid/intra-cranial vessels. Therefore, in the past there was an extensive research in identifying pre-clinical atherosclerotic diseases in order to plan the correct therapeutical approach before the pathological events occur. In the last 20 years imaging techniques and in particular Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance had a tremendous improvement in their potential. In the field of the Computed Tomography the introduction of the multi-detector-row technology and more recently the use of dual energy and multi-spectral imaging provides an exquisite level of anatomic detail. The MR thanks to the use of strength magnetic field and extremely advanced sequences can image human vessels very quickly while offering an outstanding contrast resolution.
Nowadays, angiography is the gold standard for the visualization of the morphology of the cardiac vasculature and cardiac chambers in the interventional suite. Up to now, high resolution 2-D X-ray images are acquired with a C-arm system in standard views and the diagnosis of the cardiologist is based on the observations in the planar X-ray images. No dynamic analysis of the cardiac chambers can be performed in 3-D. In the last years, cardiac imaging in 3-D using a C-arm system becomes of more and more interest in the interventional catheter laboratory. However, cardiac motion is a challenging problem in 3-D imaging, which leads to severe imaging artifacts in the 3-D image. Therefore, the main research goal of this thesis was the visualization and extraction of dynamic and functional parameters of the cardiac chambers in 3-D using an interventional angiographic C-arm system. In this thesis, two different approaches for cardiac chamber motion-compensated reconstruction have been developed and evaluated. The first technique addresses the visualization of the left ventricle. The second motion-compensated reconstruction approach uses volume-based motion estimation algorithms for the reconstruction of two left atrium and left ventricle - to four heart chambers. Overall, the results of this thesis highly demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic and functional cardiac chamber imaging using data from an interventional angiographic C-arm system for clinical applications.
Book Synopsis 3-D Imaging of the Heart Chambers with C-arm CT. 3D-Bildgebung Der Herzkammern Mit C-Bogen-CT by : Kerstin Müller
Download or read book 3-D Imaging of the Heart Chambers with C-arm CT. 3D-Bildgebung Der Herzkammern Mit C-Bogen-CT written by Kerstin Müller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays, angiography is the gold standard for the visualization of the morphology of the cardiac vasculature and cardiac chambers in the interventional suite. Up to now, high resolution 2-D X-ray images are acquired with a C-arm system in standard views and the diagnosis of the cardiologist is based on the observations in the planar X-ray images. No dynamic analysis of the cardiac chambers can be performed in 3-D. In the last years, cardiac imaging in 3-D using a C-arm system becomes of more and more interest in the interventional catheter laboratory. However, cardiac motion is a challenging problem in 3-D imaging, which leads to severe imaging artifacts in the 3-D image. Therefore, the main research goal of this thesis was the visualization and extraction of dynamic and functional parameters of the cardiac chambers in 3-D using an interventional angiographic C-arm system. In this thesis, two different approaches for cardiac chamber motion-compensated reconstruction have been developed and evaluated. The first technique addresses the visualization of the left ventricle. The second motion-compensated reconstruction approach uses volume-based motion estimation algorithms for the reconstruction of two left atrium and left ventricle - to four heart chambers. Overall, the results of this thesis highly demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic and functional cardiac chamber imaging using data from an interventional angiographic C-arm system for clinical applications.
Cardiac C-arm CT is a valuable imaging modality that can provide three-dimensional images of the heart during an interventional procedure. As the technology advances to provide better image quality and faster acquisition times, the potential clinical uses increase. Visualization of myocardial defects could directly impact the guidance, procedure time, and outcome of various interventional procedures. In this work, I developed protocols to optimize low-contrast detectability for cardiac C-arm CT and performed in vivo studies to validate using C-arm CT for imaging myocardial necrosis during a cardiac interventional procedure. Initial in vivo investigations were used to evaluate the contrast injection protocol for ideal timing, dilution, catheter type, and injection location. Additionally, x-ray parameters including filtration, kVp, dose, and collimation were optimized for low-contrast detectability and minimization of artifacts. A 4 sweep x 5 s, ECG-gated imaging protocol using low energy (70-90 kVp) and high dose (1.2 [mu]Gy/projection) optimizes low contrast detectability, while collimation around the heart improves SNR by reducing scatter. Images acquired both in vivo and in a slab phantom show that tight collimation and beam filtration result in improved SNR and a reduction of shading artifacts. Visualization of radiofrequency ablation lesions using contrast enhanced C-arm CT during the procedure provides a direct assessment of adequate lesion formation and may circumvent complications associated with cardiac ablation procedures. An in vivo validation study was completed in 9 swine by comparing lesion dimensions measured in C-arm CT images and pathology specimens. All ablation lesions were visualized and lesion dimensions, as measured on C-arm CT, correlated well with postmortem tissue measurements using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining (mean difference 1D dimensions: 0.09 ± 1.04 mm, area: -0.71 ± 5.86 mm2). C-arm CT visualization of myocardial infarction (MI) in the catheterization lab could furnish early prognostic information for risk stratification as well as provide 3D images for guidance of stem cell or ablation therapies. A porcine model using balloon occlusion in the coronary artery was used to study visualization of acute and subacute MI in 12 swine. Contrast enhanced C-arm CT imaging was performed the day of infarct creation or 4 weeks after infarct creation and the volume of the infarct was compared against pathology to validate the visualization of infarction. Acute MI is best visualized at 1 minute post contrast injection as a region of combined hyper- and hypoenhancement whereas subacute MI appears as a region of hyperenhancement with peak contrast enhancement at 5 minutes post contrast injection. C-arm CT infarct volumes compared well with TTC staining (mean difference acute: -0.5 cm3, subacute: -0.7cm3). In conclusion, cardiac C-arm CT with contrast and imaging protocols optimized for low-contrast detectability has been established as a consistent and reliable technique for imaging myocardial necrotic tissue in the interventional suite.
Book Synopsis C-arm CT Imaging of Myocardial Necrotic Tissue During an Interventional Procedure by : Erin Elizabeth Girard
Download or read book C-arm CT Imaging of Myocardial Necrotic Tissue During an Interventional Procedure written by Erin Elizabeth Girard and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiac C-arm CT is a valuable imaging modality that can provide three-dimensional images of the heart during an interventional procedure. As the technology advances to provide better image quality and faster acquisition times, the potential clinical uses increase. Visualization of myocardial defects could directly impact the guidance, procedure time, and outcome of various interventional procedures. In this work, I developed protocols to optimize low-contrast detectability for cardiac C-arm CT and performed in vivo studies to validate using C-arm CT for imaging myocardial necrosis during a cardiac interventional procedure. Initial in vivo investigations were used to evaluate the contrast injection protocol for ideal timing, dilution, catheter type, and injection location. Additionally, x-ray parameters including filtration, kVp, dose, and collimation were optimized for low-contrast detectability and minimization of artifacts. A 4 sweep x 5 s, ECG-gated imaging protocol using low energy (70-90 kVp) and high dose (1.2 [mu]Gy/projection) optimizes low contrast detectability, while collimation around the heart improves SNR by reducing scatter. Images acquired both in vivo and in a slab phantom show that tight collimation and beam filtration result in improved SNR and a reduction of shading artifacts. Visualization of radiofrequency ablation lesions using contrast enhanced C-arm CT during the procedure provides a direct assessment of adequate lesion formation and may circumvent complications associated with cardiac ablation procedures. An in vivo validation study was completed in 9 swine by comparing lesion dimensions measured in C-arm CT images and pathology specimens. All ablation lesions were visualized and lesion dimensions, as measured on C-arm CT, correlated well with postmortem tissue measurements using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining (mean difference 1D dimensions: 0.09 ± 1.04 mm, area: -0.71 ± 5.86 mm2). C-arm CT visualization of myocardial infarction (MI) in the catheterization lab could furnish early prognostic information for risk stratification as well as provide 3D images for guidance of stem cell or ablation therapies. A porcine model using balloon occlusion in the coronary artery was used to study visualization of acute and subacute MI in 12 swine. Contrast enhanced C-arm CT imaging was performed the day of infarct creation or 4 weeks after infarct creation and the volume of the infarct was compared against pathology to validate the visualization of infarction. Acute MI is best visualized at 1 minute post contrast injection as a region of combined hyper- and hypoenhancement whereas subacute MI appears as a region of hyperenhancement with peak contrast enhancement at 5 minutes post contrast injection. C-arm CT infarct volumes compared well with TTC staining (mean difference acute: -0.5 cm3, subacute: -0.7cm3). In conclusion, cardiac C-arm CT with contrast and imaging protocols optimized for low-contrast detectability has been established as a consistent and reliable technique for imaging myocardial necrotic tissue in the interventional suite.
This book covers the latest developments in imaging of atherosclerosis. Topics covered include multi-detector-row technology and the use of dual energy and multi-spectral imaging. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging of carotid arteries, intra-cranial vessels, and coronary arteries are also discussed in detail. Special attention is given to Computer Tomography (CT) imaging of intra-cranial vessels, coronary arteries, and atherosclerosis in the lower limb. This is an ideal book for graduate students and researchers in the field of medical imaging, especially of atherosclerosis. This book also: ·Covers state-of-the-art imaging of atherosclerosis ·Enables the reader to understand the advantages of each modality in visualizing atherosclerosis ·Describes the advances of various technologies, including dual energy and multi-spectral imaging.
Book Synopsis 3D Imaging Technologies in Atherosclerosis by : Rikin Trivedi
Download or read book 3D Imaging Technologies in Atherosclerosis written by Rikin Trivedi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the latest developments in imaging of atherosclerosis. Topics covered include multi-detector-row technology and the use of dual energy and multi-spectral imaging. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging of carotid arteries, intra-cranial vessels, and coronary arteries are also discussed in detail. Special attention is given to Computer Tomography (CT) imaging of intra-cranial vessels, coronary arteries, and atherosclerosis in the lower limb. This is an ideal book for graduate students and researchers in the field of medical imaging, especially of atherosclerosis. This book also: ·Covers state-of-the-art imaging of atherosclerosis ·Enables the reader to understand the advantages of each modality in visualizing atherosclerosis ·Describes the advances of various technologies, including dual energy and multi-spectral imaging.
Recent years have seen a marked increase in cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) imaging, with the technique now integrated into many imaging guidelines, such as those published by ESC and NICE. Rapid clinical and technological progress has created a need for guidance on the practical aspects of CT image acquisition, analysis and interpretation. The Oxford Specialist Handbook of Cardiovascular CT, now revised for the second edition by practising international experts with many years of hands-on experience, is designed to fulfil this need. The Handbook is a practical guide on performing, analysing and interpreting cardiovascular CT scans, covering all aspects from patient safety to optimal image acquisition to differential diagnoses of tricky images. It takes an international approach to both accreditation and certification, highlighting British, European, and American examinations and courses. The format is designed to be accessible and is laid out in easy to navigate sections. It is meant as a quick-reference guide, to live near the CT scanner, workstation, or on the office shelf. The Handbook is aimed at all cardiovascular CT users (Cardiologists, Radiologists and Radiographers), particularly those new to cardiovascular CT, although even the advanced user should find useful tips and tricks within.
Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Computed Tomography by : James Stirrup
Download or read book Cardiovascular Computed Tomography written by James Stirrup and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have seen a marked increase in cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) imaging, with the technique now integrated into many imaging guidelines, such as those published by ESC and NICE. Rapid clinical and technological progress has created a need for guidance on the practical aspects of CT image acquisition, analysis and interpretation. The Oxford Specialist Handbook of Cardiovascular CT, now revised for the second edition by practising international experts with many years of hands-on experience, is designed to fulfil this need. The Handbook is a practical guide on performing, analysing and interpreting cardiovascular CT scans, covering all aspects from patient safety to optimal image acquisition to differential diagnoses of tricky images. It takes an international approach to both accreditation and certification, highlighting British, European, and American examinations and courses. The format is designed to be accessible and is laid out in easy to navigate sections. It is meant as a quick-reference guide, to live near the CT scanner, workstation, or on the office shelf. The Handbook is aimed at all cardiovascular CT users (Cardiologists, Radiologists and Radiographers), particularly those new to cardiovascular CT, although even the advanced user should find useful tips and tricks within.
This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography.
Book Synopsis Medical Imaging Systems by : Andreas Maier
Download or read book Medical Imaging Systems written by Andreas Maier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-02 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography.
Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography is a comprehensive cover of the latest developments in the most prevalent imaging modality (x-ray computed tomography (CT)) in its latest incarnation: Spectral, Dual-Energy, and Photon Counting CT. Disadvantages of the conventional single-energy technique used by CT technology are that different materials cannot be distinguished and that the noise is larger. To address these problems, a novel spectral CT concept has been proposed. Spectral Dual-Energy CT (DE-CT) acquires two sets of spectral data, and Spectral Photon Counting CT (PC-CT) detects energy of x-ray photons to reveal additional material information of objects by using novel energy-sensitive, photon-counting detectors. The K-edge imaging may be a gateway for functional or molecular CT. The book covers detectors and electronics, image reconstruction methods, image quality assessments, a simulation tool, nanoparticle contrast agents, and clinical applications for spectral CT.
Book Synopsis Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography by : Katsuyuki Taguchi
Download or read book Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography written by Katsuyuki Taguchi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography is a comprehensive cover of the latest developments in the most prevalent imaging modality (x-ray computed tomography (CT)) in its latest incarnation: Spectral, Dual-Energy, and Photon Counting CT. Disadvantages of the conventional single-energy technique used by CT technology are that different materials cannot be distinguished and that the noise is larger. To address these problems, a novel spectral CT concept has been proposed. Spectral Dual-Energy CT (DE-CT) acquires two sets of spectral data, and Spectral Photon Counting CT (PC-CT) detects energy of x-ray photons to reveal additional material information of objects by using novel energy-sensitive, photon-counting detectors. The K-edge imaging may be a gateway for functional or molecular CT. The book covers detectors and electronics, image reconstruction methods, image quality assessments, a simulation tool, nanoparticle contrast agents, and clinical applications for spectral CT.
Section I:Principles and challenges of MDCT / Introduction-I.1.MDCT:Technical principles and future trends-I.2.Contrast medium administration and scan timing for MDCT Section II:Abdominal imaging / Introduction-II.1.MDCT:Secondary malignancies and benign liver lesions-II.2.Primary liver malignancies-II.3.MDCT of the pancreas-II.4.Abdominal imaging:Use of high concentration contrast media Section III:Cardiac and vascular imaging / Introduction-III.1.Use of high concentration contrast media in CT angiography:Principles and rationale-III.2.Cardiac and vascular imaging:Cardiology indications-III.3.Aorta, peripheral and renal vessels-III.4.MDCT for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Have we reached our goal? Section IV:Future prospects in MDCT imaging / Introduction-IV.1.Interventional MDCT-IV.2.Functional CT imaging in stroke and oncology-IV.3.From acquisition to report: managing the information overload-IV.4.Recent update on contrast media safety
Book Synopsis Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography by : G. Marchal
Download or read book Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography written by G. Marchal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-30 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section I:Principles and challenges of MDCT / Introduction-I.1.MDCT:Technical principles and future trends-I.2.Contrast medium administration and scan timing for MDCT Section II:Abdominal imaging / Introduction-II.1.MDCT:Secondary malignancies and benign liver lesions-II.2.Primary liver malignancies-II.3.MDCT of the pancreas-II.4.Abdominal imaging:Use of high concentration contrast media Section III:Cardiac and vascular imaging / Introduction-III.1.Use of high concentration contrast media in CT angiography:Principles and rationale-III.2.Cardiac and vascular imaging:Cardiology indications-III.3.Aorta, peripheral and renal vessels-III.4.MDCT for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Have we reached our goal? Section IV:Future prospects in MDCT imaging / Introduction-IV.1.Interventional MDCT-IV.2.Functional CT imaging in stroke and oncology-IV.3.From acquisition to report: managing the information overload-IV.4.Recent update on contrast media safety
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the clinical applications of coronary angiography techniques. Coronary MRA can be instrumental in the evaluation of congenital coronary artery anomalies, however, the complexity of advanced MR pulse sequences and strategies may be overwhelming to many. Coronary MR Angiography demystifies the art of coronary MRA by providing a text in plain language with clearly illustrated imaging steps and protocols. Designed to bridge the gap between radiology and cardiology, it is written for physicians and scientists planning to incorporate this technique into their research or practice.
Book Synopsis Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography by : Andre J. Duerinckx
Download or read book Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography written by Andre J. Duerinckx and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the clinical applications of coronary angiography techniques. Coronary MRA can be instrumental in the evaluation of congenital coronary artery anomalies, however, the complexity of advanced MR pulse sequences and strategies may be overwhelming to many. Coronary MR Angiography demystifies the art of coronary MRA by providing a text in plain language with clearly illustrated imaging steps and protocols. Designed to bridge the gap between radiology and cardiology, it is written for physicians and scientists planning to incorporate this technique into their research or practice.
