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Excerpt from A Survey of Beekeeping in California, And, the Honeybee as a Pollinizer The importance to the industry of beekeepers owning and studying literature can hardly be overestimated. A number of bulletins and books are listed in a supplement to this paper dealing with the: strue ture, habits and care of bees. Every beekeeper should subscribe to one or more of the current journals dealing with the subject of bees. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Book Synopsis A Survey of Beekeeping in California, And, the Honeybee as a Pollinizer (Classic Reprint) by : George H. Vansell
Download or read book A Survey of Beekeeping in California, And, the Honeybee as a Pollinizer (Classic Reprint) written by George H. Vansell and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-28 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Survey of Beekeeping in California, And, the Honeybee as a Pollinizer The importance to the industry of beekeepers owning and studying literature can hardly be overestimated. A number of bulletins and books are listed in a supplement to this paper dealing with the: strue ture, habits and care of bees. Every beekeeper should subscribe to one or more of the current journals dealing with the subject of bees. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Book Synopsis A Survey of Beekeeping in California by : George Haymaker Vansell
Download or read book A Survey of Beekeeping in California written by George Haymaker Vansell and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Honey Bee Pollination in California by : Ward Stanger
Download or read book Honey Bee Pollination in California written by Ward Stanger and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Honey bees are the most widespread pollinating animal species in natural plant communities worldwide, and in San Diego, California, despite high native bee diversity, the introduced honey bee is responsible for over 75% of flower visits. We performed a) a meta-analysis of published studies which report the per-visit efficiency of honey bees as pollinators relative to other floral visitors and b) a field survey documenting seasonal change in floral abundances and pollinator visitation in a coastal sage scrub (CSS) system in San Diego, in order to better understand the importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural communities. We found that, although honey bees were less efficient than the top non-honey bee pollinator, their efficiency did not differ from the average of non-honey bee floral visitors, and after factoring in visitation frequency, honey bees were no less important. Furthermore, in a San Diego system where honey bees are the numerically dominant floral visitor, we found that honey bees almost exclusively visit the most abundantly flowering species and increase their numbers rapidly as floral abundance increases. By contrast, non-honey bees were fairly indiscriminate floral visitors and only responded to the changes in floral abundance of some plant species with low overall floral abundance. Therefore, although in natural communities honey bees generally provide average pollination services for the plant species they visit, preference for, and recruitment to species with abundant flowers may mean that plant species with lower floral abundance within these systems depend on the pollination services of non-honey bee floral visitors.
Book Synopsis Honey Bees as Pollinators in Natural Communities by : Jennifer Marie Kingston
Download or read book Honey Bees as Pollinators in Natural Communities written by Jennifer Marie Kingston and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Honey bees are the most widespread pollinating animal species in natural plant communities worldwide, and in San Diego, California, despite high native bee diversity, the introduced honey bee is responsible for over 75% of flower visits. We performed a) a meta-analysis of published studies which report the per-visit efficiency of honey bees as pollinators relative to other floral visitors and b) a field survey documenting seasonal change in floral abundances and pollinator visitation in a coastal sage scrub (CSS) system in San Diego, in order to better understand the importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural communities. We found that, although honey bees were less efficient than the top non-honey bee pollinator, their efficiency did not differ from the average of non-honey bee floral visitors, and after factoring in visitation frequency, honey bees were no less important. Furthermore, in a San Diego system where honey bees are the numerically dominant floral visitor, we found that honey bees almost exclusively visit the most abundantly flowering species and increase their numbers rapidly as floral abundance increases. By contrast, non-honey bees were fairly indiscriminate floral visitors and only responded to the changes in floral abundance of some plant species with low overall floral abundance. Therefore, although in natural communities honey bees generally provide average pollination services for the plant species they visit, preference for, and recruitment to species with abundant flowers may mean that plant species with lower floral abundance within these systems depend on the pollination services of non-honey bee floral visitors.
Book Synopsis Beekeeping in California by : Eric C. Mussen
Download or read book Beekeeping in California written by Eric C. Mussen and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Honey Plants of North America by : John Harvey Lovell
Download or read book Honey Plants of North America written by John Harvey Lovell and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Economists have been interested in markets for pollination services since Meade (1952) described the reciprocal benefits of pollination. However, the California almond pollination market does not fit the typical reciprocal benefits perspective because beekeepers and almond growers have diverging preferences. It is not profitable for beekeepers to extract and market almond honey, because it is not palatable to humans. Furthermore, California almonds bloom in mid-February, a time when colonies are naturally at their smallest size in a state of winter dormancy. Honey bee colonies exhibit increasing returns to scale in pollination, so almond growers prefer high colony strength. Beekeepers must invest inputs into colonies to increase colony strength for almond pollination. During and immediately after almond bloom very little is blooming elsewhere. Because California almond pollination now requires over three-fourths of all colonies in the United States, immediately following almond bloom most beekeepers must either feed their colonies food supplements or compete for the small number of other crop pollination contracts in California and the Pacific Northwest. An incentive problem thus exists in almond pollination: delivering colonies with high colony strength is costly to the beekeeper while high colony strength is desired by the almond grower. I develop a principal-agent model in Chapter 2 to show that a profit-maximizing almond grower conditions the per-colony fee on delivered colony strength to incentivize beekeepers to invest effort into increasing colony strength. I then explore the types of contracts used during the 2015 almond pollination season using a grower survey that I conducted at the Almond Board of California's 2015 Almond Conference. Although I find variation in the contract provisions used, nearly 90 percent of the 74 analyzed respondents had contracts which included a minimum colony strength requirement. Chapter 3 is a complete summary of the almond grower survey, which provides the first formal information on provisions used in almond pollination contracts reported publicly. In this chapter, I find that almond pollination agreements are often relational in nature and repeated over many pollination seasons. I conclude that growers likely vary in preferences for almond pollination contract provisions and enforcement based on their trust and relationships with beekeepers, expectations regarding yield benefits, experience in the industry, and monitoring costs due to the amount of acreage they own. In Chapter 4, I explore outcomes of the contract provisions discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. I estimate the effect of delivered colony strength on per-colony almond pollination fees using the California State Beekeeper's Association survey responses from years 2008-2016. Because a beekeeper's colony mortality rate over the winter and her delivered colony strength for almond pollination should be related through exogenous colony health issues, I use a beekeeper's reported winter mortality rate as a proxy for her delivered colony strength. I estimate that a 10 percentage point increase in a beekeeper's winter mortality rate leads to an average decrease of 16 percent in total revenues from almond pollination, due to the beekeeper having fewer colonies to rent and receiving lower per-colony fees for her surviving colonies. Chapter 5 highlights the interdependent relationship of almond production and honey bee colony health caused by the large demand for colonies for almond pollination relative to the U.S. honey bee colony population. I analyze data provided by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which contains information on each out-of-state apiary shipment entering California. I determine that shipments into California are concentrated in major almond-producing counties, often at densities over 35 colonies per square mile. In 2016, roughly 76 percent of colonies shipped into California for almond pollination came from eight states, most of which are in the northwestern U.S. Since 2008, the state with the largest increase in colony shipments into California was Florida, whose shipments increased by 278 percent. Florida has relatively high transportation costs of supplying colonies to California, suggesting that the per-colony cost of the marginal supplier of colonies for almond pollination has increased since 2008. I find that when a state's winter mortality rate is above average, the number of colony shipments into California from that state is often below average. Alternatively, when California beekeepers experience higher than average winter mortality rates, out-of state shipments increase to make up for the smaller in-state supply of colonies. The conclusions of this dissertation provide many contributions to the economic literature on pollination services, as well as to policy regarding the improvement of pollinator health. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 show that colony strength is an important consideration for beekeepers and almond growers alike. Because colony strength varies and fees are conditional on colony strength, averaging almond pollination fees is equivalent to averaging prices of heterogeneous products which can result in incorrect inference regarding supply and demand. Thus, it is important to collect survey data on colony strength requirements as well as pollination fees to get an accurate representation of market conditions. Ignoring the role of colony strength underestimates the economic impacts of colony health issues. First, such issues often lead to low delivered colony strength in addition to high winter mortality rates. Thus, beekeepers' returns per surviving colony are reduced. These losses can be substantial given that almond pollination is a large share of commercial beekeepers' revenues. Second, the findings of Chapter 5 highlight the sizable risks faced by beekeepers and almond growers due to the interdependent relationship between honey bee colony health and almond production. High concentrations of honey bee colonies in California almond-producing counties could lead to the rapid spread of pest and diseases among colonies, while colony health issues in regions that are main suppliers of colonies for almond pollination could significantly decrease the number and strength of colonies available for almond pollination.
Book Synopsis The California Almond Pollination Market by : Brittney Kay Goodrich
Download or read book The California Almond Pollination Market written by Brittney Kay Goodrich and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists have been interested in markets for pollination services since Meade (1952) described the reciprocal benefits of pollination. However, the California almond pollination market does not fit the typical reciprocal benefits perspective because beekeepers and almond growers have diverging preferences. It is not profitable for beekeepers to extract and market almond honey, because it is not palatable to humans. Furthermore, California almonds bloom in mid-February, a time when colonies are naturally at their smallest size in a state of winter dormancy. Honey bee colonies exhibit increasing returns to scale in pollination, so almond growers prefer high colony strength. Beekeepers must invest inputs into colonies to increase colony strength for almond pollination. During and immediately after almond bloom very little is blooming elsewhere. Because California almond pollination now requires over three-fourths of all colonies in the United States, immediately following almond bloom most beekeepers must either feed their colonies food supplements or compete for the small number of other crop pollination contracts in California and the Pacific Northwest. An incentive problem thus exists in almond pollination: delivering colonies with high colony strength is costly to the beekeeper while high colony strength is desired by the almond grower. I develop a principal-agent model in Chapter 2 to show that a profit-maximizing almond grower conditions the per-colony fee on delivered colony strength to incentivize beekeepers to invest effort into increasing colony strength. I then explore the types of contracts used during the 2015 almond pollination season using a grower survey that I conducted at the Almond Board of California's 2015 Almond Conference. Although I find variation in the contract provisions used, nearly 90 percent of the 74 analyzed respondents had contracts which included a minimum colony strength requirement. Chapter 3 is a complete summary of the almond grower survey, which provides the first formal information on provisions used in almond pollination contracts reported publicly. In this chapter, I find that almond pollination agreements are often relational in nature and repeated over many pollination seasons. I conclude that growers likely vary in preferences for almond pollination contract provisions and enforcement based on their trust and relationships with beekeepers, expectations regarding yield benefits, experience in the industry, and monitoring costs due to the amount of acreage they own. In Chapter 4, I explore outcomes of the contract provisions discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. I estimate the effect of delivered colony strength on per-colony almond pollination fees using the California State Beekeeper's Association survey responses from years 2008-2016. Because a beekeeper's colony mortality rate over the winter and her delivered colony strength for almond pollination should be related through exogenous colony health issues, I use a beekeeper's reported winter mortality rate as a proxy for her delivered colony strength. I estimate that a 10 percentage point increase in a beekeeper's winter mortality rate leads to an average decrease of 16 percent in total revenues from almond pollination, due to the beekeeper having fewer colonies to rent and receiving lower per-colony fees for her surviving colonies. Chapter 5 highlights the interdependent relationship of almond production and honey bee colony health caused by the large demand for colonies for almond pollination relative to the U.S. honey bee colony population. I analyze data provided by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which contains information on each out-of-state apiary shipment entering California. I determine that shipments into California are concentrated in major almond-producing counties, often at densities over 35 colonies per square mile. In 2016, roughly 76 percent of colonies shipped into California for almond pollination came from eight states, most of which are in the northwestern U.S. Since 2008, the state with the largest increase in colony shipments into California was Florida, whose shipments increased by 278 percent. Florida has relatively high transportation costs of supplying colonies to California, suggesting that the per-colony cost of the marginal supplier of colonies for almond pollination has increased since 2008. I find that when a state's winter mortality rate is above average, the number of colony shipments into California from that state is often below average. Alternatively, when California beekeepers experience higher than average winter mortality rates, out-of state shipments increase to make up for the smaller in-state supply of colonies. The conclusions of this dissertation provide many contributions to the economic literature on pollination services, as well as to policy regarding the improvement of pollinator health. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 show that colony strength is an important consideration for beekeepers and almond growers alike. Because colony strength varies and fees are conditional on colony strength, averaging almond pollination fees is equivalent to averaging prices of heterogeneous products which can result in incorrect inference regarding supply and demand. Thus, it is important to collect survey data on colony strength requirements as well as pollination fees to get an accurate representation of market conditions. Ignoring the role of colony strength underestimates the economic impacts of colony health issues. First, such issues often lead to low delivered colony strength in addition to high winter mortality rates. Thus, beekeepers' returns per surviving colony are reduced. These losses can be substantial given that almond pollination is a large share of commercial beekeepers' revenues. Second, the findings of Chapter 5 highlight the sizable risks faced by beekeepers and almond growers due to the interdependent relationship between honey bee colony health and almond production. High concentrations of honey bee colonies in California almond-producing counties could lead to the rapid spread of pest and diseases among colonies, while colony health issues in regions that are main suppliers of colonies for almond pollination could significantly decrease the number and strength of colonies available for almond pollination.
The study involves the establishment, management, and behavioral observations of Nomia melanderi Cockerell and Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) in California, a survey of native bees within western Fresno County, a determination of selfing and/or parthenocarpy in two fields of alfalfa, and observations on the honeybee as an alfalfa pollinator. The alkali bee is characterized. It is an endemic species limited to western North America. Eight artificial alkali bee nesting sites were constructed during the establishment program. Details of materials used during construction and their importance are discussed. Alkali bee cores used for introduction into California were procured in eastern Oregon and western Idaho, trucked to California, and planted in artificial sites. The heavy usage of insecticides in the area of study proved to be the greatest problem in the survival of the alkali bee. Observed toxicities of Dimethoate, Sevin, Malathion, Systex-Toxaphene, Toxaphene, DDT, Phosdrin, Dibrom, TEPP, Dylox, and Kelthane on the alkali bee were compared. The occurrence of multiple generations of the alkali bee in California is reported. Explanation of this behavior is based upon high soil temperatures (82° F. and above) during the nesting season. The importance of multiple generations is discussed. Biologies and importance of alkali bee parasites in California are described. Procedures for the control of some species are outlined. Methods of constructing trap nests for Megachile rotundata and their distribution throughout the San Joaquin Valley are described. Collections of these trap nests were then made and placed in one field so that readings on frequency of tripping, number of pollen loads required to provision cells, and time required to collect leafcuttings could be made. Observations on mating positions were described. The smallest males and largest females were reproductively isolated because of size difference. Parasites (Melittobia chalybii Ashmead and Monodontomeris montivagus Ashmead) and competitors (Ashmediella aridula Cockerell and Hylaeus grossicornis (Swenk and Cockerell) of Megachile rotundata are discussed. Melittobia chalybii Ashmead, a chalcid wasp, is potentially the most serious parasite and could decide the success or failure of M. rotundata in California. A survey of native bees was made in the area of study. Eight native species were found and their biologies described. Preferred pollen host plants were determined. Reasons why native bee biologies should be studied and understood are given. Two cages, one placed in a Tan Verde seed field and the second in a Ranger field, were used to calculate amount of seed produced from pathways other than by cross-pollination. Comparison of seed harvested from caged plots and field plots indicated that seed produced by non cross-pollination mechanisms could account for the average seed yields in California during recent years. Germination tests indicated, however, that seed produced by mechanisms other than cross-pollination is inferior. Only seven honey bees were observed collecting alfalfa pollen throughout the period of study. Consequently, no valid comparison between its pollinating capacity and that of wild bees could be made.
Book Synopsis A Survey of Alfalfa Pollinators and Polination in the San Joaquin Valley of California with Emphasis on Establishment of the Alkali Bee by : Philip F. Torchio
Download or read book A Survey of Alfalfa Pollinators and Polination in the San Joaquin Valley of California with Emphasis on Establishment of the Alkali Bee written by Philip F. Torchio and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study involves the establishment, management, and behavioral observations of Nomia melanderi Cockerell and Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) in California, a survey of native bees within western Fresno County, a determination of selfing and/or parthenocarpy in two fields of alfalfa, and observations on the honeybee as an alfalfa pollinator. The alkali bee is characterized. It is an endemic species limited to western North America. Eight artificial alkali bee nesting sites were constructed during the establishment program. Details of materials used during construction and their importance are discussed. Alkali bee cores used for introduction into California were procured in eastern Oregon and western Idaho, trucked to California, and planted in artificial sites. The heavy usage of insecticides in the area of study proved to be the greatest problem in the survival of the alkali bee. Observed toxicities of Dimethoate, Sevin, Malathion, Systex-Toxaphene, Toxaphene, DDT, Phosdrin, Dibrom, TEPP, Dylox, and Kelthane on the alkali bee were compared. The occurrence of multiple generations of the alkali bee in California is reported. Explanation of this behavior is based upon high soil temperatures (82° F. and above) during the nesting season. The importance of multiple generations is discussed. Biologies and importance of alkali bee parasites in California are described. Procedures for the control of some species are outlined. Methods of constructing trap nests for Megachile rotundata and their distribution throughout the San Joaquin Valley are described. Collections of these trap nests were then made and placed in one field so that readings on frequency of tripping, number of pollen loads required to provision cells, and time required to collect leafcuttings could be made. Observations on mating positions were described. The smallest males and largest females were reproductively isolated because of size difference. Parasites (Melittobia chalybii Ashmead and Monodontomeris montivagus Ashmead) and competitors (Ashmediella aridula Cockerell and Hylaeus grossicornis (Swenk and Cockerell) of Megachile rotundata are discussed. Melittobia chalybii Ashmead, a chalcid wasp, is potentially the most serious parasite and could decide the success or failure of M. rotundata in California. A survey of native bees was made in the area of study. Eight native species were found and their biologies described. Preferred pollen host plants were determined. Reasons why native bee biologies should be studied and understood are given. Two cages, one placed in a Tan Verde seed field and the second in a Ranger field, were used to calculate amount of seed produced from pathways other than by cross-pollination. Comparison of seed harvested from caged plots and field plots indicated that seed produced by non cross-pollination mechanisms could account for the average seed yields in California during recent years. Germination tests indicated, however, that seed produced by mechanisms other than cross-pollination is inferior. Only seven honey bees were observed collecting alfalfa pollen throughout the period of study. Consequently, no valid comparison between its pollinating capacity and that of wild bees could be made.
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1917 edition. Excerpt: ...The diversity of conditions in this region is well shown in the accompanying map (Fig. 95), which was prepared by E. G. Baldwin, De Land, Florida, who has studied the beekeeping possibilities of his State quite thoroughly. It will be seen that the sources of nectar are quite distinct geographically. The geographical position of this State and the diversity of soil and climatic conditions strongly influence the growth of the honey plants. In this State two localities only a few miles apart may be quite unlike, when viewed from the standpoint of the beekeeper. This is also true in many other parts of the United States. (4) The semi-arid region of the south-west is located chiefly in the arid and semi-arid parts of Texas and Arizona and here too the honey plants are of somewhat restricted distribution. Among the plants which are important to the beekeeper are mesquite, horsemint, catclaw, huisache and guajilla. Most of the honey produced in this region is extracted, although a large number of beekeepers produce bulk combhoney (chunk honey), cut from large combs (without sections) and placed in cans in which extracted-honey has been poured to fill the spaces. Such honey is usually sold locally. Beekeeping in this region is largely in the hands of professional beekeepers. (5) The sage region is confined to the canons of southern California and should be considered a restricted region except for the fact that sage honey wields so important an influence on the honey market that the region may justly be placed among those of major importance. The various sages are all heavy yielders under favorable conditions and there is usually no other honey source of importance where this honey is produced. The influence of rainfall on the honey crop of this...
Book Synopsis Beekeeping; a Discussion of the Life of the Honeybee and of the Production of Honey by : Everett Franklin Phillips
Download or read book Beekeeping; a Discussion of the Life of the Honeybee and of the Production of Honey written by Everett Franklin Phillips and published by Theclassics.Us. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1917 edition. Excerpt: ...The diversity of conditions in this region is well shown in the accompanying map (Fig. 95), which was prepared by E. G. Baldwin, De Land, Florida, who has studied the beekeeping possibilities of his State quite thoroughly. It will be seen that the sources of nectar are quite distinct geographically. The geographical position of this State and the diversity of soil and climatic conditions strongly influence the growth of the honey plants. In this State two localities only a few miles apart may be quite unlike, when viewed from the standpoint of the beekeeper. This is also true in many other parts of the United States. (4) The semi-arid region of the south-west is located chiefly in the arid and semi-arid parts of Texas and Arizona and here too the honey plants are of somewhat restricted distribution. Among the plants which are important to the beekeeper are mesquite, horsemint, catclaw, huisache and guajilla. Most of the honey produced in this region is extracted, although a large number of beekeepers produce bulk combhoney (chunk honey), cut from large combs (without sections) and placed in cans in which extracted-honey has been poured to fill the spaces. Such honey is usually sold locally. Beekeeping in this region is largely in the hands of professional beekeepers. (5) The sage region is confined to the canons of southern California and should be considered a restricted region except for the fact that sage honey wields so important an influence on the honey market that the region may justly be placed among those of major importance. The various sages are all heavy yielders under favorable conditions and there is usually no other honey source of importance where this honey is produced. The influence of rainfall on the honey crop of this...
Book Synopsis Bee Industry Economic Analysis for California by : University of California (System). Division of Agricultural Sciences
Download or read book Bee Industry Economic Analysis for California written by University of California (System). Division of Agricultural Sciences and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
