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This book gathers selected contributions on emerging research work presented at the International Conference eXtended Discretization MethodS (X-DMS), held in Ferrara in September 2015. It highlights the most relevant advances made at the international level in the context of expanding classical discretization methods, like finite elements, to the numerical analysis of a variety of physical problems. The improvements are intended to achieve higher computational efficiency and to account for special features of the solution directly in the approximation space and/or in the discretization procedure. The methods described include, among others, partition of unity methods (meshfree, XFEM, GFEM), virtual element methods, fictitious domain methods, and special techniques for static and evolving interfaces. The uniting feature of all contributions is the direct link between computational methodologies and their application to different engineering areas.
Book Synopsis Advances in Discretization Methods by : Giulio Ventura
Download or read book Advances in Discretization Methods written by Giulio Ventura and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers selected contributions on emerging research work presented at the International Conference eXtended Discretization MethodS (X-DMS), held in Ferrara in September 2015. It highlights the most relevant advances made at the international level in the context of expanding classical discretization methods, like finite elements, to the numerical analysis of a variety of physical problems. The improvements are intended to achieve higher computational efficiency and to account for special features of the solution directly in the approximation space and/or in the discretization procedure. The methods described include, among others, partition of unity methods (meshfree, XFEM, GFEM), virtual element methods, fictitious domain methods, and special techniques for static and evolving interfaces. The uniting feature of all contributions is the direct link between computational methodologies and their application to different engineering areas.
As computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to ever more demanding fluid flow problems, the ability to compute numerical fluid flow solutions to a user specified tolerance as well as the ability to quantify the accuracy of an existing numerical solution are seen as essential ingredients in robust numerical simulation. Although the task of accurate error estimation for the nonlinear equations of CFD seems a daunting problem, considerable effort has centered on this challenge in recent years with notable progress being made by the use of advanced error estimation techniques and adaptive discretization methods. To address this important topic, a special course wasjointly organized by the NATO Research and Technology Office (RTO), the von Karman Insti tute for Fluid Dynamics, and the NASA Ames Research Center. The NATO RTO sponsored course entitled "Error Estimation and Solution Adaptive Discretization in CFD" was held September 10-14, 2002 at the NASA Ames Research Center and October 15-19, 2002 at the von Karman Institute in Belgium. During the special course, a series of comprehensive lectures by leading experts discussed recent advances and technical progress in the area of numerical error estimation and adaptive discretization methods with spe cific emphasis on computational fluid dynamics. The lecture notes provided in this volume are derived from the special course material. The volume con sists of 6 articles prepared by the special course lecturers.
Book Synopsis Error Estimation and Adaptive Discretization Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics by : Timothy J. Barth
Download or read book Error Estimation and Adaptive Discretization Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics written by Timothy J. Barth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to ever more demanding fluid flow problems, the ability to compute numerical fluid flow solutions to a user specified tolerance as well as the ability to quantify the accuracy of an existing numerical solution are seen as essential ingredients in robust numerical simulation. Although the task of accurate error estimation for the nonlinear equations of CFD seems a daunting problem, considerable effort has centered on this challenge in recent years with notable progress being made by the use of advanced error estimation techniques and adaptive discretization methods. To address this important topic, a special course wasjointly organized by the NATO Research and Technology Office (RTO), the von Karman Insti tute for Fluid Dynamics, and the NASA Ames Research Center. The NATO RTO sponsored course entitled "Error Estimation and Solution Adaptive Discretization in CFD" was held September 10-14, 2002 at the NASA Ames Research Center and October 15-19, 2002 at the von Karman Institute in Belgium. During the special course, a series of comprehensive lectures by leading experts discussed recent advances and technical progress in the area of numerical error estimation and adaptive discretization methods with spe cific emphasis on computational fluid dynamics. The lecture notes provided in this volume are derived from the special course material. The volume con sists of 6 articles prepared by the special course lecturers.
Due to the fundamental role of differential equations in science and engineering it has long been a basic task of numerical analysts to generate numerical values of solutions to differential equations. Nearly all approaches to this task involve a "finitization" of the original differential equation problem, usually by a projection into a finite-dimensional space. By far the most popular of these finitization processes consists of a reduction to a difference equation problem for functions which take values only on a grid of argument points. Although some of these finite difference methods have been known for a long time, their wide applica bility and great efficiency came to light only with the spread of electronic computers. This in tum strongly stimulated research on the properties and practical use of finite-difference methods. While the theory or partial differential equations and their discrete analogues is a very hard subject, and progress is consequently slow, the initial value problem for a system of first order ordinary differential equations lends itself so naturally to discretization that hundreds of numerical analysts have felt inspired to invent an ever-increasing number of finite-difference methods for its solution. For about 15 years, there has hardly been an issue of a numerical journal without new results of this kind; but clearly the vast majority of these methods have just been variations of a few basic themes. In this situation, the classical text book by P.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Discretization Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations by : Hans J. Stetter
Download or read book Analysis of Discretization Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations written by Hans J. Stetter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the fundamental role of differential equations in science and engineering it has long been a basic task of numerical analysts to generate numerical values of solutions to differential equations. Nearly all approaches to this task involve a "finitization" of the original differential equation problem, usually by a projection into a finite-dimensional space. By far the most popular of these finitization processes consists of a reduction to a difference equation problem for functions which take values only on a grid of argument points. Although some of these finite difference methods have been known for a long time, their wide applica bility and great efficiency came to light only with the spread of electronic computers. This in tum strongly stimulated research on the properties and practical use of finite-difference methods. While the theory or partial differential equations and their discrete analogues is a very hard subject, and progress is consequently slow, the initial value problem for a system of first order ordinary differential equations lends itself so naturally to discretization that hundreds of numerical analysts have felt inspired to invent an ever-increasing number of finite-difference methods for its solution. For about 15 years, there has hardly been an issue of a numerical journal without new results of this kind; but clearly the vast majority of these methods have just been variations of a few basic themes. In this situation, the classical text book by P.
This book surveys the latest advances in radial basis function (RBF) meshless collocation methods which emphasis on recent novel kernel RBFs and new numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations. The RBF collocation methods are inherently free of integration and mesh, and avoid tedious mesh generation involved in standard finite element and boundary element methods. This book focuses primarily on the numerical algorithms, engineering applications, and highlights a large class of novel boundary-type RBF meshless collocation methods. These methods have shown a clear edge over the traditional numerical techniques especially for problems involving infinite domain, moving boundary, thin-walled structures, and inverse problems. Due to the rapid development in RBF meshless collocation methods, there is a need to summarize all these new materials so that they are available to scientists, engineers, and graduate students who are interest to apply these newly developed methods for solving real world’s problems. This book is intended to meet this need. Prof. Wen Chen and Dr. Zhuo-Jia Fu work at Hohai University. Prof. C.S. Chen works at the University of Southern Mississippi.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Radial Basis Function Collocation Methods by : Wen Chen
Download or read book Recent Advances in Radial Basis Function Collocation Methods written by Wen Chen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-09 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book surveys the latest advances in radial basis function (RBF) meshless collocation methods which emphasis on recent novel kernel RBFs and new numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations. The RBF collocation methods are inherently free of integration and mesh, and avoid tedious mesh generation involved in standard finite element and boundary element methods. This book focuses primarily on the numerical algorithms, engineering applications, and highlights a large class of novel boundary-type RBF meshless collocation methods. These methods have shown a clear edge over the traditional numerical techniques especially for problems involving infinite domain, moving boundary, thin-walled structures, and inverse problems. Due to the rapid development in RBF meshless collocation methods, there is a need to summarize all these new materials so that they are available to scientists, engineers, and graduate students who are interest to apply these newly developed methods for solving real world’s problems. This book is intended to meet this need. Prof. Wen Chen and Dr. Zhuo-Jia Fu work at Hohai University. Prof. C.S. Chen works at the University of Southern Mississippi.
Discover state-of-the-art time domain electromagnetic modeling and simulation algorithms Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods delivers a thorough exploration of recent developments in time domain computational methods for solving complex electromagnetic problems. The book discuses the main time domain computational electromagnetics techniques, including finite-difference time domain (FDTD), finite-element time domain (FETD), discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD), time domain integral equation (TDIE), and other methods in electromagnetic, multiphysics modeling and simulation, and antenna designs. The book bridges the gap between academic research and real engineering applications by comprehensively surveying the full picture of current state-of-the-art time domain electromagnetic simulation techniques. Among other topics, it offers readers discussions of automatic load balancing schemes for DG DG-FETD/SETD methods and convolution quadrature time domain integral equation methods for electromagnetic scattering. Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods also includes: Introductions to cylindrical, spherical, and symplectic FDTD, as well as FDTD for metasurfaces with GSTC and FDTD for nonlinear metasurfaces Explorations of FETD for dispersive and nonlinear media and SETD-DDM for periodic/quasi-periodic arrays Discussions of TDIE, including explicit marching-on-in-time solvers for second-kind time domain integral equations, TD-SIE DDM, and convolution quadrature time domain integral equation methods for electromagnetic scattering Treatments of deep learning, including time domain electromagnetic forward and inverse modeling using a differentiable programming platform Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students studying the design and development of various kinds of communication systems, as well as professionals working in these fields, Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods is also an invaluable resource for those taking advanced graduate courses in computational electromagnetic methods and simulation techniques.
Book Synopsis Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods by : Qiang Ren
Download or read book Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods written by Qiang Ren and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-11-15 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover state-of-the-art time domain electromagnetic modeling and simulation algorithms Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods delivers a thorough exploration of recent developments in time domain computational methods for solving complex electromagnetic problems. The book discuses the main time domain computational electromagnetics techniques, including finite-difference time domain (FDTD), finite-element time domain (FETD), discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD), time domain integral equation (TDIE), and other methods in electromagnetic, multiphysics modeling and simulation, and antenna designs. The book bridges the gap between academic research and real engineering applications by comprehensively surveying the full picture of current state-of-the-art time domain electromagnetic simulation techniques. Among other topics, it offers readers discussions of automatic load balancing schemes for DG DG-FETD/SETD methods and convolution quadrature time domain integral equation methods for electromagnetic scattering. Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods also includes: Introductions to cylindrical, spherical, and symplectic FDTD, as well as FDTD for metasurfaces with GSTC and FDTD for nonlinear metasurfaces Explorations of FETD for dispersive and nonlinear media and SETD-DDM for periodic/quasi-periodic arrays Discussions of TDIE, including explicit marching-on-in-time solvers for second-kind time domain integral equations, TD-SIE DDM, and convolution quadrature time domain integral equation methods for electromagnetic scattering Treatments of deep learning, including time domain electromagnetic forward and inverse modeling using a differentiable programming platform Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students studying the design and development of various kinds of communication systems, as well as professionals working in these fields, Advances in Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetic Methods is also an invaluable resource for those taking advanced graduate courses in computational electromagnetic methods and simulation techniques.
This volume presents a collection of peer-reviewed papers on several areas in the field of biomechanics, including biofabrication; biomaterials; cardiovascular biomechanics, biofluids and hemodynamics; biomechanics of the injury/impact; biomechanics of rehabilitation; sports biomechanics; biomechanics of the skull and spine; biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system; biomechanics orofacial; orthopaedic biomechanics; experimental and numerical biomechanics; tissue engineering, and biomedical devices. A collection of novelties and research outcomes presented at the 9th National Biomechanics Congress (CNB 2021, 19-20 February, Porto, Portugal), this book reflects the enthusiasm and intense activity of the Portuguese biomechanical community, as well as the multidisciplinary character of the field. The National Congress of Biomechanics (CNB) is a scientific meeting organized in Portugal under the auspices of the Portuguese Biomechanical Society (SPB).
Book Synopsis Advances and Current Trends in Biomechanics by : Jorge Belinha
Download or read book Advances and Current Trends in Biomechanics written by Jorge Belinha and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-29 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a collection of peer-reviewed papers on several areas in the field of biomechanics, including biofabrication; biomaterials; cardiovascular biomechanics, biofluids and hemodynamics; biomechanics of the injury/impact; biomechanics of rehabilitation; sports biomechanics; biomechanics of the skull and spine; biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system; biomechanics orofacial; orthopaedic biomechanics; experimental and numerical biomechanics; tissue engineering, and biomedical devices. A collection of novelties and research outcomes presented at the 9th National Biomechanics Congress (CNB 2021, 19-20 February, Porto, Portugal), this book reflects the enthusiasm and intense activity of the Portuguese biomechanical community, as well as the multidisciplinary character of the field. The National Congress of Biomechanics (CNB) is a scientific meeting organized in Portugal under the auspices of the Portuguese Biomechanical Society (SPB).
In recent years, the Finite Element Methods FEM were more and more employed in development and design departments as very fast working tools in order to determine stresses, deformations, eigenfrequencies etc. for all kinds of constructions under complex loading conditions. Meanwhile. very effective software systems have been developed by various research teams although some mathematical problems (e. g. convergence) have not been solved satisfac torily yet. In order to make further advances and to find a common language between mathe maticians and mechanicians the "Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics" (GAMM) agreed on the foundation of a special Committee: "Discretization Methods in Solid Mechanics" focussing on the following problems: - Structuring of various methods (displacement functions, hybrid and mixed approaches, etc. >, - Survey of approach functions (Lagrange-/Hermite-polynominals, Spline-functions), - Description of singularities, - Convergence and stability, - Practical and theoretical optimality to all mentioned issues (single and interacting). One of the basic aims of the GAMM-Committee is the interdisciplinary cooperation between mechanicians, mathematicians, and users which shall be intensified. Thus, on September 22, 1985 the committee decided to hold a seminar on "Structural Optimization" in order to allow an exchange of experiences and thoughts between the experts of finite element methods and those of structural optimization. A GAMM-seminar entitled "Discretization Methods and Structural Optimization - Procedures and Applications" was hold on October 5-7, 1988 at the Unversity of Siegen.
Book Synopsis Discretization Methods and Structural Optimization — Procedures and Applications by : Hans A. Eschenauer
Download or read book Discretization Methods and Structural Optimization — Procedures and Applications written by Hans A. Eschenauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the Finite Element Methods FEM were more and more employed in development and design departments as very fast working tools in order to determine stresses, deformations, eigenfrequencies etc. for all kinds of constructions under complex loading conditions. Meanwhile. very effective software systems have been developed by various research teams although some mathematical problems (e. g. convergence) have not been solved satisfac torily yet. In order to make further advances and to find a common language between mathe maticians and mechanicians the "Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics" (GAMM) agreed on the foundation of a special Committee: "Discretization Methods in Solid Mechanics" focussing on the following problems: - Structuring of various methods (displacement functions, hybrid and mixed approaches, etc. >, - Survey of approach functions (Lagrange-/Hermite-polynominals, Spline-functions), - Description of singularities, - Convergence and stability, - Practical and theoretical optimality to all mentioned issues (single and interacting). One of the basic aims of the GAMM-Committee is the interdisciplinary cooperation between mechanicians, mathematicians, and users which shall be intensified. Thus, on September 22, 1985 the committee decided to hold a seminar on "Structural Optimization" in order to allow an exchange of experiences and thoughts between the experts of finite element methods and those of structural optimization. A GAMM-seminar entitled "Discretization Methods and Structural Optimization - Procedures and Applications" was hold on October 5-7, 1988 at the Unversity of Siegen.
Advances in social science research methodologies and data analytic methods are changing the way research in information systems is conducted. New developments in statistical software technologies for data mining (DM) such as regression splines or decision tree induction can be used to assist researchers in systematic post-positivist theory testing and development. Established management science techniques like data envelopment analysis (DEA), and value focused thinking (VFT) can be used in combination with traditional statistical analysis and data mining techniques to more effectively explore behavioral questions in information systems research. As adoption and use of these research methods expand, there is growing need for a resource book to assist doctoral students and advanced researchers in understanding their potential to contribute to a broad range of research problems. Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking focuses on bridging and unifying these three different methodologies in order to bring them together in a unified volume for the information systems community. This book serves as a resource that provides overviews on each method, as well as applications on how they can be employed to address IS research problems. Its goal is to help researchers in their continuous efforts to set the pace for having an appropriate interplay between behavioral research and design science.
Book Synopsis Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research by : Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson
Download or read book Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research written by Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-25 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in social science research methodologies and data analytic methods are changing the way research in information systems is conducted. New developments in statistical software technologies for data mining (DM) such as regression splines or decision tree induction can be used to assist researchers in systematic post-positivist theory testing and development. Established management science techniques like data envelopment analysis (DEA), and value focused thinking (VFT) can be used in combination with traditional statistical analysis and data mining techniques to more effectively explore behavioral questions in information systems research. As adoption and use of these research methods expand, there is growing need for a resource book to assist doctoral students and advanced researchers in understanding their potential to contribute to a broad range of research problems. Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking focuses on bridging and unifying these three different methodologies in order to bring them together in a unified volume for the information systems community. This book serves as a resource that provides overviews on each method, as well as applications on how they can be employed to address IS research problems. Its goal is to help researchers in their continuous efforts to set the pace for having an appropriate interplay between behavioral research and design science.
Examines numerical and semi-analytical methods for differential equations that can be used for solving practical ODEs and PDEs This student-friendly book deals with various approaches for solving differential equations numerically or semi-analytically depending on the type of equations and offers simple example problems to help readers along. Featuring both traditional and recent methods, Advanced Numerical and Semi Analytical Methods for Differential Equations begins with a review of basic numerical methods. It then looks at Laplace, Fourier, and weighted residual methods for solving differential equations. A new challenging method of Boundary Characteristics Orthogonal Polynomials (BCOPs) is introduced next. The book then discusses Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Boundary Element Method (BEM). Following that, analytical/semi analytic methods like Akbari Ganji's Method (AGM) and Exp-function are used to solve nonlinear differential equations. Nonlinear differential equations using semi-analytical methods are also addressed, namely Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM), Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Variational Iteration Method (VIM), and Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). Other topics covered include: emerging areas of research related to the solution of differential equations based on differential quadrature and wavelet approach; combined and hybrid methods for solving differential equations; as well as an overview of fractal differential equations. Further, uncertainty in term of intervals and fuzzy numbers have also been included, along with the interval finite element method. This book: Discusses various methods for solving linear and nonlinear ODEs and PDEs Covers basic numerical techniques for solving differential equations along with various discretization methods Investigates nonlinear differential equations using semi-analytical methods Examines differential equations in an uncertain environment Includes a new scenario in which uncertainty (in term of intervals and fuzzy numbers) has been included in differential equations Contains solved example problems, as well as some unsolved problems for self-validation of the topics covered Advanced Numerical and Semi Analytical Methods for Differential Equations is an excellent text for graduate as well as post graduate students and researchers studying various methods for solving differential equations, numerically and semi-analytically.
Book Synopsis Advanced Numerical and Semi-Analytical Methods for Differential Equations by : Snehashish Chakraverty
Download or read book Advanced Numerical and Semi-Analytical Methods for Differential Equations written by Snehashish Chakraverty and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-16 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines numerical and semi-analytical methods for differential equations that can be used for solving practical ODEs and PDEs This student-friendly book deals with various approaches for solving differential equations numerically or semi-analytically depending on the type of equations and offers simple example problems to help readers along. Featuring both traditional and recent methods, Advanced Numerical and Semi Analytical Methods for Differential Equations begins with a review of basic numerical methods. It then looks at Laplace, Fourier, and weighted residual methods for solving differential equations. A new challenging method of Boundary Characteristics Orthogonal Polynomials (BCOPs) is introduced next. The book then discusses Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Boundary Element Method (BEM). Following that, analytical/semi analytic methods like Akbari Ganji's Method (AGM) and Exp-function are used to solve nonlinear differential equations. Nonlinear differential equations using semi-analytical methods are also addressed, namely Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM), Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Variational Iteration Method (VIM), and Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). Other topics covered include: emerging areas of research related to the solution of differential equations based on differential quadrature and wavelet approach; combined and hybrid methods for solving differential equations; as well as an overview of fractal differential equations. Further, uncertainty in term of intervals and fuzzy numbers have also been included, along with the interval finite element method. This book: Discusses various methods for solving linear and nonlinear ODEs and PDEs Covers basic numerical techniques for solving differential equations along with various discretization methods Investigates nonlinear differential equations using semi-analytical methods Examines differential equations in an uncertain environment Includes a new scenario in which uncertainty (in term of intervals and fuzzy numbers) has been included in differential equations Contains solved example problems, as well as some unsolved problems for self-validation of the topics covered Advanced Numerical and Semi Analytical Methods for Differential Equations is an excellent text for graduate as well as post graduate students and researchers studying various methods for solving differential equations, numerically and semi-analytically.
Due to continual progress in the large-scale integration of semiconductor circuits, parallel computing principles can already be met in low-cost sys tems: numerous examples exist in image processing, for which special hard ware is implementable with quite modest resources even by nonprofessional designers. Principles of content addressing, if thoroughly understood, can thereby be applied effectively using standard components. On the other hand, mass storage based on associative principles still exists only in the long term plans of computer technologists. This situation is somewhat confused by the fact that certain expectations are held for the development of new storage media such as optical memories and "spin glasses" (metal alloys with low-density magnetic impurities). Their technologies, however, may not ripen until after "fifth generation" computers have been built. It seems that software methods for content addressing, especially those based on hash coding principles, are still holding their position firmly, and a few innovations have been developed recently. As they need no special hardware, one might expect that they will spread to a wide circle of users. This monograph is based on an extensive literature survey, most of which was published in the First Edition. I have added Chap. ?, which contains a review of more recent work. This updated book now has references to over 1200 original publications. In the editing of the new material, I received valuable help from Anneli HeimbUrger, M. Sc. , and Mrs. Leila Koivisto.
Book Synopsis Content-Addressable Memories by : Teuvo Kohonen
Download or read book Content-Addressable Memories written by Teuvo Kohonen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to continual progress in the large-scale integration of semiconductor circuits, parallel computing principles can already be met in low-cost sys tems: numerous examples exist in image processing, for which special hard ware is implementable with quite modest resources even by nonprofessional designers. Principles of content addressing, if thoroughly understood, can thereby be applied effectively using standard components. On the other hand, mass storage based on associative principles still exists only in the long term plans of computer technologists. This situation is somewhat confused by the fact that certain expectations are held for the development of new storage media such as optical memories and "spin glasses" (metal alloys with low-density magnetic impurities). Their technologies, however, may not ripen until after "fifth generation" computers have been built. It seems that software methods for content addressing, especially those based on hash coding principles, are still holding their position firmly, and a few innovations have been developed recently. As they need no special hardware, one might expect that they will spread to a wide circle of users. This monograph is based on an extensive literature survey, most of which was published in the First Edition. I have added Chap. ?, which contains a review of more recent work. This updated book now has references to over 1200 original publications. In the editing of the new material, I received valuable help from Anneli HeimbUrger, M. Sc. , and Mrs. Leila Koivisto.