Machine Learning in Dentistry

Machine Learning in Dentistry

Author: Ching-Chang Ko

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-07-24

Total Pages: 186

ISBN-13: 3030718816

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This book reviews all aspects of the use of machine learning in contemporary dentistry, clearly explaining its significance for dental imaging, oral diagnosis and treatment, dental designs, and dental research. Machine learning is an emerging field of artificial intelligence research and practice in which computer agents are employed to improve perception, cognition, and action based on their ability to “learn”, for example through use of big data techniques. Its application within dentistry is designed to promote personalized and precision patient care, with enhancement of diagnosis and treatment planning. In this book, readers will find up-to-date information on different machine learning tools and their applicability in various dental specialties. The selected examples amply illustrate the opportunities to employ a machine learning approach within dentistry while also serving to highlight the associated challenges. Machine Learning in Dentistry will be of value for all dental practitioners and researchers who wish to learn more about the potential benefits of using machine learning techniques in their work.


Book Synopsis Machine Learning in Dentistry by : Ching-Chang Ko

Download or read book Machine Learning in Dentistry written by Ching-Chang Ko and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-24 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews all aspects of the use of machine learning in contemporary dentistry, clearly explaining its significance for dental imaging, oral diagnosis and treatment, dental designs, and dental research. Machine learning is an emerging field of artificial intelligence research and practice in which computer agents are employed to improve perception, cognition, and action based on their ability to “learn”, for example through use of big data techniques. Its application within dentistry is designed to promote personalized and precision patient care, with enhancement of diagnosis and treatment planning. In this book, readers will find up-to-date information on different machine learning tools and their applicability in various dental specialties. The selected examples amply illustrate the opportunities to employ a machine learning approach within dentistry while also serving to highlight the associated challenges. Machine Learning in Dentistry will be of value for all dental practitioners and researchers who wish to learn more about the potential benefits of using machine learning techniques in their work.


ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY

Author: Priyadharshini D

Publisher:

Published: 2021-10-30

Total Pages: 92

ISBN-13: 9789390850976

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Artificial intelligence(AI), which has been actively functional in various industries and it is in the spotlight for researchers. In dentistry, their application is widely analyzed in various researches, AI is particularly favorable in the field of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) radiology. Artificial intelligence systems in this field have been developed for diagnosis, forensic dentistry, and image analysis. Numerous amounts of data are needed to achieve good results from AI and it is a time-consuming task. With help of the numerous data sets, AI can be further developed for automatic diagnosis and treatment plan suggestions. Dentists' knowledge is a vital factor for AI development.


Book Synopsis ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY by : Priyadharshini D

Download or read book ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY written by Priyadharshini D and published by . This book was released on 2021-10-30 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence(AI), which has been actively functional in various industries and it is in the spotlight for researchers. In dentistry, their application is widely analyzed in various researches, AI is particularly favorable in the field of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) radiology. Artificial intelligence systems in this field have been developed for diagnosis, forensic dentistry, and image analysis. Numerous amounts of data are needed to achieve good results from AI and it is a time-consuming task. With help of the numerous data sets, AI can be further developed for automatic diagnosis and treatment plan suggestions. Dentists' knowledge is a vital factor for AI development.


AI for Dentists

AI for Dentists

Author: Chris Friesz

Publisher: Independently Published

Published: 2023-08-14

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming dentistry, but are you prepared to harness its possibilities? This comprehensive ebook equips dentists with an insider's guide to leveraging AI. Across 33 chapters, learn how AI is upgrading dental care delivery today - and where it's headed tomorrow. We demystify core technologies like machine learning and computer vision with simple explanations and real-world examples. See AI in action through case studies of algorithms enhancing diagnosis from radiographs, planning implants through CT scan analysis, designing customized treatment simulations, automating workflows, monitoring oral health via smart devices, and more. You'll get actionable recommendations for evaluating and integrating AI solutions, plus considerations like change management, transparent communication with patients, and ethical oversight critical for successful adoption. The future of dentistry with AI is bright. This indispensable guide illuminates the path forward - and prepares you to lead the way.


Book Synopsis AI for Dentists by : Chris Friesz

Download or read book AI for Dentists written by Chris Friesz and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2023-08-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming dentistry, but are you prepared to harness its possibilities? This comprehensive ebook equips dentists with an insider's guide to leveraging AI. Across 33 chapters, learn how AI is upgrading dental care delivery today - and where it's headed tomorrow. We demystify core technologies like machine learning and computer vision with simple explanations and real-world examples. See AI in action through case studies of algorithms enhancing diagnosis from radiographs, planning implants through CT scan analysis, designing customized treatment simulations, automating workflows, monitoring oral health via smart devices, and more. You'll get actionable recommendations for evaluating and integrating AI solutions, plus considerations like change management, transparent communication with patients, and ethical oversight critical for successful adoption. The future of dentistry with AI is bright. This indispensable guide illuminates the path forward - and prepares you to lead the way.


Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Author: Kaan Orhan

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2024-02-11

Total Pages: 363

ISBN-13: 3031438272

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This comprehensive book focuses on various aspects of artificial intelligence in dentistry, assisting dentists, specialists, and scientists in advancing their understanding, knowledge, training, and expertise in this field of artificial intelligence. Readers will learn about AI-supported pathways for the diagnosis and treatment of dental caries, periodontal bone loss, impacted teeth, periapical lesions, crown, and root fractures, working length determination, and detecting root and canal morphology, TMJ disorders, detection of obstructive sleep apnea, oral mucosal lesions, and many more. Prediction tasks include the estimation of retreatment needs and third molar eruption. Critical information on applications of AI in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Implants, Endodontics, Prosthodontics, Restorative dentistry, Oral surgery, Periodontics, and Orthodontics. Gain valuable insight into studies applying machine learning based on Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Explore the technical aspects and medical applications of AI in dentistry. Additionally, discover cutting-edge topics like 3D and bioprinting applications of AI and its integration into dental education. All the chapters provide thorough, evidence-based data on AI and its implications in oral health, bridging the gap between knowledge and practical application. The book explains the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of AI in dental health. Delve into the medico-legal aspects of AI to navigate this cutting-edge landscape responsibly. Learn about applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in the Covid-19 Pandemic. Extensive information on deep learning in image processing, including various types of neural networks, image segmentation, enhancement, reconstruction, and registration. This book concludes with an exploration of AI's exciting potential and future perspectives in the dental field, paving the way for a new era of oral healthcare. Don't miss out on this unique resource for AI in Dentistry, which empowers you to stay at the forefront of innovation and embrace the AI revolution in Dentistry. Be prepared for the future of dentistry.


Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry by : Kaan Orhan

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry written by Kaan Orhan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-02-11 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book focuses on various aspects of artificial intelligence in dentistry, assisting dentists, specialists, and scientists in advancing their understanding, knowledge, training, and expertise in this field of artificial intelligence. Readers will learn about AI-supported pathways for the diagnosis and treatment of dental caries, periodontal bone loss, impacted teeth, periapical lesions, crown, and root fractures, working length determination, and detecting root and canal morphology, TMJ disorders, detection of obstructive sleep apnea, oral mucosal lesions, and many more. Prediction tasks include the estimation of retreatment needs and third molar eruption. Critical information on applications of AI in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Implants, Endodontics, Prosthodontics, Restorative dentistry, Oral surgery, Periodontics, and Orthodontics. Gain valuable insight into studies applying machine learning based on Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Explore the technical aspects and medical applications of AI in dentistry. Additionally, discover cutting-edge topics like 3D and bioprinting applications of AI and its integration into dental education. All the chapters provide thorough, evidence-based data on AI and its implications in oral health, bridging the gap between knowledge and practical application. The book explains the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of AI in dental health. Delve into the medico-legal aspects of AI to navigate this cutting-edge landscape responsibly. Learn about applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in the Covid-19 Pandemic. Extensive information on deep learning in image processing, including various types of neural networks, image segmentation, enhancement, reconstruction, and registration. This book concludes with an exploration of AI's exciting potential and future perspectives in the dental field, paving the way for a new era of oral healthcare. Don't miss out on this unique resource for AI in Dentistry, which empowers you to stay at the forefront of innovation and embrace the AI revolution in Dentistry. Be prepared for the future of dentistry.


Explainable AI: Interpreting, Explaining and Visualizing Deep Learning

Explainable AI: Interpreting, Explaining and Visualizing Deep Learning

Author: Wojciech Samek

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2019-09-10

Total Pages: 435

ISBN-13: 3030289540

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The development of “intelligent” systems that can take decisions and perform autonomously might lead to faster and more consistent decisions. A limiting factor for a broader adoption of AI technology is the inherent risks that come with giving up human control and oversight to “intelligent” machines. For sensitive tasks involving critical infrastructures and affecting human well-being or health, it is crucial to limit the possibility of improper, non-robust and unsafe decisions and actions. Before deploying an AI system, we see a strong need to validate its behavior, and thus establish guarantees that it will continue to perform as expected when deployed in a real-world environment. In pursuit of that objective, ways for humans to verify the agreement between the AI decision structure and their own ground-truth knowledge have been explored. Explainable AI (XAI) has developed as a subfield of AI, focused on exposing complex AI models to humans in a systematic and interpretable manner. The 22 chapters included in this book provide a timely snapshot of algorithms, theory, and applications of interpretable and explainable AI and AI techniques that have been proposed recently reflecting the current discourse in this field and providing directions of future development. The book is organized in six parts: towards AI transparency; methods for interpreting AI systems; explaining the decisions of AI systems; evaluating interpretability and explanations; applications of explainable AI; and software for explainable AI.


Book Synopsis Explainable AI: Interpreting, Explaining and Visualizing Deep Learning by : Wojciech Samek

Download or read book Explainable AI: Interpreting, Explaining and Visualizing Deep Learning written by Wojciech Samek and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of “intelligent” systems that can take decisions and perform autonomously might lead to faster and more consistent decisions. A limiting factor for a broader adoption of AI technology is the inherent risks that come with giving up human control and oversight to “intelligent” machines. For sensitive tasks involving critical infrastructures and affecting human well-being or health, it is crucial to limit the possibility of improper, non-robust and unsafe decisions and actions. Before deploying an AI system, we see a strong need to validate its behavior, and thus establish guarantees that it will continue to perform as expected when deployed in a real-world environment. In pursuit of that objective, ways for humans to verify the agreement between the AI decision structure and their own ground-truth knowledge have been explored. Explainable AI (XAI) has developed as a subfield of AI, focused on exposing complex AI models to humans in a systematic and interpretable manner. The 22 chapters included in this book provide a timely snapshot of algorithms, theory, and applications of interpretable and explainable AI and AI techniques that have been proposed recently reflecting the current discourse in this field and providing directions of future development. The book is organized in six parts: towards AI transparency; methods for interpreting AI systems; explaining the decisions of AI systems; evaluating interpretability and explanations; applications of explainable AI; and software for explainable AI.


Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

Author: Khalid Shaikh

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-12-05

Total Pages: 205

ISBN-13: 3031197151

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This book provides an introduction to next-generation applications and technologies for improving diagnostic accuracy and prediction of treatment outcomes in dentistry through the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The authors attempt to bridge the gap between dental research and global health outcomes, as well as provide a comprehensive guide to general and clinical aspects of dental and oral health issues and the etiology, prevalence, assessment, and management of these conditions. This book combines engineering applications and medical healthcare and will be an important reference for researchers, biomedical engineers, dental students, and dental practitioners.


Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry by : Khalid Shaikh

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry written by Khalid Shaikh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to next-generation applications and technologies for improving diagnostic accuracy and prediction of treatment outcomes in dentistry through the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The authors attempt to bridge the gap between dental research and global health outcomes, as well as provide a comprehensive guide to general and clinical aspects of dental and oral health issues and the etiology, prevalence, assessment, and management of these conditions. This book combines engineering applications and medical healthcare and will be an important reference for researchers, biomedical engineers, dental students, and dental practitioners.


Dental AI Revolution

Dental AI Revolution

Author: Instabooks Ai

Publisher: Independently Published

Published: 2023-12-09

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Dental AI Revolution: Transforming Practice with Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry Step into the future of dental care with Dental AI Revolution, a seminal work analyzing the transformative power of artificial intelligence in the dental profession. Written for clinicians, patients, and staff, this insightful work navigates the integration of AI in dentistry, detailing both the possibilities and the advantages, and addressing the challenges openly with expert precision. Each chapter is rich with anonymized examples drawn from genuine clinical experiences, offering readers a confidential yet comprehensive look into AI applications. As AI becomes a staple of modern dental practices, this book serves as a clarion call to the emerging era, reminding practitioners of the importance of expert consultation in leveraging these innovative technologies. The book's positive professional tone encourages openness to advancement while maintaining ethical integrity and upholding patient safety. Discover how AI can assist you in delivering exceptional care, streamline operations, and enhance patient outcomes. Chapter highlights include: Real-world applications of AI in routine dental care Implications for patient experiences and outcomes In-depth analysis of cutting-edge AI technologies in dentistry Grab your copy of Dental AI Revolution now and be a part of shaping the future of dentistry in an AI-driven world! Table of Contents 1. Introduction to AI in Dentistry - Defining Artificial Intelligence - History of AI in Dental Care - The Current Landscape 2. AI and Clinical Decision-Making - Data-Driven Diagnostics - Predictive Analytics for Prevention - Case Studies: AI Successes 3. The Patient Experience Redefined - Personalized Patient Care - AI in Patient Education - Improving Satisfaction with AI 4. AI in Dental Practice Management - Robotic Process Automation - Efficiency in Appointment Scheduling - Streamlining Administrative Tasks 5. Advancing Dental Procedures with AI - Precision in Dental Surgery - Restorative Dentistry and AI - Innovations in Orthodontics 6. AI Impacts on Dental Staff and Teams - Training and Skill Development - Job Transformation - Staff Well-being and AI Tools 7. Overcoming AI Implementation Challenges - Addressing Technical Hurdles - Ethical Considerations - Resistance to Change 8. AI, Ethics, and Patient Privacy - Anonymity and Data Security - Informed Consent in AI Era - Regulatory Compliance 9. AI as a Tool for Patient Engagement - Interactive AI Systems - Empowering Patients with Information - Virtual Health Assistance 10. The Economic Perspective of Dental AI - Cost-Benefit Analysis - AI Investment and ROI - Market Trends and Predictions 11. Future Outlook of AI in Dentistry - Emerging AI Technologies - Potential Disruptions - Preparing for What's Next 12. Conclusion: Embracing the AI Era in Dentistry - The Road Ahead - Continuous Learning and Development - The Role of Expert Consultation


Book Synopsis Dental AI Revolution by : Instabooks Ai

Download or read book Dental AI Revolution written by Instabooks Ai and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2023-12-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dental AI Revolution: Transforming Practice with Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry Step into the future of dental care with Dental AI Revolution, a seminal work analyzing the transformative power of artificial intelligence in the dental profession. Written for clinicians, patients, and staff, this insightful work navigates the integration of AI in dentistry, detailing both the possibilities and the advantages, and addressing the challenges openly with expert precision. Each chapter is rich with anonymized examples drawn from genuine clinical experiences, offering readers a confidential yet comprehensive look into AI applications. As AI becomes a staple of modern dental practices, this book serves as a clarion call to the emerging era, reminding practitioners of the importance of expert consultation in leveraging these innovative technologies. The book's positive professional tone encourages openness to advancement while maintaining ethical integrity and upholding patient safety. Discover how AI can assist you in delivering exceptional care, streamline operations, and enhance patient outcomes. Chapter highlights include: Real-world applications of AI in routine dental care Implications for patient experiences and outcomes In-depth analysis of cutting-edge AI technologies in dentistry Grab your copy of Dental AI Revolution now and be a part of shaping the future of dentistry in an AI-driven world! Table of Contents 1. Introduction to AI in Dentistry - Defining Artificial Intelligence - History of AI in Dental Care - The Current Landscape 2. AI and Clinical Decision-Making - Data-Driven Diagnostics - Predictive Analytics for Prevention - Case Studies: AI Successes 3. The Patient Experience Redefined - Personalized Patient Care - AI in Patient Education - Improving Satisfaction with AI 4. AI in Dental Practice Management - Robotic Process Automation - Efficiency in Appointment Scheduling - Streamlining Administrative Tasks 5. Advancing Dental Procedures with AI - Precision in Dental Surgery - Restorative Dentistry and AI - Innovations in Orthodontics 6. AI Impacts on Dental Staff and Teams - Training and Skill Development - Job Transformation - Staff Well-being and AI Tools 7. Overcoming AI Implementation Challenges - Addressing Technical Hurdles - Ethical Considerations - Resistance to Change 8. AI, Ethics, and Patient Privacy - Anonymity and Data Security - Informed Consent in AI Era - Regulatory Compliance 9. AI as a Tool for Patient Engagement - Interactive AI Systems - Empowering Patients with Information - Virtual Health Assistance 10. The Economic Perspective of Dental AI - Cost-Benefit Analysis - AI Investment and ROI - Market Trends and Predictions 11. Future Outlook of AI in Dentistry - Emerging AI Technologies - Potential Disruptions - Preparing for What's Next 12. Conclusion: Embracing the AI Era in Dentistry - The Road Ahead - Continuous Learning and Development - The Role of Expert Consultation


Color and Appearance in Dentistry

Color and Appearance in Dentistry

Author: Alvaro Della Bona

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-04-03

Total Pages: 149

ISBN-13: 3030426262

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This book presents the state of the art in color science and explains its application to dental structures and materials, using high-quality illustrations to ensure ease of learning. Most people seek a bright smile with a natural appearance. This goal often poses a great clinical challenge for the dentist, and its achievement is dependent on a good knowledge of color science and optical properties relevant to dentistry. Further, if a smile is to be esthetically improved to the patient’s satisfaction, the dentist must be able to extract the best from dental materials and techniques, must understand all aspects of facial harmony, and must communicate effectively with both the patient and lab technicians. All of these aspects are thoroughly explored in the book, with detailed coverage of such topics as visual and instrumental shade matching, color management, and avoidance of complications and pitfalls. Color and Appearance in Dentistry will be of high value to all who are engaged in the daily practice of esthetic dentistry.


Book Synopsis Color and Appearance in Dentistry by : Alvaro Della Bona

Download or read book Color and Appearance in Dentistry written by Alvaro Della Bona and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-03 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the state of the art in color science and explains its application to dental structures and materials, using high-quality illustrations to ensure ease of learning. Most people seek a bright smile with a natural appearance. This goal often poses a great clinical challenge for the dentist, and its achievement is dependent on a good knowledge of color science and optical properties relevant to dentistry. Further, if a smile is to be esthetically improved to the patient’s satisfaction, the dentist must be able to extract the best from dental materials and techniques, must understand all aspects of facial harmony, and must communicate effectively with both the patient and lab technicians. All of these aspects are thoroughly explored in the book, with detailed coverage of such topics as visual and instrumental shade matching, color management, and avoidance of complications and pitfalls. Color and Appearance in Dentistry will be of high value to all who are engaged in the daily practice of esthetic dentistry.


ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY

Author: Priyadharshini D

Publisher:

Published: 2021-10-30

Total Pages: 92

ISBN-13: 9789390850976

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Artificial intelligence(AI), which has been actively functional in various industries and it is in the spotlight for researchers. In dentistry, their application is widely analyzed in various researches, AI is particularly favorable in the field of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) radiology. Artificial intelligence systems in this field have been developed for diagnosis, forensic dentistry, and image analysis. Numerous amounts of data are needed to achieve good results from AI and it is a time-consuming task. With help of the numerous data sets, AI can be further developed for automatic diagnosis and treatment plan suggestions. Dentists' knowledge is a vital factor for AI development.


Book Synopsis ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY by : Priyadharshini D

Download or read book ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTISTRY written by Priyadharshini D and published by . This book was released on 2021-10-30 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence(AI), which has been actively functional in various industries and it is in the spotlight for researchers. In dentistry, their application is widely analyzed in various researches, AI is particularly favorable in the field of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) radiology. Artificial intelligence systems in this field have been developed for diagnosis, forensic dentistry, and image analysis. Numerous amounts of data are needed to achieve good results from AI and it is a time-consuming task. With help of the numerous data sets, AI can be further developed for automatic diagnosis and treatment plan suggestions. Dentists' knowledge is a vital factor for AI development.


Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Current applications and future perspectives

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Current applications and future perspectives

Author: Dr Seema Jabeen

Publisher: Perfect Writer Publishing

Published: 2024-05-14

Total Pages: 207

ISBN-13: 9360818771

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In the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) has received enormous attention and it has evolved to being one of the main drivers of not only modern life, through Siri, Alexa, using Google, etc. but also medicine. Throughout business, AI and associated innovations are increasingly widespread and are starting to be applied to the healthcare. [1] These technologies are capable of changing many aspects of healthcare, as well as administrative structures within hospitals, payers and pharmaceutical organizations. Although it is a new technology, AI has been increasingly utilized in different medical specialties to diagnose conditions, interpret results, and help healthcare providers to achieve good treatment outcomes.


Book Synopsis Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Current applications and future perspectives by : Dr Seema Jabeen

Download or read book Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Current applications and future perspectives written by Dr Seema Jabeen and published by Perfect Writer Publishing. This book was released on 2024-05-14 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) has received enormous attention and it has evolved to being one of the main drivers of not only modern life, through Siri, Alexa, using Google, etc. but also medicine. Throughout business, AI and associated innovations are increasingly widespread and are starting to be applied to the healthcare. [1] These technologies are capable of changing many aspects of healthcare, as well as administrative structures within hospitals, payers and pharmaceutical organizations. Although it is a new technology, AI has been increasingly utilized in different medical specialties to diagnose conditions, interpret results, and help healthcare providers to achieve good treatment outcomes.