AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, GROSS NEGLIGENCE KILLS 151, The Crash of Union des Transports Aeriens de Guinee Flight GHI 141

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, GROSS NEGLIGENCE KILLS 151, The Crash of Union des Transports Aeriens de Guinee Flight GHI 141

Author: George Cramoisi, editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-08-01

Total Pages: 162

ISBN-13: 1300054417

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On 25 December 2003, Union des Transport A riens de Guin e Flight GIH 141, a Boeing 727-223, on a flight from Conakry (Guinea) to Kufra (Libya), Beirut (Lebanon) and Dubai (United Arab Emirates) stopped over at Cotonou, Republic of Benin. During takeoff the overloaded airplane, was not able to climb properly and struck an airport building on the extended runway centerline, and crashed onto the beach and ended up in the ocean, killing 151 of the 163 people on board. The cause of the accident was the difficulty for the flight crew to rotate with an overloaded airplane with an unknown center of gravity. This in combination with the facts that the operator of the airline lacked any competence regarding organization and regulatory documentation, which made it impossible to correctly load and check the loading of the airplane, and the inadequacy of the supervision exercised by the Guinean civil aviation authorities in the context of safety oversight.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, GROSS NEGLIGENCE KILLS 151, The Crash of Union des Transports Aeriens de Guinee Flight GHI 141 by : George Cramoisi, editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, GROSS NEGLIGENCE KILLS 151, The Crash of Union des Transports Aeriens de Guinee Flight GHI 141 written by George Cramoisi, editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-08-01 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 25 December 2003, Union des Transport A riens de Guin e Flight GIH 141, a Boeing 727-223, on a flight from Conakry (Guinea) to Kufra (Libya), Beirut (Lebanon) and Dubai (United Arab Emirates) stopped over at Cotonou, Republic of Benin. During takeoff the overloaded airplane, was not able to climb properly and struck an airport building on the extended runway centerline, and crashed onto the beach and ended up in the ocean, killing 151 of the 163 people on board. The cause of the accident was the difficulty for the flight crew to rotate with an overloaded airplane with an unknown center of gravity. This in combination with the facts that the operator of the airline lacked any competence regarding organization and regulatory documentation, which made it impossible to correctly load and check the loading of the airplane, and the inadequacy of the supervision exercised by the Guinean civil aviation authorities in the context of safety oversight.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS FAILING BRAKES The Crash of TAM Linhas Aereas Flight JJ3054

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS FAILING BRAKES The Crash of TAM Linhas Aereas Flight JJ3054

Author: Hans Griffioen, editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-12-01

Total Pages: 258

ISBN-13: 1300584866

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On 17 July 2007, at 17:19 local time, an Airbus A-320, operated as flight JJ3054 by TAM Linhas Aéreas, was on its way from Porto Alegre, Brazil, for a domestic flight to Congonhas Airport in São Paulo city, São Paulo State, Brazil. During the landing, at 18:54 local time, the aircraft veered to the left, overran the left edge of the runway, collided with a building, and with a fuel service station. All persons on board - six crewmembers, and 181 passengers - perished. The crash also caused 12 fatalities on the ground. The runway had recently been resurfaced, but it did not yet have water-channeling grooves cut into it to reduce the danger of hydroplaning, making landing during rain a dangerous endeavour. Flight Data Recorder information showed that immediately prior to touchdown, both thrust levers were in CL (or "climb") position, with engine power being governed by the flight computer's autothrottle system.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS FAILING BRAKES The Crash of TAM Linhas Aereas Flight JJ3054 by : Hans Griffioen, editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS FAILING BRAKES The Crash of TAM Linhas Aereas Flight JJ3054 written by Hans Griffioen, editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 17 July 2007, at 17:19 local time, an Airbus A-320, operated as flight JJ3054 by TAM Linhas Aéreas, was on its way from Porto Alegre, Brazil, for a domestic flight to Congonhas Airport in São Paulo city, São Paulo State, Brazil. During the landing, at 18:54 local time, the aircraft veered to the left, overran the left edge of the runway, collided with a building, and with a fuel service station. All persons on board - six crewmembers, and 181 passengers - perished. The crash also caused 12 fatalities on the ground. The runway had recently been resurfaced, but it did not yet have water-channeling grooves cut into it to reduce the danger of hydroplaning, making landing during rain a dangerous endeavour. Flight Data Recorder information showed that immediately prior to touchdown, both thrust levers were in CL (or "climb") position, with engine power being governed by the flight computer's autothrottle system.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, LOST OVER THE ATLANTIC The Crash of Air France Flight 447 THE FINAL REPORT

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, LOST OVER THE ATLANTIC The Crash of Air France Flight 447 THE FINAL REPORT

Author: George Cramoisi, editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-09-01

Total Pages: 446

ISBN-13: 1300152478

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On 31 May 2009, the Airbus A330 flight AF 447 took off from Rio de Janeiro Gale o airport bound for Paris Charles de Gaulle. At around 2 h 02, the Captain left the cockpit for a short nap. At around 2 h 08, at flight level 350, the crew made a course change of 12 degrees to the left, to avoid bad weather. At 2h 10min 05, likely following the obstruction of the Pitot probes by ice crystals, the speed indications were incorrect and some automatic systems disconnected. The aeroplane's flight path was not controlled by the two copilots. They were rejoined 1 minute 30 later by the Captain, while the aeroplane was in a stall situation that lasted until the impact with the sea at 2 h 14 min 28 s, killing all 228 persons on board. It took almost two years to recover the wreck of the aircraft from a depth of 4.000 metres. The accident resulted from a succession of events, such as inconsistency between the measured airspeeds, inappropriate control inputs, and the crew's failure to diagnose the stall situation


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, LOST OVER THE ATLANTIC The Crash of Air France Flight 447 THE FINAL REPORT by : George Cramoisi, editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, LOST OVER THE ATLANTIC The Crash of Air France Flight 447 THE FINAL REPORT written by George Cramoisi, editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-09-01 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 31 May 2009, the Airbus A330 flight AF 447 took off from Rio de Janeiro Gale o airport bound for Paris Charles de Gaulle. At around 2 h 02, the Captain left the cockpit for a short nap. At around 2 h 08, at flight level 350, the crew made a course change of 12 degrees to the left, to avoid bad weather. At 2h 10min 05, likely following the obstruction of the Pitot probes by ice crystals, the speed indications were incorrect and some automatic systems disconnected. The aeroplane's flight path was not controlled by the two copilots. They were rejoined 1 minute 30 later by the Captain, while the aeroplane was in a stall situation that lasted until the impact with the sea at 2 h 14 min 28 s, killing all 228 persons on board. It took almost two years to recover the wreck of the aircraft from a depth of 4.000 metres. The accident resulted from a succession of events, such as inconsistency between the measured airspeeds, inappropriate control inputs, and the crew's failure to diagnose the stall situation


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, PILOT ERROR? The Crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, PILOT ERROR? The Crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409

Author: Hans Griffioen, editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-04

Total Pages: 414

ISBN-13: 1105675548

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On 25 January 2010, at 00:41:30 UTC, Ethiopian Airlines flight ET 409, a Boeing 737-800, on its way from Beirut to Addis Abeba, crashed just after take-off from Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut, Lebanon, into the Mediterranean Sea about 5 NM South West of Beirut International Airport. All 90 persons on board were killed in the accident. The investigation concluded that the probable causes of the accident were pilot errors due to loss of situational awareness. Ethiopian Airlines refutes this conclusion. Other factors that could have lead to probable causes are the increased workload and stress levels that have most likely led to the captain reaching a situation of loss of situational awareness similar to a subtle incapacitation and the F/O failure to recognize it or to intervene accordingly. Ethiopian Airlines refutes the investigation. According to the airline the final report was biased, lacking evidence, incomplete and did not present the full account of the accident.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, PILOT ERROR? The Crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 by : Hans Griffioen, editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, PILOT ERROR? The Crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 written by Hans Griffioen, editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-04 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 25 January 2010, at 00:41:30 UTC, Ethiopian Airlines flight ET 409, a Boeing 737-800, on its way from Beirut to Addis Abeba, crashed just after take-off from Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut, Lebanon, into the Mediterranean Sea about 5 NM South West of Beirut International Airport. All 90 persons on board were killed in the accident. The investigation concluded that the probable causes of the accident were pilot errors due to loss of situational awareness. Ethiopian Airlines refutes this conclusion. Other factors that could have lead to probable causes are the increased workload and stress levels that have most likely led to the captain reaching a situation of loss of situational awareness similar to a subtle incapacitation and the F/O failure to recognize it or to intervene accordingly. Ethiopian Airlines refutes the investigation. According to the airline the final report was biased, lacking evidence, incomplete and did not present the full account of the accident.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS CAPTAIN IN PANIC The Crash of Armavia Flight 967

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS CAPTAIN IN PANIC The Crash of Armavia Flight 967

Author: Hans Griffioen, editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-09-01

Total Pages: 141

ISBN-13: 1300208317

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On 2 May 2006 Armavia Flight RNV 967, an Airbus A320, was on its way from Zvartnots (Yerevan, Armenia) to Adler (Sochi, Russia). There were 113 occupants on board: 105 passengers (including 5 children and 1 baby), 2 pilots,1 aircraft engineer and 5 flight attendants. Upon approaching Sochi there was confusion in regard to the weather for the scheduled landing. Finally the captain decided to return to Zvartnots, a short while later he reconsidered his decision and started the approach to Sochi after all. Just before final landing air traffic control told the captain to abort the landing. At 22:13 the aircraft struck the water, it broke up on impact, killing all aboard. The investigation concluded that the crash of Armavia Flight 967 was a Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), specifically water, while conducting a climbing manoeuvre, after an aborted approach, along with inadequate control inputs from the Captain to Sochi airport at night with weather conditions below landing minimums for runway 06.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS CAPTAIN IN PANIC The Crash of Armavia Flight 967 by : Hans Griffioen, editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS CAPTAIN IN PANIC The Crash of Armavia Flight 967 written by Hans Griffioen, editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-09-01 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 2 May 2006 Armavia Flight RNV 967, an Airbus A320, was on its way from Zvartnots (Yerevan, Armenia) to Adler (Sochi, Russia). There were 113 occupants on board: 105 passengers (including 5 children and 1 baby), 2 pilots,1 aircraft engineer and 5 flight attendants. Upon approaching Sochi there was confusion in regard to the weather for the scheduled landing. Finally the captain decided to return to Zvartnots, a short while later he reconsidered his decision and started the approach to Sochi after all. Just before final landing air traffic control told the captain to abort the landing. At 22:13 the aircraft struck the water, it broke up on impact, killing all aboard. The investigation concluded that the crash of Armavia Flight 967 was a Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), specifically water, while conducting a climbing manoeuvre, after an aborted approach, along with inadequate control inputs from the Captain to Sochi airport at night with weather conditions below landing minimums for runway 06.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, FLYING COFFIN? The Near Crash of Olympic Airlines Flight OA202

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, FLYING COFFIN? The Near Crash of Olympic Airlines Flight OA202

Author: Pete Collins, editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-07-01

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13: 1105983463

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The Lockheed 1011 registered A6-BSM, operated by Star Jet and chartered by Olympic Airlines, arrived on 4 July 2005 at Terminal 1 at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport. Departure was delayed because the forward hold door could not be closed. A mechanic tried to close the door manually with a hammer and a chuck. Some passengers, worried about the apparent state of the cabin and the noise, asked to disembark, and this led to a mass movement. The airplane took finally off at 16h17. Shortly after departure the crew noticed problems with engine number 3. The captain requested the SEVERE DAMAGE procedure and returned to the airport. The French Bureau d'Enqu tes et d'Analyses pour la s curit de l'aviation civile (BEA) investigated the incident. BEA found out that the aircraft suffered from many problems, such as leaking fuel, malfunctioning safety features and lacking maintenance. The flight crew was not properly licensed, the captain was too old to fly in Europe. The Lockheed Tristar was a flying coffin.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, FLYING COFFIN? The Near Crash of Olympic Airlines Flight OA202 by : Pete Collins, editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, FLYING COFFIN? The Near Crash of Olympic Airlines Flight OA202 written by Pete Collins, editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-07-01 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Lockheed 1011 registered A6-BSM, operated by Star Jet and chartered by Olympic Airlines, arrived on 4 July 2005 at Terminal 1 at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport. Departure was delayed because the forward hold door could not be closed. A mechanic tried to close the door manually with a hammer and a chuck. Some passengers, worried about the apparent state of the cabin and the noise, asked to disembark, and this led to a mass movement. The airplane took finally off at 16h17. Shortly after departure the crew noticed problems with engine number 3. The captain requested the SEVERE DAMAGE procedure and returned to the airport. The French Bureau d'Enqu tes et d'Analyses pour la s curit de l'aviation civile (BEA) investigated the incident. BEA found out that the aircraft suffered from many problems, such as leaking fuel, malfunctioning safety features and lacking maintenance. The flight crew was not properly licensed, the captain was too old to fly in Europe. The Lockheed Tristar was a flying coffin.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS GHOSTS? The Crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS GHOSTS? The Crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401

Author: Pete Collins, Editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-11-01

Total Pages: 98

ISBN-13: 1300363282

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On December 29, 1972 an Eastern Air Lines' Lockheed L-1011, as Flight 401 on its way from John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, to Miami International Airport, Miami, Florida, crashed at 2342 eastern standard time in the Everglades, approximately 18 miles west northwest of Miami International Airport. The aircraft was destroyed. There were 163 passengers and a crew of 13 aboard the aircraft, 99 people died in the crash. The flight was diverted because of problems with the nose landing gear The aircraft climbed to 2,000 feet while the crew attempted to correct the problem. Surviving passengers and crewmembers stated that the flight was routine and operated normally before impact with the ground. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident, was preoccupation with a malfunction of the nose landing gear position indicating system distracted the crew's attention from the instruments and allowed the descent to go unnoticed.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS GHOSTS? The Crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 by : Pete Collins, Editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS GHOSTS? The Crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 written by Pete Collins, Editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On December 29, 1972 an Eastern Air Lines' Lockheed L-1011, as Flight 401 on its way from John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, to Miami International Airport, Miami, Florida, crashed at 2342 eastern standard time in the Everglades, approximately 18 miles west northwest of Miami International Airport. The aircraft was destroyed. There were 163 passengers and a crew of 13 aboard the aircraft, 99 people died in the crash. The flight was diverted because of problems with the nose landing gear The aircraft climbed to 2,000 feet while the crew attempted to correct the problem. Surviving passengers and crewmembers stated that the flight was routine and operated normally before impact with the ground. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident, was preoccupation with a malfunction of the nose landing gear position indicating system distracted the crew's attention from the instruments and allowed the descent to go unnoticed.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, MISJUDGMENT IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS The Crash of American Airlines Flight 625

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, MISJUDGMENT IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS The Crash of American Airlines Flight 625

Author: Hans Griffioen

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-08-01

Total Pages: 134

ISBN-13: 1300113332

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On April 27, 1976, American Airlines, Flight 625, a Boeing 727-95, operated as a scheduled passenger flight from Providence, Rhode Island, to Harry S Truman Airport, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, with a stop at John F. Kennedy -International Airport, New York. The flight departed JFK at 1200 with 88 persons, including 7 crewmembers, aboard. At about 1510, during landing at the Harry S Truman Airport, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, flight 625 overran the departure end of runway 9, struck the ILS antenna, crashed through a fence, and came to rest against a building located 1,040 feet beyond the end of the runway. The aircraft was destroyed, 35 passengers and 2 flight attendants were killed. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the captain's actions and his misjudgment in initiating a go-around maneuver with insufficient runway remaining after a long touchdown.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, MISJUDGMENT IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS The Crash of American Airlines Flight 625 by : Hans Griffioen

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS, MISJUDGMENT IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS The Crash of American Airlines Flight 625 written by Hans Griffioen and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-08-01 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On April 27, 1976, American Airlines, Flight 625, a Boeing 727-95, operated as a scheduled passenger flight from Providence, Rhode Island, to Harry S Truman Airport, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, with a stop at John F. Kennedy -International Airport, New York. The flight departed JFK at 1200 with 88 persons, including 7 crewmembers, aboard. At about 1510, during landing at the Harry S Truman Airport, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, flight 625 overran the departure end of runway 9, struck the ILS antenna, crashed through a fence, and came to rest against a building located 1,040 feet beyond the end of the runway. The aircraft was destroyed, 35 passengers and 2 flight attendants were killed. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the captain's actions and his misjudgment in initiating a go-around maneuver with insufficient runway remaining after a long touchdown.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS A DISASTROUS SPARK The Crash of TWA 800

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS A DISASTROUS SPARK The Crash of TWA 800

Author: George Cramoisi, Editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2013-01-01

Total Pages: 546

ISBN-13: 1300646675

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On July 17, 1996, about 2031 eastern daylight time, Trans World Airlines, Inc. (TWA) flight 800, a Boeing 747, crashed in the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York. TWA flight 800 was a scheduled international passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), New York, New York, to Charles DeGaulle International Airport, Paris, France. All 230 people on board were killed, and the airplane was destroyed. The weather was good. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was an explosion of the center wing fuel tank, resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. Contributing factors to the accident were the design and certification concept that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by precluding all ignition sources and the design and certification of the Boeing 747. The safety issues in this report focus on fuel tank flammability.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS A DISASTROUS SPARK The Crash of TWA 800 by : George Cramoisi, Editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS A DISASTROUS SPARK The Crash of TWA 800 written by George Cramoisi, Editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On July 17, 1996, about 2031 eastern daylight time, Trans World Airlines, Inc. (TWA) flight 800, a Boeing 747, crashed in the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York. TWA flight 800 was a scheduled international passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), New York, New York, to Charles DeGaulle International Airport, Paris, France. All 230 people on board were killed, and the airplane was destroyed. The weather was good. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was an explosion of the center wing fuel tank, resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. Contributing factors to the accident were the design and certification concept that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by precluding all ignition sources and the design and certification of the Boeing 747. The safety issues in this report focus on fuel tank flammability.


AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS DEATH IN THE POTOMAC The Crash of Air Florida Flight 90

AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS DEATH IN THE POTOMAC The Crash of Air Florida Flight 90

Author: George Cramoisi, Editor

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2012-11-20

Total Pages: 205

ISBN-13: 130042771X

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On January 13, 1982, Air Florida Flight 90, a Boeing 737-222, was a scheduled flight to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C. There were 74 passengers and 5 crewmembers on board. The flight was delayed about 1 hour 45 minutes due to a moderate to heavy snowfall. Shortly after takeoff the aircraft crashed at 1601 e.s.t. into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River and plunged into the ice-covered river, 0.75 nmi from the departure end of runway 36. Four passengers and one crewmember survived the crash. Four persons in the vehicles on the bridge were killed; four were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's failure to use engine anti-ice during ground operation and takeoff, and to take off with snow/ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft. Contributing to the accident were the ground delay between de-icing and takeoff clearance.


Book Synopsis AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS DEATH IN THE POTOMAC The Crash of Air Florida Flight 90 by : George Cramoisi, Editor

Download or read book AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS DEATH IN THE POTOMAC The Crash of Air Florida Flight 90 written by George Cramoisi, Editor and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-11-20 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 13, 1982, Air Florida Flight 90, a Boeing 737-222, was a scheduled flight to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from Washington National Airport, Washington, D.C. There were 74 passengers and 5 crewmembers on board. The flight was delayed about 1 hour 45 minutes due to a moderate to heavy snowfall. Shortly after takeoff the aircraft crashed at 1601 e.s.t. into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River and plunged into the ice-covered river, 0.75 nmi from the departure end of runway 36. Four passengers and one crewmember survived the crash. Four persons in the vehicles on the bridge were killed; four were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's failure to use engine anti-ice during ground operation and takeoff, and to take off with snow/ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft. Contributing to the accident were the ground delay between de-icing and takeoff clearance.