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Based on papers presented at a workshop held at Friday Harbor Laboratories, San Juan Island, Washington, on Sept. 20-23, 1991.
Book Synopsis Biotic Interactions and Global Change by : Peter M. Kareiva
Download or read book Biotic Interactions and Global Change written by Peter M. Kareiva and published by Sinauer Associates, Incorporated. This book was released on 1992 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on papers presented at a workshop held at Friday Harbor Laboratories, San Juan Island, Washington, on Sept. 20-23, 1991.
Rising temperatures are affecting organisms in all of Earth's biomes, but the complexity of ecological responses to climate change has hampered the development of a conceptually unified treatment of them. In a remarkably comprehensive synthesis, this book presents past, ongoing, and future ecological responses to climate change in the context of two simplifying hypotheses, facilitation and interference, arguing that biotic interactions may be the primary driver of ecological responses to climate change across all levels of biological organization. Eric Post's synthesis and analyses of ecological consequences of climate change extend from the Late Pleistocene to the present, and through the next century of projected warming. His investigation is grounded in classic themes of enduring interest in ecology, but developed around novel conceptual and mathematical models of observed and predicted dynamics. Using stability theory as a recurring theme, Post argues that the magnitude of climatic variability may be just as important as the magnitude and direction of change in determining whether populations, communities, and species persist. He urges a more refined consideration of species interactions, emphasizing important distinctions between lateral and vertical interactions and their disparate roles in shaping responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to climate change.
Book Synopsis Ecology of Climate Change by : Eric Post
Download or read book Ecology of Climate Change written by Eric Post and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-11 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising temperatures are affecting organisms in all of Earth's biomes, but the complexity of ecological responses to climate change has hampered the development of a conceptually unified treatment of them. In a remarkably comprehensive synthesis, this book presents past, ongoing, and future ecological responses to climate change in the context of two simplifying hypotheses, facilitation and interference, arguing that biotic interactions may be the primary driver of ecological responses to climate change across all levels of biological organization. Eric Post's synthesis and analyses of ecological consequences of climate change extend from the Late Pleistocene to the present, and through the next century of projected warming. His investigation is grounded in classic themes of enduring interest in ecology, but developed around novel conceptual and mathematical models of observed and predicted dynamics. Using stability theory as a recurring theme, Post argues that the magnitude of climatic variability may be just as important as the magnitude and direction of change in determining whether populations, communities, and species persist. He urges a more refined consideration of species interactions, emphasizing important distinctions between lateral and vertical interactions and their disparate roles in shaping responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to climate change.
Aboveground-Belowground Linkages provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in our understanding of the roles that interactions between aboveground and belowground communities play in regulating the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and their responses to global change. It charts the historical development of this field of ecology and evaluates what can be learned from the recent proliferation of studies on the ecological and biogeochemical significance of aboveground-belowground linkages. The book is structured around four key topics: biotic interactions in the soil; plant community effects; the role of aboveground consumers; and the influence of species gains and losses. A concluding chapter draws together this information and identifies a number of cross-cutting themes, including consideration of aboveground-belowground feedbacks that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, the consequences of these feedbacks for ecosystem processes, and how aboveground-belowground interactions link to human-induced global change.
Book Synopsis Aboveground-Belowground Linkages by : Richard D. Bardgett
Download or read book Aboveground-Belowground Linkages written by Richard D. Bardgett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aboveground-Belowground Linkages provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in our understanding of the roles that interactions between aboveground and belowground communities play in regulating the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and their responses to global change. It charts the historical development of this field of ecology and evaluates what can be learned from the recent proliferation of studies on the ecological and biogeochemical significance of aboveground-belowground linkages. The book is structured around four key topics: biotic interactions in the soil; plant community effects; the role of aboveground consumers; and the influence of species gains and losses. A concluding chapter draws together this information and identifies a number of cross-cutting themes, including consideration of aboveground-belowground feedbacks that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, the consequences of these feedbacks for ecosystem processes, and how aboveground-belowground interactions link to human-induced global change.
It is not possible to understand the apparent stability of the Earth's climate and environment unless we can fully understand how the best possible environmental conditions may be maintained for life to exist. Human colonization of areas with natural biota, for industrial or agricultural activities, will lead to degradation of those natural communities and violation of the BRE (biotic regulation of the environment) principle. Thus to maintain an environment on Earth that is suitable for life it is necessary to preserve and allow the natural recovery of natural biotic communities, both in the oceans and on land. This book is devoted to a quantitative version of the BRE concept, and is built on a foundation of modern scientific knowledge accumulated in the fields of physics and biology.
Book Synopsis Biotic Regulation of the Environment by : Victor Gorshkov
Download or read book Biotic Regulation of the Environment written by Victor Gorshkov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-06-14 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is not possible to understand the apparent stability of the Earth's climate and environment unless we can fully understand how the best possible environmental conditions may be maintained for life to exist. Human colonization of areas with natural biota, for industrial or agricultural activities, will lead to degradation of those natural communities and violation of the BRE (biotic regulation of the environment) principle. Thus to maintain an environment on Earth that is suitable for life it is necessary to preserve and allow the natural recovery of natural biotic communities, both in the oceans and on land. This book is devoted to a quantitative version of the BRE concept, and is built on a foundation of modern scientific knowledge accumulated in the fields of physics and biology.
There are many books on aspects of plant invasions, but none that focus on the key role of species interactions in mediating invasions. This book reviews exciting new findings and explores how new methods and tools are shedding new light on crucial processes in plant invasions. This book will be of interest to academics and students of ecology, researchers engaged in developing management solutions, scientific managers of natural ecosystems, and policy-makers.
Book Synopsis Plant Invasions by : Anna Traveset
Download or read book Plant Invasions written by Anna Traveset and published by CABI. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many books on aspects of plant invasions, but none that focus on the key role of species interactions in mediating invasions. This book reviews exciting new findings and explores how new methods and tools are shedding new light on crucial processes in plant invasions. This book will be of interest to academics and students of ecology, researchers engaged in developing management solutions, scientific managers of natural ecosystems, and policy-makers.
The theme of this volume is to discuss Eco-evolutionary Dynamics. Updates and informs the reader on the latest research findings Written by leading experts in the field Highlights areas for future investigation
Book Synopsis Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics by :
Download or read book Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-08-12 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theme of this volume is to discuss Eco-evolutionary Dynamics. Updates and informs the reader on the latest research findings Written by leading experts in the field Highlights areas for future investigation
Ever since the concept of the "struggle for life" became the heart of Darwin's theory of evolution, biologists have studied the relevance of interactions for the natural history and evolution of organisms. Although positive interactions among plants have traditionally received little attention, there is now a growing body of evidence showing the ef
Book Synopsis Positive Plant Interactions and Community Dynamics by : Francisco Pugnaire
Download or read book Positive Plant Interactions and Community Dynamics written by Francisco Pugnaire and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-02-09 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever since the concept of the "struggle for life" became the heart of Darwin's theory of evolution, biologists have studied the relevance of interactions for the natural history and evolution of organisms. Although positive interactions among plants have traditionally received little attention, there is now a growing body of evidence showing the ef
Variation in environmental conditions is a pervasive feature of natural systems that has profound consequences for the structure of ecological communities. As a result of altered local conditions produced by human urbanisation, shifts in marine habitats from kelp forests to mats of turfing algae are increasingly common. Forecasting whether such ecological change will be accelerated or reversed as a function of modified global conditions is a new form of ecological enquiry. Throughout this thesis, I assessed the conceptual model that while cross-scale abiotic stressors can combine to have interactive effects, management of local conditions can counter-balance this change. My experimental manipulations were intended to test the hypotheses that; 1) cross-scale factors (i.e. local and global) will have interactive effects that increase the probability of expansion of turfs but not kelp, and, 2) management of local conditions (e.g. presence of biota, nutrient enrichment) will dampen the effects of global change on turfs (e.g. forecasted CO2). Change in ecological communities is anticipated where altered environmental conditions have contrasting effects on interacting taxa that determine their composition and relative abundances. Experimental enrichment of CO2 and nutrients influenced biomass accumulation of turf and kelp differently, with turf responding positively to enrichment of both resources while kelp responded to enrichment of nutrients but not CO2. These responses likely reflect resource limitations experienced by the algae, as stoichiometry indicated turf was co-limited by CO2 and nutrients while kelp appeared to be limited by nutrients but not CO2. Simultaneous enrichment of these factors would, consequently, be anticipated to facilitate the expansion of turf algae at the expense of established kelp canopies. Considerable attention has focused on the influence of altered conditions on single taxa in isolation, yet such approaches only elucidate direct response(s). In natural systems, these responses may be mediated by indirect effects resulting from interactions with other taxa. I assessed the model that biotic interactions (i.e. competition and herbivory) can counter the abiotic drivers of change. Experimental tests revealed the presence of kelp inhibits the synergistic positive effects of stressors (i.e. CO2 and nutrient enrichment) on their turf competitors, likely due to the modification of physical conditions (i.e. light availability). Similarly, rates of herbivory increased to counter the positive effects of stressors on turfs under enriched CO2 (i.e. increased grazing of turfs by gastropods). This increase in herbivory was attributable to the changes in stoichiometry of algal turfs under the greater availability of this resource. Together, these results indicate potential for indirect effects, mediated by species interactions, to counter the direct influence of altered environmental conditions. Where biotic controls are absent, however, such modification of resource availabilities may increase the probability of the expansion of novel habitats. I considered the hypothesis that where human activities combine to synergistically benefit turfs (as occurs where CO2 and nutrients are enriched), removal of one factor alone may enable further change to be slowed or recovery hastened. Experimental tests that reduced the locally-determined factor (i.e. reducing nutrients under continued CO2 enrichment) substantially slowed further expansion of turf algae, but the legacy of nutrient enrichment was not entirely eradicated. This result indicates that although management of local environmental conditions may substantially reduce the effects of entrained global change, some effects could be enduring. In summary, there was broad support for the conceptual model that cross-scale abiotic stressors can combine to interactively affect algal communities, but that such change can be countered by management of local conditions, both biotic (i.e. retaining the processes of competition and herbivory) and abiotic (i.e. removing pollutants). These results represent progress in ecological tests of hypotheses regarding global climate change as they incorporate comprehensive sets of abiotic and biotic community drivers. Further, this thesis contributes new knowledge regarding the anticipated responses of marine communities to local through global scale pollution, and the potential for local conditions to mitigate the effects of global change.
Book Synopsis Mediation of Global Change by Local Biotic and Abiotic Interactions by : Laura J. Falkenberg
Download or read book Mediation of Global Change by Local Biotic and Abiotic Interactions written by Laura J. Falkenberg and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Variation in environmental conditions is a pervasive feature of natural systems that has profound consequences for the structure of ecological communities. As a result of altered local conditions produced by human urbanisation, shifts in marine habitats from kelp forests to mats of turfing algae are increasingly common. Forecasting whether such ecological change will be accelerated or reversed as a function of modified global conditions is a new form of ecological enquiry. Throughout this thesis, I assessed the conceptual model that while cross-scale abiotic stressors can combine to have interactive effects, management of local conditions can counter-balance this change. My experimental manipulations were intended to test the hypotheses that; 1) cross-scale factors (i.e. local and global) will have interactive effects that increase the probability of expansion of turfs but not kelp, and, 2) management of local conditions (e.g. presence of biota, nutrient enrichment) will dampen the effects of global change on turfs (e.g. forecasted CO2). Change in ecological communities is anticipated where altered environmental conditions have contrasting effects on interacting taxa that determine their composition and relative abundances. Experimental enrichment of CO2 and nutrients influenced biomass accumulation of turf and kelp differently, with turf responding positively to enrichment of both resources while kelp responded to enrichment of nutrients but not CO2. These responses likely reflect resource limitations experienced by the algae, as stoichiometry indicated turf was co-limited by CO2 and nutrients while kelp appeared to be limited by nutrients but not CO2. Simultaneous enrichment of these factors would, consequently, be anticipated to facilitate the expansion of turf algae at the expense of established kelp canopies. Considerable attention has focused on the influence of altered conditions on single taxa in isolation, yet such approaches only elucidate direct response(s). In natural systems, these responses may be mediated by indirect effects resulting from interactions with other taxa. I assessed the model that biotic interactions (i.e. competition and herbivory) can counter the abiotic drivers of change. Experimental tests revealed the presence of kelp inhibits the synergistic positive effects of stressors (i.e. CO2 and nutrient enrichment) on their turf competitors, likely due to the modification of physical conditions (i.e. light availability). Similarly, rates of herbivory increased to counter the positive effects of stressors on turfs under enriched CO2 (i.e. increased grazing of turfs by gastropods). This increase in herbivory was attributable to the changes in stoichiometry of algal turfs under the greater availability of this resource. Together, these results indicate potential for indirect effects, mediated by species interactions, to counter the direct influence of altered environmental conditions. Where biotic controls are absent, however, such modification of resource availabilities may increase the probability of the expansion of novel habitats. I considered the hypothesis that where human activities combine to synergistically benefit turfs (as occurs where CO2 and nutrients are enriched), removal of one factor alone may enable further change to be slowed or recovery hastened. Experimental tests that reduced the locally-determined factor (i.e. reducing nutrients under continued CO2 enrichment) substantially slowed further expansion of turf algae, but the legacy of nutrient enrichment was not entirely eradicated. This result indicates that although management of local environmental conditions may substantially reduce the effects of entrained global change, some effects could be enduring. In summary, there was broad support for the conceptual model that cross-scale abiotic stressors can combine to interactively affect algal communities, but that such change can be countered by management of local conditions, both biotic (i.e. retaining the processes of competition and herbivory) and abiotic (i.e. removing pollutants). These results represent progress in ecological tests of hypotheses regarding global climate change as they incorporate comprehensive sets of abiotic and biotic community drivers. Further, this thesis contributes new knowledge regarding the anticipated responses of marine communities to local through global scale pollution, and the potential for local conditions to mitigate the effects of global change.
Book Synopsis Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida by : Richard P. Wunderlin
Download or read book Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida written by Richard P. Wunderlin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A guide to the vascular plants of Florida"--
Communities are structured by many factors including abiotic factors such as resource availability, and biotic interactions. Climatic and atmospheric change will affect the composition of plant communities through multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors. Literature on the effects of single factors on plant communities is abundant yet there have been few experiments examining the effects of multiple abiotic factors associated with climate change. Moreover, plant communities are not controlled solely by environmental conditions, but by biotic interactions such as competition and facilitation. In this thesis, I used a field experiment to examine the effects of elevated [CO2], warming, and soil moisture on in-situ old-field plant communities (Chapter 2). In addition, I conducted a separate field experiment to examine the competitive relationships among the constituent species to test whether an experimentally derived competitive hierarchy can predict relative abundances of species within plant communities (Chapter 3). I examined plant community responses to treatments of elevated [CO2] (+300 ppm), warming (+3 degrees C), and soil moisture availability applied to experimental plots within open-top chambers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In 2002, we constructed plots with plant communities consisting of seven common old-field species, including grasses, forbs, and legumes. Beginning in 2003, we tracked foliar cover, density and recruitment, and reproductive phenology for each plant species, and determined changes in community diversity and evenness over the course of two growing seasons. We observed few interactive effects of treatments on plant abundance. Most of the observed plant responses to treatments were responses to single factors. Species-specific foliar cover was most strongly influenced by warming: warming reduced foliar cover of Trifolium pratense and Dactylis glomerata, but increased foliar cover of Andropogon virginicus and Solidgao canadensis. Foliar cover of Dactylis glomerata was lower in dry plots than in wet plots. During the second full growing season, plant species diversity, evenness, and richness were at least 10% lower in wet plots, where total foliar cover and dominance were greater than in dry plots. Interactive effects of treatments appeared only toward the end of the second growing season. For example, late in the growing season of 2004, cover of Dactylis was four times greater within wet plots under ambient temperatures than in all other treatment combinations (temperature x water interaction; P less than 0.02).
Book Synopsis Old-field Community Response to Multiple Interacting Factors of Global Change by : Elizabeth Cayenne Engel
Download or read book Old-field Community Response to Multiple Interacting Factors of Global Change written by Elizabeth Cayenne Engel and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Communities are structured by many factors including abiotic factors such as resource availability, and biotic interactions. Climatic and atmospheric change will affect the composition of plant communities through multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors. Literature on the effects of single factors on plant communities is abundant yet there have been few experiments examining the effects of multiple abiotic factors associated with climate change. Moreover, plant communities are not controlled solely by environmental conditions, but by biotic interactions such as competition and facilitation. In this thesis, I used a field experiment to examine the effects of elevated [CO2], warming, and soil moisture on in-situ old-field plant communities (Chapter 2). In addition, I conducted a separate field experiment to examine the competitive relationships among the constituent species to test whether an experimentally derived competitive hierarchy can predict relative abundances of species within plant communities (Chapter 3). I examined plant community responses to treatments of elevated [CO2] (+300 ppm), warming (+3 degrees C), and soil moisture availability applied to experimental plots within open-top chambers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In 2002, we constructed plots with plant communities consisting of seven common old-field species, including grasses, forbs, and legumes. Beginning in 2003, we tracked foliar cover, density and recruitment, and reproductive phenology for each plant species, and determined changes in community diversity and evenness over the course of two growing seasons. We observed few interactive effects of treatments on plant abundance. Most of the observed plant responses to treatments were responses to single factors. Species-specific foliar cover was most strongly influenced by warming: warming reduced foliar cover of Trifolium pratense and Dactylis glomerata, but increased foliar cover of Andropogon virginicus and Solidgao canadensis. Foliar cover of Dactylis glomerata was lower in dry plots than in wet plots. During the second full growing season, plant species diversity, evenness, and richness were at least 10% lower in wet plots, where total foliar cover and dominance were greater than in dry plots. Interactive effects of treatments appeared only toward the end of the second growing season. For example, late in the growing season of 2004, cover of Dactylis was four times greater within wet plots under ambient temperatures than in all other treatment combinations (temperature x water interaction; P less than 0.02).
