Communication and Identity in the Classroom

Communication and Identity in the Classroom

Author: Daniel S. Strasser

Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield

Published: 2020-12-30

Total Pages: 219

ISBN-13: 1793618062

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This collection, edited by Daniel S. Strasser, was unearthed from the demand for more inclusive and expansive dialogues on intersectional identities, ethnicity, neuro-diversity, physical ability, religion, sexual orientation, class, and gender performance in academia. The autoethnographic and narrative accounts within Communication and Identity in the Classroom: Intersectional Perspectives of Critical Pedagogy offer personal, experiential perspectives on the power of identity to influence educators in classroom and mentoring spaces. The multiple perspectives offered here promote dialogue about how personal experience provides the ground upon which we build more dynamic relationships and communities. The contributors’ experiences offer examples for a more expansive understanding of privilege, oppression, and identity. These seeds for conversation nourish discourses that build new communicative bridges between educators and students as we prepare to face the next interaction, class, and challenges and opportunity for resilience. This collection invites educators to be critical of their bodies, of their politics, of their intersecting identities, and acknowledge in words and actions that our bodies are political. Throughout this collection the contributors expand upon theories and methods of critical communication scholarship, radical love, and intersectionality using their embodied pedagogical experiences to ground the scholarship.


Book Synopsis Communication and Identity in the Classroom by : Daniel S. Strasser

Download or read book Communication and Identity in the Classroom written by Daniel S. Strasser and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection, edited by Daniel S. Strasser, was unearthed from the demand for more inclusive and expansive dialogues on intersectional identities, ethnicity, neuro-diversity, physical ability, religion, sexual orientation, class, and gender performance in academia. The autoethnographic and narrative accounts within Communication and Identity in the Classroom: Intersectional Perspectives of Critical Pedagogy offer personal, experiential perspectives on the power of identity to influence educators in classroom and mentoring spaces. The multiple perspectives offered here promote dialogue about how personal experience provides the ground upon which we build more dynamic relationships and communities. The contributors’ experiences offer examples for a more expansive understanding of privilege, oppression, and identity. These seeds for conversation nourish discourses that build new communicative bridges between educators and students as we prepare to face the next interaction, class, and challenges and opportunity for resilience. This collection invites educators to be critical of their bodies, of their politics, of their intersecting identities, and acknowledge in words and actions that our bodies are political. Throughout this collection the contributors expand upon theories and methods of critical communication scholarship, radical love, and intersectionality using their embodied pedagogical experiences to ground the scholarship.

Identity Safe Classrooms

Identity Safe Classrooms

Author: Dorothy M. Steele

Publisher: Corwin Press

Published: 2013-09-05

Total Pages: 233

ISBN-13: 1452230900

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This practitioner-focused guide to creating identity-safe classrooms presents four categories of core instructional practices: Child-centered teaching ; Classroom relationships ; Caring environments ; Cultivating diversity. The book presents a set of strategies that can be implemented immediately by teachers. It includes a wealth of vignettes taken from identity-safe classrooms as well as reflective exercises that can be completed by individual teachers or teacher teams.


Book Synopsis Identity Safe Classrooms by : Dorothy M. Steele

Download or read book Identity Safe Classrooms written by Dorothy M. Steele and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2013-09-05 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practitioner-focused guide to creating identity-safe classrooms presents four categories of core instructional practices: Child-centered teaching ; Classroom relationships ; Caring environments ; Cultivating diversity. The book presents a set of strategies that can be implemented immediately by teachers. It includes a wealth of vignettes taken from identity-safe classrooms as well as reflective exercises that can be completed by individual teachers or teacher teams.

Communication and Identity in the Classroom

Communication and Identity in the Classroom

Author: Daniel S. Strasser

Publisher: Lexington Books

Published: 2022-09-15

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781793618078

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This book utilizes autoethnography and personal narratives stemming from a critical pedagogy perspective to highlight pivotal points in teaching and mentoring. The contributors use their intersectional identities to better understand, challenge, and engage students and institutions as they foster pedagogical spaces of radical love and learning.


Book Synopsis Communication and Identity in the Classroom by : Daniel S. Strasser

Download or read book Communication and Identity in the Classroom written by Daniel S. Strasser and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book utilizes autoethnography and personal narratives stemming from a critical pedagogy perspective to highlight pivotal points in teaching and mentoring. The contributors use their intersectional identities to better understand, challenge, and engage students and institutions as they foster pedagogical spaces of radical love and learning.

Communicating Identities

Communicating Identities

Author: Gary Barkhuizen

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2020-02-20

Total Pages: 199

ISBN-13: 1351586688

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Communicating Identities is a book for language teachers who wish to focus on the topic of identity in the context of their classroom teaching. The work provides an accessible introduction to research and theory on language learner and language teacher identity. It provides a set of interactive, practical activities for use in language classrooms in which students explore and communicate about aspects of their identities. The communicative activities concern the various facets of the students’ own identities and are practical resources that teachers can draw on to structure and guide their students’ exploration of their identities. All the activities include a follow-on teacher reflection in which teachers explore aspects of their own identity in relation to the learner identities explored in the activities. The book also introduces teachers to practical steps in doing exploratory action research so that they can investigate identity systematically in their own classrooms.


Book Synopsis Communicating Identities by : Gary Barkhuizen

Download or read book Communicating Identities written by Gary Barkhuizen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Communicating Identities is a book for language teachers who wish to focus on the topic of identity in the context of their classroom teaching. The work provides an accessible introduction to research and theory on language learner and language teacher identity. It provides a set of interactive, practical activities for use in language classrooms in which students explore and communicate about aspects of their identities. The communicative activities concern the various facets of the students’ own identities and are practical resources that teachers can draw on to structure and guide their students’ exploration of their identities. All the activities include a follow-on teacher reflection in which teachers explore aspects of their own identity in relation to the learner identities explored in the activities. The book also introduces teachers to practical steps in doing exploratory action research so that they can investigate identity systematically in their own classrooms.

Identity Research and Communication

Identity Research and Communication

Author: Nilanjana Bardhan

Publisher: Lexington Books

Published: 2012-04-05

Total Pages: 321

ISBN-13: 0739173057

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The concept of identity has steadily emerged in importance in the field of intercultural communication, especially over the last two decades. In a transnational world marked by complex connectivity as well as enduring differences and power inequities, it is imperative to understand and continuously theorize how we perceive the self in relation to the cultural other. Such understandings play a central role in how we negotiate relationships, build alliances, promote peace, and strive for social justice across cultural differences in various contexts. Identity Research in Intercultural Communication, edited by Nilanjana Bardhan and Mark P. Orbe, is unique in scope because it brings together a vast range of positions on identity scholarship under one umbrella. It tracks the state of identity research in the field and includes cutting-edge theoretical essays (some supported by empirical data), and queries what kinds of theoretical, methodological, praxiological and pedagogical boundaries researchers should be pushing in the future. This collection’s primary and qualitative focus is on more recent concepts related to identity that have emerged in scholarship such as power, privilege, intersectionality, critical selfhood, hybridity, diaspora, cosmopolitanism, queer theory, globalization and transnationalism, immigration, gendered and sexual politics, self-reflexivity, positionality, agency, ethics, dialogue and dialectics, and more. The essays are critical/interpretive, postmodern, postcolonial and performative in perspective, and they strike a balance between U.S. and transnational views on identity. This volume is an essential text for scholars, educators, students, and intercultural consultants and trainers.


Book Synopsis Identity Research and Communication by : Nilanjana Bardhan

Download or read book Identity Research and Communication written by Nilanjana Bardhan and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012-04-05 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of identity has steadily emerged in importance in the field of intercultural communication, especially over the last two decades. In a transnational world marked by complex connectivity as well as enduring differences and power inequities, it is imperative to understand and continuously theorize how we perceive the self in relation to the cultural other. Such understandings play a central role in how we negotiate relationships, build alliances, promote peace, and strive for social justice across cultural differences in various contexts. Identity Research in Intercultural Communication, edited by Nilanjana Bardhan and Mark P. Orbe, is unique in scope because it brings together a vast range of positions on identity scholarship under one umbrella. It tracks the state of identity research in the field and includes cutting-edge theoretical essays (some supported by empirical data), and queries what kinds of theoretical, methodological, praxiological and pedagogical boundaries researchers should be pushing in the future. This collection’s primary and qualitative focus is on more recent concepts related to identity that have emerged in scholarship such as power, privilege, intersectionality, critical selfhood, hybridity, diaspora, cosmopolitanism, queer theory, globalization and transnationalism, immigration, gendered and sexual politics, self-reflexivity, positionality, agency, ethics, dialogue and dialectics, and more. The essays are critical/interpretive, postmodern, postcolonial and performative in perspective, and they strike a balance between U.S. and transnational views on identity. This volume is an essential text for scholars, educators, students, and intercultural consultants and trainers.

Belonging and Inclusion in Identity Safe Schools

Belonging and Inclusion in Identity Safe Schools

Author: Becki Cohn-Vargas

Publisher: Corwin Press

Published: 2021-07-28

Total Pages: 305

ISBN-13: 1071835807

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Lead an identity safe learning community where students of all backgrounds thrive Students of all backgrounds reach their full potential when they feel a sense of belonging and inclusion. When their social identities are valued as assets rather than barriers to learning, they flourish. This guide provides evidence-based strategies that support you as a leader in creating an environment that promotes identity safe students, who experience a challenging curriculum that respects their diverse social identities. Features in the book include: Guiding principles for student voice, equalizing status and cultivating acceptance across race, ethnicity, gender and other differences Ideas and examples for anti-racist dialogue and activities for teachers and students that counter colorblind practices, stereotype threat and biases Vignettes, and examples of identity safe practices for students and adult learning for staff, families and the community Systems for student-centered assessment and data collection Resources for developing equitable school policies and a comprehensive identity safety plan for your school Educators fulfill the promise of an equitable education when students of all backgrounds know that who they are and what they think matters. Start the journey to become an identity safe school and see the results for yourself! “Belonging and Inclusion in Identity Safe Schools: A Guide for Educational Leaders is a timely and important book. For several years, the nation′s schools have been asked to focus their energies on raising student achievement. However, too often educators have ignored the need to honor, support and affirm the identities of the students they serve. For educators who serve children of color, particularly Black, Native American and Latinx children who are often subject to overt and covert forms of forced assimilation, this book will be an invaluable resource on how to create learning opportunities that make it possible for such children to thrive.” ~Pedro Noguera, Dean of Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California “Bravo to authors Cohn-Vargas, Gogolewski, Creer Kahn, and Epstein for their ground-breaking book on Identify Safe Schools for Administrators and Teacher and Staff Leaders! They provide much-needed evidence for educators to elevate and even inspire the equity, empowerment, and academic growth needed to wholly support all children to flourish in school and their lives.” ~Debbie Zacarian, Director, Zacarian and Associates


Book Synopsis Belonging and Inclusion in Identity Safe Schools by : Becki Cohn-Vargas

Download or read book Belonging and Inclusion in Identity Safe Schools written by Becki Cohn-Vargas and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2021-07-28 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead an identity safe learning community where students of all backgrounds thrive Students of all backgrounds reach their full potential when they feel a sense of belonging and inclusion. When their social identities are valued as assets rather than barriers to learning, they flourish. This guide provides evidence-based strategies that support you as a leader in creating an environment that promotes identity safe students, who experience a challenging curriculum that respects their diverse social identities. Features in the book include: Guiding principles for student voice, equalizing status and cultivating acceptance across race, ethnicity, gender and other differences Ideas and examples for anti-racist dialogue and activities for teachers and students that counter colorblind practices, stereotype threat and biases Vignettes, and examples of identity safe practices for students and adult learning for staff, families and the community Systems for student-centered assessment and data collection Resources for developing equitable school policies and a comprehensive identity safety plan for your school Educators fulfill the promise of an equitable education when students of all backgrounds know that who they are and what they think matters. Start the journey to become an identity safe school and see the results for yourself! “Belonging and Inclusion in Identity Safe Schools: A Guide for Educational Leaders is a timely and important book. For several years, the nation′s schools have been asked to focus their energies on raising student achievement. However, too often educators have ignored the need to honor, support and affirm the identities of the students they serve. For educators who serve children of color, particularly Black, Native American and Latinx children who are often subject to overt and covert forms of forced assimilation, this book will be an invaluable resource on how to create learning opportunities that make it possible for such children to thrive.” ~Pedro Noguera, Dean of Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California “Bravo to authors Cohn-Vargas, Gogolewski, Creer Kahn, and Epstein for their ground-breaking book on Identify Safe Schools for Administrators and Teacher and Staff Leaders! They provide much-needed evidence for educators to elevate and even inspire the equity, empowerment, and academic growth needed to wholly support all children to flourish in school and their lives.” ~Debbie Zacarian, Director, Zacarian and Associates

Classroom Communication and Diversity

Classroom Communication and Diversity

Author: Robert G. Powell

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2010-06-10

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 1135147531

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Classroom Communication and Diversity is an integral resource for teaching awareness of diversity issues and communication in the classroom. Drawing on the research in the communication and education disciplines, authors Robert G. Powell and Dana Caseau provide theoretical models and useful strategies for improving instructional practices. They address the ways in which culture influences communication in the classroom, and assist teachers in developing the skills necessary to meet the needs of the students in their classrooms. New to the second edition is an expanded skills component, additional teaching resources, and an increased focus on the role of diversity in the classroom. Much of the information shared in this text derives from the authors' research and experience in schools and from the experiences of others, including teachers, parents, and children. Their experiences, combined with the cross-disciplinary approach, produce a volume of unique perspectives and considerable insight.


Book Synopsis Classroom Communication and Diversity by : Robert G. Powell

Download or read book Classroom Communication and Diversity written by Robert G. Powell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classroom Communication and Diversity is an integral resource for teaching awareness of diversity issues and communication in the classroom. Drawing on the research in the communication and education disciplines, authors Robert G. Powell and Dana Caseau provide theoretical models and useful strategies for improving instructional practices. They address the ways in which culture influences communication in the classroom, and assist teachers in developing the skills necessary to meet the needs of the students in their classrooms. New to the second edition is an expanded skills component, additional teaching resources, and an increased focus on the role of diversity in the classroom. Much of the information shared in this text derives from the authors' research and experience in schools and from the experiences of others, including teachers, parents, and children. Their experiences, combined with the cross-disciplinary approach, produce a volume of unique perspectives and considerable insight.

Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Author: Management Association, Information Resources

Publisher: IGI Global

Published: 2019-07-05

Total Pages: 1652

ISBN-13: 1522592806

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

As the world becomes more globalized, student populations in educational settings will continue to grow in diversity. To ensure students develop the cultural competence to adapt to new environments, educational institutions must develop curriculum, policies, and programs to aid in the progression of cultural acceptance and understanding. Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source for the latest research findings on inclusive curriculum development for multicultural learners. It also examines the interaction between culture and learning in academic environments and the efforts to mediate it through various educational venues. Highlighting a range of topics such as intercultural communication, student diversity, and language skills, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for educators, professionals, school administrators, researchers, and practitioners in the field of education.


Book Synopsis Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-07-05 with total page 1652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the world becomes more globalized, student populations in educational settings will continue to grow in diversity. To ensure students develop the cultural competence to adapt to new environments, educational institutions must develop curriculum, policies, and programs to aid in the progression of cultural acceptance and understanding. Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source for the latest research findings on inclusive curriculum development for multicultural learners. It also examines the interaction between culture and learning in academic environments and the efforts to mediate it through various educational venues. Highlighting a range of topics such as intercultural communication, student diversity, and language skills, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for educators, professionals, school administrators, researchers, and practitioners in the field of education.

Communicating Identity: Critical Approaches (Revised Edition)

Communicating Identity: Critical Approaches (Revised Edition)

Author: Jason Zingsheim

Publisher: Cognella Academic Publishing

Published: 2012-06-27

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 9781621313977

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

"Communicating Identity: Critical Approaches" provides a poststructuralist engagement with contemporary theories of identity, which view identity as a construction, negotiation, and a process of communicative messages. Embracing an intersectional investigation of identity and examining the critical interworkings of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nation, this edited anthology contemplates the shifting and fluid dimensions of identities within spatial, temporal, and discursive contexts. Bringing together works from scholars in the disciplines of organizational communication, critical/cultural studies, rhetorical and media studies, performance studies, and intercultural communication, the text is divided into four sections: "Theorizing Identity" provides a poststructuralist introduction to identity through differing conceptual frameworks that highlight the performative, relational, and intersectional dimensions of identity formations."Organizing Identity" looks to institutional and national contexts to examine how systems of power and hierarchal structures within organizing discourses work to shape, mold, constrain, and produce disciplined identities."Representing Identity" looks to popular culture, online environments, and personal accounts of experience as sites of identity production and negotiation."Performing Identity" shifts attention to the spatial, temporal, and embodied dimensions of identity work, theorizing performative dimensions that resist and rearticulate identity discourses.Jason Zingsheim (PhD, Arizona State University) is an Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at Governors State University, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in intercultural communication, critical/cultural studies, identity and communication, and communication theory and philosophy. His work has been published in "Cultural Studies" "Critical Methodologies," "Text & Performance Quarterly," "Liminalities," and "Battleground: Women, Gender, & Sexuality." Dustin Bradley Goltz (PhD, Arizona State University) is an Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at DePaul University, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in performance studies, rhetoric of identity, performance of gender and sexuality, and rhetoric of popular culture. He is the author of "Queer Temporalities in Gay Male Representation: Tragedy, Normativity, and Futurity." His research has been published in "Text & Performance Quarterly," "Qualitative Inquiry," "Western Journal of Communication," "Genders," and "Liminalities."


Book Synopsis Communicating Identity: Critical Approaches (Revised Edition) by : Jason Zingsheim

Download or read book Communicating Identity: Critical Approaches (Revised Edition) written by Jason Zingsheim and published by Cognella Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-06-27 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Communicating Identity: Critical Approaches" provides a poststructuralist engagement with contemporary theories of identity, which view identity as a construction, negotiation, and a process of communicative messages. Embracing an intersectional investigation of identity and examining the critical interworkings of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nation, this edited anthology contemplates the shifting and fluid dimensions of identities within spatial, temporal, and discursive contexts. Bringing together works from scholars in the disciplines of organizational communication, critical/cultural studies, rhetorical and media studies, performance studies, and intercultural communication, the text is divided into four sections: "Theorizing Identity" provides a poststructuralist introduction to identity through differing conceptual frameworks that highlight the performative, relational, and intersectional dimensions of identity formations."Organizing Identity" looks to institutional and national contexts to examine how systems of power and hierarchal structures within organizing discourses work to shape, mold, constrain, and produce disciplined identities."Representing Identity" looks to popular culture, online environments, and personal accounts of experience as sites of identity production and negotiation."Performing Identity" shifts attention to the spatial, temporal, and embodied dimensions of identity work, theorizing performative dimensions that resist and rearticulate identity discourses.Jason Zingsheim (PhD, Arizona State University) is an Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at Governors State University, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in intercultural communication, critical/cultural studies, identity and communication, and communication theory and philosophy. His work has been published in "Cultural Studies" "Critical Methodologies," "Text & Performance Quarterly," "Liminalities," and "Battleground: Women, Gender, & Sexuality." Dustin Bradley Goltz (PhD, Arizona State University) is an Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at DePaul University, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in performance studies, rhetoric of identity, performance of gender and sexuality, and rhetoric of popular culture. He is the author of "Queer Temporalities in Gay Male Representation: Tragedy, Normativity, and Futurity." His research has been published in "Text & Performance Quarterly," "Qualitative Inquiry," "Western Journal of Communication," "Genders," and "Liminalities."

Building a Professional Teaching Identity on Social Media

Building a Professional Teaching Identity on Social Media

Author: Janine S. Davis

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-09-26

Total Pages: 116

ISBN-13: 9463007024

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

As social media use explodes in popularity, teachers can now share resources and interact with a broad international audience of colleagues, scholars, students, and the general public. Teachers use sites such as Twitter to develop and hone their professional identities and manage others’ impressions of them and their work. This text draws on extensive research to provide guidance about teachers’ use of social media for professional development and identity formation. A conceptual framework drawing on Goffman’s Theory of the Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and research into how users interact online informed the case studies of preservice teachers’ experiences with social media. A secondary function of the book is to guide teachers through the process of conducting action research projects in their own classrooms. Use of social media involves more than just sharing links or scattered thoughts; savvy users consider a wide variety of methods and forms of interaction. This text shares research-based best practices for these forms of information sharing, including the effects of these practices on different audiences.Twitter and other forms of social media offer an easily accessible, free mode of communication; however, while asking a question and obtaining answers from people all over the globe is exciting, and while this process can be empowering for both the questioner and the responder, it can also be problematic as viewed from a quality control perspective. Is the information accurate? Does it reflect research-based best practices? What are some of the ways that teachers can and should form personae and identities on social media? What are the risks? This text chips away at these crucial questions. /div


Book Synopsis Building a Professional Teaching Identity on Social Media by : Janine S. Davis

Download or read book Building a Professional Teaching Identity on Social Media written by Janine S. Davis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As social media use explodes in popularity, teachers can now share resources and interact with a broad international audience of colleagues, scholars, students, and the general public. Teachers use sites such as Twitter to develop and hone their professional identities and manage others’ impressions of them and their work. This text draws on extensive research to provide guidance about teachers’ use of social media for professional development and identity formation. A conceptual framework drawing on Goffman’s Theory of the Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and research into how users interact online informed the case studies of preservice teachers’ experiences with social media. A secondary function of the book is to guide teachers through the process of conducting action research projects in their own classrooms. Use of social media involves more than just sharing links or scattered thoughts; savvy users consider a wide variety of methods and forms of interaction. This text shares research-based best practices for these forms of information sharing, including the effects of these practices on different audiences.Twitter and other forms of social media offer an easily accessible, free mode of communication; however, while asking a question and obtaining answers from people all over the globe is exciting, and while this process can be empowering for both the questioner and the responder, it can also be problematic as viewed from a quality control perspective. Is the information accurate? Does it reflect research-based best practices? What are some of the ways that teachers can and should form personae and identities on social media? What are the risks? This text chips away at these crucial questions. /div