Creative English Course Book for class 2

Creative English Course Book for class 2

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892264

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 2 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 2 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English Course Book for class 4

Creative English Course Book for class 4

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892280

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 4 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 4 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English Course Book for class 6

Creative English Course Book for class 6

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892418

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experiences, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 6 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 6 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experiences, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English Course Book for class 8

Creative English Course Book for class 8

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892434

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Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 8 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 8 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English Course Book for class 7

Creative English Course Book for class 7

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892426

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 7 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 7 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English Course Book for class 3

Creative English Course Book for class 3

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892272

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 3 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 3 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English Course Book for class 5

Creative English Course Book for class 5

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892299

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing.


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 5 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 5 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experience, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing.


Creative English Course Book for class 1

Creative English Course Book for class 1

Author: Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 8183892256

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It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experiences, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Book Synopsis Creative English Course Book for class 1 by : Rev. Fr. Cosmos

Download or read book Creative English Course Book for class 1 written by Rev. Fr. Cosmos and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is after years of teaching English to young children that this new course, Creative English, has been put together. Two things were in mind during its preparation: · What do children enjoy while learning a language? Stories are based on children’s interests and therefore hold their attention. For the first few classes, the lessons draw upon pupils’ everyday experiences, allowing links to be made between home and school. · What does a teacher need while teaching a language? The books are structured to meet the requirements of teachers across the board. Someone who has just started a career in teaching would find it stimulating enough to give his or her best. Others, with years of experience, could use it as a tool to carry forward all the good they have been doing. Goyal Brothers Prakashan


Creative English, Creative Curriculum

Creative English, Creative Curriculum

Author: Paul Gardner

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-02-25

Total Pages: 222

ISBN-13: 1317834194

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Combining theory with practical examples, Creative English, Creative Curriculum will stimulate students and teachers to be adventurous and creative in their teaching, while covering the mains strands of the Primary National Strategy for English: narrative, non-fiction and poetry. This book: reflects the new emphases on speaking and listening contextualises recent changes to the English curriculum, reviewing models of best practice provides practical examples and research evidence of creative approaches to the teaching of English considers the cross-curricular aspects in creating a thematic approach to teaching and learning. This book will appeal to both students and practising teachers in the primary school who either wish to implement creative approaches to their English teaching, or are undertaking extended study for a Masters Degree.


Book Synopsis Creative English, Creative Curriculum by : Paul Gardner

Download or read book Creative English, Creative Curriculum written by Paul Gardner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-02-25 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining theory with practical examples, Creative English, Creative Curriculum will stimulate students and teachers to be adventurous and creative in their teaching, while covering the mains strands of the Primary National Strategy for English: narrative, non-fiction and poetry. This book: reflects the new emphases on speaking and listening contextualises recent changes to the English curriculum, reviewing models of best practice provides practical examples and research evidence of creative approaches to the teaching of English considers the cross-curricular aspects in creating a thematic approach to teaching and learning. This book will appeal to both students and practising teachers in the primary school who either wish to implement creative approaches to their English teaching, or are undertaking extended study for a Masters Degree.


Bloomsbury—An Activity-based Integrated Course Class 2 Semester 1 AY (2023-24)Onward

Bloomsbury—An Activity-based Integrated Course Class 2 Semester 1 AY (2023-24)Onward

Author: Leena Kapoor

Publisher: Goyal Brothers Prakashan

Published: 2023-05-20

Total Pages: 233

ISBN-13: 8195975283

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Bloomsbury—An Activity-based Integrated Course for LKG, UKG and Classes 1 to 5 has been designed and formulated in accordance with the guidelines of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.The series comprises a set of fourteen books, two for each class and one per semester. Semester books for LKG and UKG include English, Mathematics and Environmental Science. Semester books for Classes 1 and 2 include English, Mathematics, Environmental Science and General Knowledge. Semester books for Classes 3 to 5 include English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and General Knowledge. The series is strictly aligned with the basic tenets of NEP 2020. Thus, a lot of emphasis has been laid on promoting activity-based and experiential approach to learning. The series also seeks to develop the core twenty-first-century skills in learners, which lie at the heart of NEP 2020. Besides, great care has been taken to make learning a joyful experience for the learners. All this will together lay a strong foundation at the primary level and lead to the holistic development of the learners at each level. Some of the key features of the series are: • Key concepts supported with visual activities, games and real-life examples • Carefully-graded and comprehensive exercises to facilitate true evaluation • Online support in the form of animated lessons, interactive exercises, topic-wise videos and E-books (For Teachers only) as per the requirement of the subject • Teachers Resource Book to facilitate teaching ENGLISH The content for English is a perfect blend of the best of both worlds—past and present. The selections are based on the learners’ interests, and, therefore, will not only easily arrest their attention but also facilitate longer retention. The graded exercises lay appropriate emphasis on learning the four basic language skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. Grammar Section in each book offers simple and clear conceptual understanding. MATHEMATICS The Mathematical concepts have been dealt with in an interesting and comprehensive manner. This way even an average child will have no difficulty in grasping the fundamentals. The series follows a graded and spiral approach, keeping in mind the age and level of understanding of the learner. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES NEP 2020 lays emphasis on promoting the spirit of analysis and questioning because it has been increasingly felt that children learn more through talking, observing and discussing with others. This approach has been adopted in EVS content. SCIENCE The content in this section emphasises meaningful learning of science for the overall development of learners. It focuses on helping children understand their natural environment and correlate science with their everyday experiences in an interesting and comprehensive manner. SOCIAL STUDIES A totally new and innovative approach to teaching social studies has been adopted in this section. The lessons enhance the learners’ life skills and equip them with a high civic sense and arm them with an ability to face the challenges in life with confidence, and as responsible citizens. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE The main objective of the General Knowledge section is to create a sense of wonder in the learners and arouse in them a desire to learn and find out more about the world around them. We look forward for feedback and constructive criticism from the students, teachers and parents, which will be given due consideration in the future reprints and editions of the books. The Publisher * ????? ??????- ????????????? ?? ???????, ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????, ???????, ????, ????, ??????????????, ???????????, ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? * ???-?? ?????? ???- ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? '???-?? ?????? ???' ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? * ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????-????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???- * ???? ????????- ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? * ???????? ??????- ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? * ????? ??????? ???- ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? * ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????- ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ?????, ????? ????, ????????, ???????????, ????????, ????, ?????, ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????-????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????????, ????-??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????-??? ?????? ?? ???? * ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??-????? ??????? ?? ???? * ?????? ???????- ????????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???/???, ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????-???? ?? ???? * ?????? ?????? # ?-??? (Ebook) * ???????? ???. * ??? ????? ?? ?????? * ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????-??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????


Book Synopsis Bloomsbury—An Activity-based Integrated Course Class 2 Semester 1 AY (2023-24)Onward by : Leena Kapoor

Download or read book Bloomsbury—An Activity-based Integrated Course Class 2 Semester 1 AY (2023-24)Onward written by Leena Kapoor and published by Goyal Brothers Prakashan. This book was released on 2023-05-20 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bloomsbury—An Activity-based Integrated Course for LKG, UKG and Classes 1 to 5 has been designed and formulated in accordance with the guidelines of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.The series comprises a set of fourteen books, two for each class and one per semester. Semester books for LKG and UKG include English, Mathematics and Environmental Science. Semester books for Classes 1 and 2 include English, Mathematics, Environmental Science and General Knowledge. Semester books for Classes 3 to 5 include English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and General Knowledge. The series is strictly aligned with the basic tenets of NEP 2020. Thus, a lot of emphasis has been laid on promoting activity-based and experiential approach to learning. The series also seeks to develop the core twenty-first-century skills in learners, which lie at the heart of NEP 2020. Besides, great care has been taken to make learning a joyful experience for the learners. All this will together lay a strong foundation at the primary level and lead to the holistic development of the learners at each level. Some of the key features of the series are: • Key concepts supported with visual activities, games and real-life examples • Carefully-graded and comprehensive exercises to facilitate true evaluation • Online support in the form of animated lessons, interactive exercises, topic-wise videos and E-books (For Teachers only) as per the requirement of the subject • Teachers Resource Book to facilitate teaching ENGLISH The content for English is a perfect blend of the best of both worlds—past and present. The selections are based on the learners’ interests, and, therefore, will not only easily arrest their attention but also facilitate longer retention. The graded exercises lay appropriate emphasis on learning the four basic language skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. Grammar Section in each book offers simple and clear conceptual understanding. MATHEMATICS The Mathematical concepts have been dealt with in an interesting and comprehensive manner. This way even an average child will have no difficulty in grasping the fundamentals. The series follows a graded and spiral approach, keeping in mind the age and level of understanding of the learner. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES NEP 2020 lays emphasis on promoting the spirit of analysis and questioning because it has been increasingly felt that children learn more through talking, observing and discussing with others. This approach has been adopted in EVS content. SCIENCE The content in this section emphasises meaningful learning of science for the overall development of learners. It focuses on helping children understand their natural environment and correlate science with their everyday experiences in an interesting and comprehensive manner. SOCIAL STUDIES A totally new and innovative approach to teaching social studies has been adopted in this section. The lessons enhance the learners’ life skills and equip them with a high civic sense and arm them with an ability to face the challenges in life with confidence, and as responsible citizens. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE The main objective of the General Knowledge section is to create a sense of wonder in the learners and arouse in them a desire to learn and find out more about the world around them. We look forward for feedback and constructive criticism from the students, teachers and parents, which will be given due consideration in the future reprints and editions of the books. The Publisher * ????? ??????- ????????????? ?? ???????, ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????, ???????, ????, ????, ??????????????, ???????????, ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? * ???-?? ?????? ???- ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? '???-?? ?????? ???' ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? * ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????-????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???- * ???? ????????- ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? * ???????? ??????- ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? * ????? ??????? ???- ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? * ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????- ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ?????, ????? ????, ????????, ???????????, ????????, ????, ?????, ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????-????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????????, ????-??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????-??? ?????? ?? ???? * ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??-????? ??????? ?? ???? * ?????? ???????- ????????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???/???, ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????-???? ?? ???? * ?????? ?????? # ?-??? (Ebook) * ???????? ???. * ??? ????? ?? ?????? * ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????-??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????