Decompression — Decompression Sickness

Decompression — Decompression Sickness

Author: A. A. Bühlmann

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 98

ISBN-13: 3662024098

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The Laboratory of Hyperbaric Physiology of the Medical Clinic of the University of Zurich came into existence in 1960 thanks to private initiative and a readiness to undertake risks; the success ful start was made possible with help from the French Navy and the United States Navy. A prerequisite for the development of the laboratory was also the benevolence of the authorities of the University of Zurich toward a research project from which scarcely any practical use could be expected for the land-locked country of Switzerland. The development of the laboratory and the systematic research were supported generously from 1964 by Shell Intemationale Petroleum Maatschappij of The Hague. The basic theme of the research was always the well-being and functional ability of the human being in an atmosphere of abnor mal pressure and or abnormal composition. Many connections became obvious with respiratory physiolo gy, circulatory physiology, and physiology at great heigts, and close contact with other special laboratories of the Medical Clin ic proved very valuable. With a relatively small number of steady collaborators it was possible to master an extensive experimental program. Special thanks are due to Mr. Benno Schenk, who as technical head was responsible for the exact performance of all the hyperbaric experiments.


Book Synopsis Decompression — Decompression Sickness by : A. A. Bühlmann

Download or read book Decompression — Decompression Sickness written by A. A. Bühlmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Laboratory of Hyperbaric Physiology of the Medical Clinic of the University of Zurich came into existence in 1960 thanks to private initiative and a readiness to undertake risks; the success ful start was made possible with help from the French Navy and the United States Navy. A prerequisite for the development of the laboratory was also the benevolence of the authorities of the University of Zurich toward a research project from which scarcely any practical use could be expected for the land-locked country of Switzerland. The development of the laboratory and the systematic research were supported generously from 1964 by Shell Intemationale Petroleum Maatschappij of The Hague. The basic theme of the research was always the well-being and functional ability of the human being in an atmosphere of abnor mal pressure and or abnormal composition. Many connections became obvious with respiratory physiolo gy, circulatory physiology, and physiology at great heigts, and close contact with other special laboratories of the Medical Clin ic proved very valuable. With a relatively small number of steady collaborators it was possible to master an extensive experimental program. Special thanks are due to Mr. Benno Schenk, who as technical head was responsible for the exact performance of all the hyperbaric experiments.


Diving Science

Diving Science

Author: Michael B. Strauss

Publisher: Human Kinetics

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 412

ISBN-13: 9780736048309

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This text blends theoretical and scientific aspects with practical and directly applicable diving physiology and medical information. It is divided into three sections - the underwater environment, physiological responses to the underwater environment, and medical problems associated with the sport.


Book Synopsis Diving Science by : Michael B. Strauss

Download or read book Diving Science written by Michael B. Strauss and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2004 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text blends theoretical and scientific aspects with practical and directly applicable diving physiology and medical information. It is divided into three sections - the underwater environment, physiological responses to the underwater environment, and medical problems associated with the sport.


Beating the Bends

Beating the Bends

Author: Alex Brylske

Publisher:

Published: 1995

Total Pages: 140

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Beating the Bends by : Alex Brylske

Download or read book Beating the Bends written by Alex Brylske and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Between the Devil and the Deep

Between the Devil and the Deep

Author: Mark Cowan

Publisher: Unbound Publishing

Published: 2021-07-22

Total Pages: 367

ISBN-13: 1800180306

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'One of the best accounts ever written of deep-water diving and its staggering, haunting dangers' Robert Kurson, New York Times bestselling author of Shadow Divers Deep underwater lurks a mysterious man-made illness. It has gone by many names over the years – Satan’s disease, diver’s palsy, the chokes – but today, medics call it decompression sickness. You know it as the bends. That’s the devil British diver Martin Robson faces each time he plunges beneath the surface. In the winter of 2012, Robson was part of an expedition to Blue Lake, southern Russia, which sought to find a submerged cave system never seen by the human eye. On the final day of the expedition, as Robson returned from diving deeper into the lake than anyone had before, disaster struck: just seventy-five feet down, he was ambushed by the bends. Robson knew that if he continued up to the surface he would probably die before help arrived. Instead, he sank back into the water, gambling on an underwater practice most doctors believe is a suicidal act. Soon the only hope he had of saving his life would rest in the hands of a dramatic mercy mission organised at the highest levels of the Russian government. Between the Devil and the Deep is the first book to tell the terrifying true story of what it feels like to get the bends, taking you inside the body and mind of a man who suffered the unthinkable. Writer Mark Cowan also explores the grimly fascinating history of decompression sickness, the science behind what causes the disease, and the stories of the forgotten divers who pushed the limits of physical endurance to help find a solution.


Book Synopsis Between the Devil and the Deep by : Mark Cowan

Download or read book Between the Devil and the Deep written by Mark Cowan and published by Unbound Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'One of the best accounts ever written of deep-water diving and its staggering, haunting dangers' Robert Kurson, New York Times bestselling author of Shadow Divers Deep underwater lurks a mysterious man-made illness. It has gone by many names over the years – Satan’s disease, diver’s palsy, the chokes – but today, medics call it decompression sickness. You know it as the bends. That’s the devil British diver Martin Robson faces each time he plunges beneath the surface. In the winter of 2012, Robson was part of an expedition to Blue Lake, southern Russia, which sought to find a submerged cave system never seen by the human eye. On the final day of the expedition, as Robson returned from diving deeper into the lake than anyone had before, disaster struck: just seventy-five feet down, he was ambushed by the bends. Robson knew that if he continued up to the surface he would probably die before help arrived. Instead, he sank back into the water, gambling on an underwater practice most doctors believe is a suicidal act. Soon the only hope he had of saving his life would rest in the hands of a dramatic mercy mission organised at the highest levels of the Russian government. Between the Devil and the Deep is the first book to tell the terrifying true story of what it feels like to get the bends, taking you inside the body and mind of a man who suffered the unthinkable. Writer Mark Cowan also explores the grimly fascinating history of decompression sickness, the science behind what causes the disease, and the stories of the forgotten divers who pushed the limits of physical endurance to help find a solution.


The Relationship of Scuba Diving to the Development of Aviators' Decompression Sickness

The Relationship of Scuba Diving to the Development of Aviators' Decompression Sickness

Author: Donald E. Furry

Publisher:

Published: 1966

Total Pages: 22

ISBN-13:

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The additional decrease in ambient pressure which occurs when a compressed air diver flies in an aircraft within a short time after diving may be sufficient to precipitate decompression sickness, even though the dive itself was in accordance with the U.S. Navy decompression tables. The current practice by both military and civilian divers of using air transportation after compressed air diving suggests the need for specific instructions regarding the decompression required before flying after diving. In order to quantitate the importance of this problem, an experiment was designed in which large dogs were exposed to compressed air for 7 hours at their 'no-bends' pressure threshold as determined after the method of Reeves and Beckman. After pressurization, the animals were decompressed within 2-3 minutes to sea level. A sea level decompression interval of 1, 3, 6, or 12 hours was given prior to further decompression to a simulated altitude of 10,000 feet. The incidence of decompression sickness at altitude was 92.9% for the 1 hour surface decompression interval, 30% for the 3 hour interval, 27.8% for the 6 hour interval and 0% for the 12 hour interval. From these large animal studies it may be postulated that a surface decompression interval of at least 12 hours should be allowed before flying after compressed air diving of a depth and duration to require the use of diving tables.


Book Synopsis The Relationship of Scuba Diving to the Development of Aviators' Decompression Sickness by : Donald E. Furry

Download or read book The Relationship of Scuba Diving to the Development of Aviators' Decompression Sickness written by Donald E. Furry and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The additional decrease in ambient pressure which occurs when a compressed air diver flies in an aircraft within a short time after diving may be sufficient to precipitate decompression sickness, even though the dive itself was in accordance with the U.S. Navy decompression tables. The current practice by both military and civilian divers of using air transportation after compressed air diving suggests the need for specific instructions regarding the decompression required before flying after diving. In order to quantitate the importance of this problem, an experiment was designed in which large dogs were exposed to compressed air for 7 hours at their 'no-bends' pressure threshold as determined after the method of Reeves and Beckman. After pressurization, the animals were decompressed within 2-3 minutes to sea level. A sea level decompression interval of 1, 3, 6, or 12 hours was given prior to further decompression to a simulated altitude of 10,000 feet. The incidence of decompression sickness at altitude was 92.9% for the 1 hour surface decompression interval, 30% for the 3 hour interval, 27.8% for the 6 hour interval and 0% for the 12 hour interval. From these large animal studies it may be postulated that a surface decompression interval of at least 12 hours should be allowed before flying after compressed air diving of a depth and duration to require the use of diving tables.


The Bends

The Bends

Author: John L. Phillips

Publisher: Yale University Press

Published: 1998-01-01

Total Pages: 284

ISBN-13: 9780300071252

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With the invention of compressed air in the 1840s, human divers could enter previously inaccessible deep water environments and engineers could design underwater mines and monumental bridges that had never been possible before. But a painful, sometimes fatal illness--decompression sickness, or the bends--mysteriously afflicted many of those who used compressed air. This book is a wide-ranging history of the wonders compressed air brought about and the suffering its unknown hazards inflicted. John L. Phillips explores the intertwining roles of science, technology, engineering, medicine, and politics in the invention of compressed air, the recognition and identification of decompression sickness, and the hundred-year-long process of learning to understand and treat the bends. The book begins with an overview of the biology and chemistry of respiration and a discussion of the steam engine that could generate compressed air. Drawing on previously unpublished letters, diaries, and notes, Phillips tells the story of early uses of compressed air, first observations of decompression sickness, growing awareness of the bends during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, and efforts to understand the pathophysiology of the illness. He then considers employee health and safety issues, the science of diving today, and human limits to exploring the ocean deeps. In the history of compressed air and its illnesses, Phillips finds important lessons for dealing with other diseases yet to be confronted in the modern world.


Book Synopsis The Bends by : John L. Phillips

Download or read book The Bends written by John L. Phillips and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the invention of compressed air in the 1840s, human divers could enter previously inaccessible deep water environments and engineers could design underwater mines and monumental bridges that had never been possible before. But a painful, sometimes fatal illness--decompression sickness, or the bends--mysteriously afflicted many of those who used compressed air. This book is a wide-ranging history of the wonders compressed air brought about and the suffering its unknown hazards inflicted. John L. Phillips explores the intertwining roles of science, technology, engineering, medicine, and politics in the invention of compressed air, the recognition and identification of decompression sickness, and the hundred-year-long process of learning to understand and treat the bends. The book begins with an overview of the biology and chemistry of respiration and a discussion of the steam engine that could generate compressed air. Drawing on previously unpublished letters, diaries, and notes, Phillips tells the story of early uses of compressed air, first observations of decompression sickness, growing awareness of the bends during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, and efforts to understand the pathophysiology of the illness. He then considers employee health and safety issues, the science of diving today, and human limits to exploring the ocean deeps. In the history of compressed air and its illnesses, Phillips finds important lessons for dealing with other diseases yet to be confronted in the modern world.


Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine

Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine

Author: Kewal K. Jain

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-11-25

Total Pages: 660

ISBN-13: 3319471406

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This comprehensive volume captures the latest scientific evidence, technological advances, treatments and impact of biotechnology in hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Divided into three distinct sections, the book begins with basic aspects that include history, equipment, safety and diagnostic approaches; this is followed by clinical applications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy in various modalities; the last section provides an overview of hyperbaric medicine as a specialty with best practices from around the world. Integration of multidisciplinary approaches to complex disorders are also covered. Updated and significantly expanded from previous editions, Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine, 6th Edition will continue to be the definitive guide to this burgeoning field for students, trainees, physicians and specialists.


Book Synopsis Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine by : Kewal K. Jain

Download or read book Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine written by Kewal K. Jain and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-25 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume captures the latest scientific evidence, technological advances, treatments and impact of biotechnology in hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Divided into three distinct sections, the book begins with basic aspects that include history, equipment, safety and diagnostic approaches; this is followed by clinical applications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy in various modalities; the last section provides an overview of hyperbaric medicine as a specialty with best practices from around the world. Integration of multidisciplinary approaches to complex disorders are also covered. Updated and significantly expanded from previous editions, Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine, 6th Edition will continue to be the definitive guide to this burgeoning field for students, trainees, physicians and specialists.


The Physician’s Guide to Diving Medicine

The Physician’s Guide to Diving Medicine

Author: C.B. Carlston

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 752

ISBN-13: 1461326710

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This book is designed to be a physician's guide for those interested in diving and hyperbaric environments. It is not a detailed document for the erudite researcher; rather, it is a source of information for the scuba-diving physician who is searching for answers put to him by his fellow nonmedical divers. Following the publication of The Underwater Handbook: A Guide to Physiology and Performance for the Engineer there were frequent requests for a companion volume for the physician. This book is designed to fill the void. Production of the book has been supported by the Office of Naval Research and by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Research and Development Command, under Navy Contract No. NOOOOI4-78-C-0604. Our heartfelt thanks go to the many authors without whose contributions the book could not have been produced. These articles are signed by the responsible authors, and the names a~e also listed alphabetically in these preliminary pages. Every chapter was officially reviewed by at least one expert in the field covered and these reviewers are also listed on these pages. Our thanks go to them for their valuable assistance. We are grateful to Marthe Beckett Kent for editing Chapter III. Our thanks also go to Mrs. Carolyn Paddon for typing and retyping the manuscripts, and to Mrs. Catherine Coppola, who so expertly handled the many fiscal affairs.


Book Synopsis The Physician’s Guide to Diving Medicine by : C.B. Carlston

Download or read book The Physician’s Guide to Diving Medicine written by C.B. Carlston and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed to be a physician's guide for those interested in diving and hyperbaric environments. It is not a detailed document for the erudite researcher; rather, it is a source of information for the scuba-diving physician who is searching for answers put to him by his fellow nonmedical divers. Following the publication of The Underwater Handbook: A Guide to Physiology and Performance for the Engineer there were frequent requests for a companion volume for the physician. This book is designed to fill the void. Production of the book has been supported by the Office of Naval Research and by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Research and Development Command, under Navy Contract No. NOOOOI4-78-C-0604. Our heartfelt thanks go to the many authors without whose contributions the book could not have been produced. These articles are signed by the responsible authors, and the names a~e also listed alphabetically in these preliminary pages. Every chapter was officially reviewed by at least one expert in the field covered and these reviewers are also listed on these pages. Our thanks go to them for their valuable assistance. We are grateful to Marthe Beckett Kent for editing Chapter III. Our thanks also go to Mrs. Carolyn Paddon for typing and retyping the manuscripts, and to Mrs. Catherine Coppola, who so expertly handled the many fiscal affairs.


Textbook of Acute Trauma Care

Textbook of Acute Trauma Care

Author: Peter Lax

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-01-05

Total Pages: 829

ISBN-13: 3030836282

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This book provides a systemic approach to acute trauma care in line with the ABCDE paradigm and up-to-date information on assessing and managing major trauma from the pre-hospital to the rehabilitation phase. The book's early sections are dedicated to identifying and managing pathology caused by massive haemorrhage, airway, breathing, circulation or neurological trauma and examining the current evidence base relating to their management. The book then builds from fundamental skills to advanced interventions so that each level of responder can identify and implement aspects of clinical practice that will be of benefit to them at their stage. This approach also explains advanced interventions that may be executed subsequently, explaining how each phase of care sits together. This has a further benefit of producing seamless care for patients by practitioners of different levels using this book as a reference point. Later sections deal with specifics of in-hospital trauma care by speciality, including the explanation of decision making processes by specialities, use of diagnostic and interventional radiology, rehabilitation and psychological aspects of trauma care. The Textbook of Acute Trauma Care also focuses on non-clinical issues relevant to trauma such as training and logistics of retrieval and repatriation, aviation considerations in HEMS, legal and forensic evidence considerations and ethical issues dealing with trauma patients. In addition, the book contains chapters from international experts on cognitive and human factors relating to healthcare and suggests strategies for training and minimising errors. This book is an essential resource for all grades of practitioner, from first responders to Consultant/Attending Physician level providers.


Book Synopsis Textbook of Acute Trauma Care by : Peter Lax

Download or read book Textbook of Acute Trauma Care written by Peter Lax and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-05 with total page 829 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a systemic approach to acute trauma care in line with the ABCDE paradigm and up-to-date information on assessing and managing major trauma from the pre-hospital to the rehabilitation phase. The book's early sections are dedicated to identifying and managing pathology caused by massive haemorrhage, airway, breathing, circulation or neurological trauma and examining the current evidence base relating to their management. The book then builds from fundamental skills to advanced interventions so that each level of responder can identify and implement aspects of clinical practice that will be of benefit to them at their stage. This approach also explains advanced interventions that may be executed subsequently, explaining how each phase of care sits together. This has a further benefit of producing seamless care for patients by practitioners of different levels using this book as a reference point. Later sections deal with specifics of in-hospital trauma care by speciality, including the explanation of decision making processes by specialities, use of diagnostic and interventional radiology, rehabilitation and psychological aspects of trauma care. The Textbook of Acute Trauma Care also focuses on non-clinical issues relevant to trauma such as training and logistics of retrieval and repatriation, aviation considerations in HEMS, legal and forensic evidence considerations and ethical issues dealing with trauma patients. In addition, the book contains chapters from international experts on cognitive and human factors relating to healthcare and suggests strategies for training and minimising errors. This book is an essential resource for all grades of practitioner, from first responders to Consultant/Attending Physician level providers.


Scuba Physiological

Scuba Physiological

Author: Simon Pridmore

Publisher: Simon Pridmore

Published: 2021-10-26

Total Pages: 237

ISBN-13:

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If you are a diver, what you learned about topics such as decompression sickness and narcosis in your scuba diving classes is unlikely to have been as complete as you thought. Most of it will have been over-simplified and some of it will just have been plain wrong, as diver training agency texts have not kept pace with the science. Scuba Physiological gives you a chance to catch up. A recent book called The Science of Diving was a collation of work done by scientists in the field of decompression research as part of a three-year project called PHYPODE (Physiology of Decompression). The book did not reach the diving public; mainly because it was written by scientists for other scientists and they speak a different language than most of us. Simon Pridmore is not an expert on diving medicine but he knows something good when he sees it. When Simon read The Science of Diving (with help from Google), he thought it was worthwhile working on it to try to make it more accessible. The original authors agreed that this was a good idea and Scuba Physiological is the result. There have been great advances to make diving safer, but, despite nearly 170 years of research, the fundamental nature of decompression sickness and decompression stress remains unknown and there are still glaring gaps in our knowledge. Scuba Physiological provides a good summary of what we know, as well as a glimpse of where the science is taking us and some invaluable tips to make you a safer diver now. Among many other things, you will learn: 1. Pre-dive hydration, exposure to heat, whole body vibration and oxygen breathing may reduce the risk of DCS. 2. Post-dive, our bodies have most bubbles running around them 30 to 40 minutes AFTER we have surfaced. Post-dive hydration and certain other post-dive behaviours are therefore also essential. 3. The effects of nitrogen narcosis continue for a period of time AFTER a dive. 4. All dive computers have a known DCS risk rate. 5. Exercise during the period up to 120 minutes after surfacing may increase your risk of DCS. 6. Never use a weightlifter's breath-hold and release technique when pulling yourself into the boat post-dive. 7. A little dark chocolate before a dive may be a good thing for you. What the experts say: “With this latest volume, Simon Pridmore makes a significant contribution to the body of practical knowledge in the science of scuba diving. If you are looking for a thorough understanding of the science of diving and how it might be impacting your safety and enjoyment of diving, this book is a must read.” Dan Orr, President, Academy of Underwater Arts & Sciences and President Emeritus, Divers Alert Network Foundation "This book makes it easy to understand the latest discoveries in diving research and our current understanding of what happens to our bodies when we dive." JP Imbert: Decompression designer and technical diving pioneer "There are some lovely thought-provoking ideas and questioning of current dogma. This book is well worth the read. " Dr Ian Sibley-Calder, HSE Approved Medical Examiner of Divers, Occupational Health Physician "This book is an excellent discussion of the issues. It is an enjoyable, simplified read of a complex subject and easy for a non-scientist to comprehend. I consider this an essential text for every diver's shelf." Joseph Dituri PhD (c), CDR, US Navy Saturation Diving


Book Synopsis Scuba Physiological by : Simon Pridmore

Download or read book Scuba Physiological written by Simon Pridmore and published by Simon Pridmore. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you are a diver, what you learned about topics such as decompression sickness and narcosis in your scuba diving classes is unlikely to have been as complete as you thought. Most of it will have been over-simplified and some of it will just have been plain wrong, as diver training agency texts have not kept pace with the science. Scuba Physiological gives you a chance to catch up. A recent book called The Science of Diving was a collation of work done by scientists in the field of decompression research as part of a three-year project called PHYPODE (Physiology of Decompression). The book did not reach the diving public; mainly because it was written by scientists for other scientists and they speak a different language than most of us. Simon Pridmore is not an expert on diving medicine but he knows something good when he sees it. When Simon read The Science of Diving (with help from Google), he thought it was worthwhile working on it to try to make it more accessible. The original authors agreed that this was a good idea and Scuba Physiological is the result. There have been great advances to make diving safer, but, despite nearly 170 years of research, the fundamental nature of decompression sickness and decompression stress remains unknown and there are still glaring gaps in our knowledge. Scuba Physiological provides a good summary of what we know, as well as a glimpse of where the science is taking us and some invaluable tips to make you a safer diver now. Among many other things, you will learn: 1. Pre-dive hydration, exposure to heat, whole body vibration and oxygen breathing may reduce the risk of DCS. 2. Post-dive, our bodies have most bubbles running around them 30 to 40 minutes AFTER we have surfaced. Post-dive hydration and certain other post-dive behaviours are therefore also essential. 3. The effects of nitrogen narcosis continue for a period of time AFTER a dive. 4. All dive computers have a known DCS risk rate. 5. Exercise during the period up to 120 minutes after surfacing may increase your risk of DCS. 6. Never use a weightlifter's breath-hold and release technique when pulling yourself into the boat post-dive. 7. A little dark chocolate before a dive may be a good thing for you. What the experts say: “With this latest volume, Simon Pridmore makes a significant contribution to the body of practical knowledge in the science of scuba diving. If you are looking for a thorough understanding of the science of diving and how it might be impacting your safety and enjoyment of diving, this book is a must read.” Dan Orr, President, Academy of Underwater Arts & Sciences and President Emeritus, Divers Alert Network Foundation "This book makes it easy to understand the latest discoveries in diving research and our current understanding of what happens to our bodies when we dive." JP Imbert: Decompression designer and technical diving pioneer "There are some lovely thought-provoking ideas and questioning of current dogma. This book is well worth the read. " Dr Ian Sibley-Calder, HSE Approved Medical Examiner of Divers, Occupational Health Physician "This book is an excellent discussion of the issues. It is an enjoyable, simplified read of a complex subject and easy for a non-scientist to comprehend. I consider this an essential text for every diver's shelf." Joseph Dituri PhD (c), CDR, US Navy Saturation Diving