Desire by Gender and Genre in Trouvère Song

Desire by Gender and Genre in Trouvère Song

Author: Helen Dell

Publisher: Boydell & Brewer Ltd

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 1843841649

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This study brings the songs of the trouvères to an encounter with Lacanian psychoanalytic theories of signification, sexual difference and unconscious desire. In trouvère song desire functions as a means of generic and genderic differentiation. The trouvères distinguished between sexual need or lust and desire, the latter usually confined to the masculine voice in high style. Less exalted persons, in whose company women were alreadyimplicitly included, appear as incapable of desire in the fin'amors register. Critics have treated the issue of desire as represented in the courtly chanson but, because criticism has followed the trouvères' distinction between desire and need, discussion of desire has been limited to songs in the courtly register rather than across the system of genres. Desire in Lacan's sense, that is unconscious desire, is present in all genres and voices and this book unearths the unspoken desires of trouvère song by an attention to the characteristic means by which subjects subvert their demands in different genres. HELEN DELL is a research fellowin English Literary Studies in the School of Culture and Communication, University of Melbourne.


Book Synopsis Desire by Gender and Genre in Trouvère Song by : Helen Dell

Download or read book Desire by Gender and Genre in Trouvère Song written by Helen Dell and published by Boydell & Brewer Ltd. This book was released on 2008 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study brings the songs of the trouvères to an encounter with Lacanian psychoanalytic theories of signification, sexual difference and unconscious desire. In trouvère song desire functions as a means of generic and genderic differentiation. The trouvères distinguished between sexual need or lust and desire, the latter usually confined to the masculine voice in high style. Less exalted persons, in whose company women were alreadyimplicitly included, appear as incapable of desire in the fin'amors register. Critics have treated the issue of desire as represented in the courtly chanson but, because criticism has followed the trouvères' distinction between desire and need, discussion of desire has been limited to songs in the courtly register rather than across the system of genres. Desire in Lacan's sense, that is unconscious desire, is present in all genres and voices and this book unearths the unspoken desires of trouvère song by an attention to the characteristic means by which subjects subvert their demands in different genres. HELEN DELL is a research fellowin English Literary Studies in the School of Culture and Communication, University of Melbourne.

Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song

Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song

Author: Rachel May Golden

Publisher: University Press of Florida

Published: 2021-10-12

Total Pages: 323

ISBN-13: 0813057922

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This volume brings together literary and musical compositions of medieval France, including the Occitanian region, identifying the use of voice in these works as a way of articulating gendered identities. The contributors to this volume argue that because medieval texts were often read or sung aloud, voice is central for understanding the performance, transmission, and reception of work from the period across a wide variety of genres. These essays offer close readings of narrative and lyric poetry, chivalric romance, sermons, letters, political writing, motets, troubadour and trouvère lyric, crusade songs, love songs, and debate songs. Through literary, musical, and historiographical analyses, contributors highlight the voicing of gendered perspectives, expressions of sexuality, and power dynamics. The volume includes feminist readings, investigations of masculinity, queer theory, and intersectional approaches. The contributors interpret literary or musical works by Chrétien de Troyes, Aimeric de Peguilhan, Hue de la Ferté, the Chastelain de Couci, Jacques de Vitry, Christine de Pizan, Anne de Graville, Alain Chartier, and Giovanni Boccaccio, among others. Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song offers a valuable interdisciplinary approach and contributes to the history of women’s voices in the Middle Ages and Early Modern periods. It illuminates the critical role of voice in negotiating culture, celebrating and innovating traditions, advancing personal and political projects, and defining the literary and musical developments that shaped medieval France. Contributors: Lisa Colton | Emily J Hutchinson | Daisy Delogu | Tamara Bentley Caudill | Katherine Kong | Meghan Quinlan | Lydia M Walker | Rachel May Golden | Anna Kathryn Grau | Anne Adele Levitsky


Book Synopsis Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song by : Rachel May Golden

Download or read book Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song written by Rachel May Golden and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together literary and musical compositions of medieval France, including the Occitanian region, identifying the use of voice in these works as a way of articulating gendered identities. The contributors to this volume argue that because medieval texts were often read or sung aloud, voice is central for understanding the performance, transmission, and reception of work from the period across a wide variety of genres. These essays offer close readings of narrative and lyric poetry, chivalric romance, sermons, letters, political writing, motets, troubadour and trouvère lyric, crusade songs, love songs, and debate songs. Through literary, musical, and historiographical analyses, contributors highlight the voicing of gendered perspectives, expressions of sexuality, and power dynamics. The volume includes feminist readings, investigations of masculinity, queer theory, and intersectional approaches. The contributors interpret literary or musical works by Chrétien de Troyes, Aimeric de Peguilhan, Hue de la Ferté, the Chastelain de Couci, Jacques de Vitry, Christine de Pizan, Anne de Graville, Alain Chartier, and Giovanni Boccaccio, among others. Gender and Voice in Medieval French Literature and Song offers a valuable interdisciplinary approach and contributes to the history of women’s voices in the Middle Ages and Early Modern periods. It illuminates the critical role of voice in negotiating culture, celebrating and innovating traditions, advancing personal and political projects, and defining the literary and musical developments that shaped medieval France. Contributors: Lisa Colton | Emily J Hutchinson | Daisy Delogu | Tamara Bentley Caudill | Katherine Kong | Meghan Quinlan | Lydia M Walker | Rachel May Golden | Anna Kathryn Grau | Anne Adele Levitsky

The Refrain and the Rise of the Vernacular in Medieval French Music and Poetry

The Refrain and the Rise of the Vernacular in Medieval French Music and Poetry

Author: Jennifer Saltzstein

Publisher: DS Brewer

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 210

ISBN-13: 1843843498

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A survey of the use of the refrain in thirteenth and fourteenth-century French music and poetry, showing how it was skilfully deployed to assert the validity of the vernacular. The relationship between song quotation and the elevation of French as a literary language that could challenge the cultural authority of Latin is the focus of this book. It approaches this phenomenon through a close examination of the refrain, a short phrase of music and text quoted intertextually across thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century musical and poetic genres. The author draws on a wide range of case studies, from motets, trouvère song, plays, romance, vernacular translations, and proverb collections, to show that medieval composers quoted refrains as vernacular auctoritates; she argues that their appropriation of scholastic, Latinate writing techniques workedto authorize Old French music and poetry as media suitable for the transmission of knowledge. Beginning with an exploration of the quasi-scholastic usage of refrains in anonymous and less familiar clerical contexts, the book goeson to articulate a new framework for understanding the emergence of the first two named authors of vernacular polyphonic music, the cleric-trouvères Adam de la Halle and Guillaume de Machaut. It shows how, by blending their craftwith the writing practices of the universities, composers could use refrain quotation to assert their status as authors with a new self-consciousness, and to position works in the vernacular as worthy of study and interpretation. Jennifer Saltzstein is Assistant Professor of Musicology at the University of Oklahoma.


Book Synopsis The Refrain and the Rise of the Vernacular in Medieval French Music and Poetry by : Jennifer Saltzstein

Download or read book The Refrain and the Rise of the Vernacular in Medieval French Music and Poetry written by Jennifer Saltzstein and published by DS Brewer. This book was released on 2013 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey of the use of the refrain in thirteenth and fourteenth-century French music and poetry, showing how it was skilfully deployed to assert the validity of the vernacular. The relationship between song quotation and the elevation of French as a literary language that could challenge the cultural authority of Latin is the focus of this book. It approaches this phenomenon through a close examination of the refrain, a short phrase of music and text quoted intertextually across thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century musical and poetic genres. The author draws on a wide range of case studies, from motets, trouvère song, plays, romance, vernacular translations, and proverb collections, to show that medieval composers quoted refrains as vernacular auctoritates; she argues that their appropriation of scholastic, Latinate writing techniques workedto authorize Old French music and poetry as media suitable for the transmission of knowledge. Beginning with an exploration of the quasi-scholastic usage of refrains in anonymous and less familiar clerical contexts, the book goeson to articulate a new framework for understanding the emergence of the first two named authors of vernacular polyphonic music, the cleric-trouvères Adam de la Halle and Guillaume de Machaut. It shows how, by blending their craftwith the writing practices of the universities, composers could use refrain quotation to assert their status as authors with a new self-consciousness, and to position works in the vernacular as worthy of study and interpretation. Jennifer Saltzstein is Assistant Professor of Musicology at the University of Oklahoma.

Female-Voice Song and Women’s Musical Agency in the Middle Ages

Female-Voice Song and Women’s Musical Agency in the Middle Ages

Author:

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2022-08-22

Total Pages: 517

ISBN-13: 9004517030

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This collection presents fresh evidence and new perspectives on the diverse ways in which women created and interacted with cultures of song between c. 600 and c. 1500.


Book Synopsis Female-Voice Song and Women’s Musical Agency in the Middle Ages by :

Download or read book Female-Voice Song and Women’s Musical Agency in the Middle Ages written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-08-22 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection presents fresh evidence and new perspectives on the diverse ways in which women created and interacted with cultures of song between c. 600 and c. 1500.

Singing Death

Singing Death

Author: Helen Dell

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2017-04-21

Total Pages: 215

ISBN-13: 1315302101

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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Paeg -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of illustrations -- Preface -- Notes on contributors -- Introduction: music for the dead and the living -- PART I: Going home -- 1 Into the profound deep: pulled by a song -- 2 'Farewell vain world, I'm going home': negotiating death in the sacred harp tradition -- 3 Crossing over, returning home: expressions of death as a place in George Crumb's River of Life -- PART II: 'Lest we forget': music, history and myth -- 4 Public mourning, the nation and Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings -- 5 Swinging in heaven, boppin' in hell: jazz and death -- 6 'Sad and solemn requiems': disaster songs and complicated grief in the aftermath of Nova Scotia mining disasters -- PART III: approaching by turning away : metaphorical death -- 7 Moving between worlds: death, the otherworld and traditional Irish song -- 8 Dying for love in trouvère song -- PART IV: The restless dead -- 9 To the tune of 'Queen Dido': the spectropoetics of early modern English balladry -- 10 'Break on through to the other side': songs of death in supernatural horror films -- 11 'And the stars spell out your name': the funeral music of Diana, Princess of Wales -- 12 Barthes's orphic quest: music and mourning in Camera Lucida -- Index


Book Synopsis Singing Death by : Helen Dell

Download or read book Singing Death written by Helen Dell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Paeg -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of illustrations -- Preface -- Notes on contributors -- Introduction: music for the dead and the living -- PART I: Going home -- 1 Into the profound deep: pulled by a song -- 2 'Farewell vain world, I'm going home': negotiating death in the sacred harp tradition -- 3 Crossing over, returning home: expressions of death as a place in George Crumb's River of Life -- PART II: 'Lest we forget': music, history and myth -- 4 Public mourning, the nation and Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings -- 5 Swinging in heaven, boppin' in hell: jazz and death -- 6 'Sad and solemn requiems': disaster songs and complicated grief in the aftermath of Nova Scotia mining disasters -- PART III: approaching by turning away : metaphorical death -- 7 Moving between worlds: death, the otherworld and traditional Irish song -- 8 Dying for love in trouvère song -- PART IV: The restless dead -- 9 To the tune of 'Queen Dido': the spectropoetics of early modern English balladry -- 10 'Break on through to the other side': songs of death in supernatural horror films -- 11 'And the stars spell out your name': the funeral music of Diana, Princess of Wales -- 12 Barthes's orphic quest: music and mourning in Camera Lucida -- Index

Edinburgh Companion to Literature and Music

Edinburgh Companion to Literature and Music

Author: da Sousa Correa Delia da Sousa Correa

Publisher: Edinburgh University Press

Published: 2020-07-23

Total Pages: 801

ISBN-13: 0748693149

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Provides a pioneering interdisciplinary overview of the literature and music of nine centuriesOffers research essays by literary specialists and musicologists that provides access to the best current interdisciplinary scholarship on connections between literature and musicIncludes five historical sections from the Middle Ages to the present, with editorial introductions to enhance understanding of relationships between literature and music in each periodCharts and extends work in this expanding interdisciplinary field to provide an essential resource for researchers with an interest in literature and other mediaBringing together seventy-one newly commissioned original chapters by literary specialists and musicologists, this book presents the most recent interdisciplinary research into literature and music. In five parts, the chapters cover the Middle Ages to the present. The volume introduction and methodology chapters define key concepts for investigating the interdependence of these two art forms and a concluding chapter looks to the future of this interdisciplinary field. An editorial introduction to each historical part explains the main features of the relationships between literature and music in the period and outlines recent developments in scholarship. Contributions represent a multiplicity of approaches: theoretical, contextual and close reading. Case studies reach beyond literature and music to engage with related fields including philosophy, history of science, theatre, broadcast media and popular culture.This trailblazing companion charts and extends the work in this expanding interdisciplinary field and is an essential resource for researchers with an interest in literature and other media.


Book Synopsis Edinburgh Companion to Literature and Music by : da Sousa Correa Delia da Sousa Correa

Download or read book Edinburgh Companion to Literature and Music written by da Sousa Correa Delia da Sousa Correa and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-23 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a pioneering interdisciplinary overview of the literature and music of nine centuriesOffers research essays by literary specialists and musicologists that provides access to the best current interdisciplinary scholarship on connections between literature and musicIncludes five historical sections from the Middle Ages to the present, with editorial introductions to enhance understanding of relationships between literature and music in each periodCharts and extends work in this expanding interdisciplinary field to provide an essential resource for researchers with an interest in literature and other mediaBringing together seventy-one newly commissioned original chapters by literary specialists and musicologists, this book presents the most recent interdisciplinary research into literature and music. In five parts, the chapters cover the Middle Ages to the present. The volume introduction and methodology chapters define key concepts for investigating the interdependence of these two art forms and a concluding chapter looks to the future of this interdisciplinary field. An editorial introduction to each historical part explains the main features of the relationships between literature and music in the period and outlines recent developments in scholarship. Contributions represent a multiplicity of approaches: theoretical, contextual and close reading. Case studies reach beyond literature and music to engage with related fields including philosophy, history of science, theatre, broadcast media and popular culture.This trailblazing companion charts and extends the work in this expanding interdisciplinary field and is an essential resource for researchers with an interest in literature and other media.

A Critical Companion to Medieval Motets

A Critical Companion to Medieval Motets

Author: Jared C. Hartt

Publisher: Boydell & Brewer

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 422

ISBN-13: 1783273070

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First full comprehensive guide to one of the most important genres of music in the Middle Ages.


Book Synopsis A Critical Companion to Medieval Motets by : Jared C. Hartt

Download or read book A Critical Companion to Medieval Motets written by Jared C. Hartt and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2018 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First full comprehensive guide to one of the most important genres of music in the Middle Ages.

Three Preludes to the Song of Roland

Three Preludes to the Song of Roland

Author:

Publisher: Boydell & Brewer

Published: 2023-07-18

Total Pages: 291

ISBN-13: 1843846969

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The first English translation of three chansons de geste inspired by the Romance epic, the Song of Roland. The success of the eleventh-century Song of Roland gave rise to a series of around twenty related chansons de geste, known collectively as the Cycle of the King. In addition to reworkings of the Song of Roland in Old French and other medieval languages, these poems are devoted to the numerous military campaigns of Charlemagne against the Muslims before and after the tragic Battle of Roncevaux. These texts provide valuable insights into the medieval reception of the Roland material, exemplifying the process of cycle formation and attesting to the diversity of the Romance epic. Far from presenting a simplistic view of the clash of civilizations, these chansons de geste display a web of contradictions, offering both a glorification and a critique of hatred and violence. This volume offers the first English translations of the three epic poems whose action directly precedes the events of the Song of Roland. Gui of Burgundy extends the period of time spent in Spain by Charles and his army from seven to twenty-six years, which gives the sons of the Twelve Peers the opportunity to reach adulthood and come to the rescue of their fathers. Roland at Saragossa, composed in Occitan, takes place in the days immediately preceding the decisive defeat and relates in an heroi-comic manner how Roland sneaks into Saragossa at the request of the pagan Queen Braslimonda, who has been enraptured by his strength and beauty. Finally, Otinel tells of a Saracen envoy who comes to Paris to challenge Charlemagne on behalf of the Emir Garsile, who has his capital in Lombardy. The action takes place in France and northern Italy in a lull between the capture of Pamplona and the defeat at Roncevaux. The translations are presented with notes, and the volume includes an introduction placing the poems in their wider historical and cultural contexts.


Book Synopsis Three Preludes to the Song of Roland by :

Download or read book Three Preludes to the Song of Roland written by and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first English translation of three chansons de geste inspired by the Romance epic, the Song of Roland. The success of the eleventh-century Song of Roland gave rise to a series of around twenty related chansons de geste, known collectively as the Cycle of the King. In addition to reworkings of the Song of Roland in Old French and other medieval languages, these poems are devoted to the numerous military campaigns of Charlemagne against the Muslims before and after the tragic Battle of Roncevaux. These texts provide valuable insights into the medieval reception of the Roland material, exemplifying the process of cycle formation and attesting to the diversity of the Romance epic. Far from presenting a simplistic view of the clash of civilizations, these chansons de geste display a web of contradictions, offering both a glorification and a critique of hatred and violence. This volume offers the first English translations of the three epic poems whose action directly precedes the events of the Song of Roland. Gui of Burgundy extends the period of time spent in Spain by Charles and his army from seven to twenty-six years, which gives the sons of the Twelve Peers the opportunity to reach adulthood and come to the rescue of their fathers. Roland at Saragossa, composed in Occitan, takes place in the days immediately preceding the decisive defeat and relates in an heroi-comic manner how Roland sneaks into Saragossa at the request of the pagan Queen Braslimonda, who has been enraptured by his strength and beauty. Finally, Otinel tells of a Saracen envoy who comes to Paris to challenge Charlemagne on behalf of the Emir Garsile, who has his capital in Lombardy. The action takes place in France and northern Italy in a lull between the capture of Pamplona and the defeat at Roncevaux. The translations are presented with notes, and the volume includes an introduction placing the poems in their wider historical and cultural contexts.

The Malmariée in the Thirteenth-Century Motet

The Malmariée in the Thirteenth-Century Motet

Author: Dolores Pesce

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2023-02-08

Total Pages: 159

ISBN-13: 1000826619

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This monograph offers a comprehensive study of the topos of the malmariée or the unhappily married woman within the thirteenth-century motet repertory, a vocal genre characterized by several different texts sounding simultaneously over a foundational Latin chant. Part I examines the malmariée motets from three vantage points: (1) in light of contemporaneous canonist views on marriage; (2) to what degree the French malmariée texts in the upper voices treat the messages inherent in the underlying Latin chant through parody and/or allegory; and (3) interactions among upper-voice texts that invite additional interpretations focused on gender issues. Part II investigates the transmission profile of the motets, as well as of their refrains, revealing not only intertextual refrain usage between the motets and other genres, but also a significant number of shared refrains between malmariée motets and other motets. Part II furthermore offers insights on the chronology of composition within a given intertextual refrain nexus, and examines how a refrain’s meaning can change in a new context. Finally, based on the transmission profile, Part II argues for a lively interest in the topos in the 1270s and 1280s, both through composition of new motets and compilation of earlier ones, with Paris and Arras playing a prominent role.


Book Synopsis The Malmariée in the Thirteenth-Century Motet by : Dolores Pesce

Download or read book The Malmariée in the Thirteenth-Century Motet written by Dolores Pesce and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-02-08 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph offers a comprehensive study of the topos of the malmariée or the unhappily married woman within the thirteenth-century motet repertory, a vocal genre characterized by several different texts sounding simultaneously over a foundational Latin chant. Part I examines the malmariée motets from three vantage points: (1) in light of contemporaneous canonist views on marriage; (2) to what degree the French malmariée texts in the upper voices treat the messages inherent in the underlying Latin chant through parody and/or allegory; and (3) interactions among upper-voice texts that invite additional interpretations focused on gender issues. Part II investigates the transmission profile of the motets, as well as of their refrains, revealing not only intertextual refrain usage between the motets and other genres, but also a significant number of shared refrains between malmariée motets and other motets. Part II furthermore offers insights on the chronology of composition within a given intertextual refrain nexus, and examines how a refrain’s meaning can change in a new context. Finally, based on the transmission profile, Part II argues for a lively interest in the topos in the 1270s and 1280s, both through composition of new motets and compilation of earlier ones, with Paris and Arras playing a prominent role.

Anne de Graville and Women's Literary Networks in Early Modern France

Anne de Graville and Women's Literary Networks in Early Modern France

Author: Elizabeth L'Estrange

Publisher: Boydell & Brewer

Published: 2023-04-11

Total Pages: 372

ISBN-13: 1843846861

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First detailed reconstruction of Anne de Graville's library, establishing her as one of the most well-read and erudite poets of the period. In the 1520s, the French noblewoman Anne de Graville composed two poetic works, based on older, canonical, male-authored texts: Giovanni Boccaccio's Teseida and Alain Chartier's Belle dame sans mercy. The first, the Beau roman, she offered to Claude, queen of France and wife of Francis I, and the second, the Rondeaux, to the king's mother, Louise of Savoy. With the pro-feminine spin of her rewritings, Anne developed the legacy of another woman writer from 100 years earlier, Christine de Pizan, by entering the on-going debate known as the querelle des femmes. Like Christine, Anne sought to redress the negative view of women found in much contemporary popular literature and to offer role models for both men and women at the contemporary court. This book is the first detailed reconstruction and interpretation of Anne's library and her collecting practice, showing how they relate to her own writings and her literary milieu. It also teases out her links to other women writers of the time interested in the querelle, such as Catherine d'Amboise and Margaret of Navarre. Paying close attention to literary, manuscript, and artistic sources, it establishes Anne's reputation as one of the most erudite poets of the period, and one keenly attuned to the position of women in society as well as to the political sensitivities of the French court.


Book Synopsis Anne de Graville and Women's Literary Networks in Early Modern France by : Elizabeth L'Estrange

Download or read book Anne de Graville and Women's Literary Networks in Early Modern France written by Elizabeth L'Estrange and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2023-04-11 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First detailed reconstruction of Anne de Graville's library, establishing her as one of the most well-read and erudite poets of the period. In the 1520s, the French noblewoman Anne de Graville composed two poetic works, based on older, canonical, male-authored texts: Giovanni Boccaccio's Teseida and Alain Chartier's Belle dame sans mercy. The first, the Beau roman, she offered to Claude, queen of France and wife of Francis I, and the second, the Rondeaux, to the king's mother, Louise of Savoy. With the pro-feminine spin of her rewritings, Anne developed the legacy of another woman writer from 100 years earlier, Christine de Pizan, by entering the on-going debate known as the querelle des femmes. Like Christine, Anne sought to redress the negative view of women found in much contemporary popular literature and to offer role models for both men and women at the contemporary court. This book is the first detailed reconstruction and interpretation of Anne's library and her collecting practice, showing how they relate to her own writings and her literary milieu. It also teases out her links to other women writers of the time interested in the querelle, such as Catherine d'Amboise and Margaret of Navarre. Paying close attention to literary, manuscript, and artistic sources, it establishes Anne's reputation as one of the most erudite poets of the period, and one keenly attuned to the position of women in society as well as to the political sensitivities of the French court.