Economic Globalization in Asia

Economic Globalization in Asia

Author: Manas Chatterji

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-03-02

Total Pages: 214

ISBN-13: 1351941895

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This timely volume examines various economic, managerial, social and political aspects of globalization and its impact on local economies. State-of-the-art analytical models and original empirical research is used to understand four key and interrelated facets of globalization; ¢ To understand the prospects and the problems of international business and MNCs in the global economy. ¢ To analyze globalization as a process of change. ¢ To understand the new roles of nation states in light of the above. ¢ To articulate the uneasy idea that globalization has resulted in serious imbalances in the global economy. The collection hosts a list of internationally eminent scholars who explain the implications of globalization for progress, crises and conflicts in South and Southeast Asia.


Book Synopsis Economic Globalization in Asia by : Manas Chatterji

Download or read book Economic Globalization in Asia written by Manas Chatterji and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely volume examines various economic, managerial, social and political aspects of globalization and its impact on local economies. State-of-the-art analytical models and original empirical research is used to understand four key and interrelated facets of globalization; ¢ To understand the prospects and the problems of international business and MNCs in the global economy. ¢ To analyze globalization as a process of change. ¢ To understand the new roles of nation states in light of the above. ¢ To articulate the uneasy idea that globalization has resulted in serious imbalances in the global economy. The collection hosts a list of internationally eminent scholars who explain the implications of globalization for progress, crises and conflicts in South and Southeast Asia.


Economic Globalization and Asia

Economic Globalization and Asia

Author: Ramkishen S Rajan

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2003-12-04

Total Pages: 272

ISBN-13: 9814485853

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The term “economic globalization” has been discussed extensively in the popular press, by business executives and by policy-makers all over the world. While academic economists have made some excellent contributions to specific, technical aspects of economic globalization, there appears to be a need for economists to discuss the broader aspects of the issue in a more accessible manner. Failing this, the general debate will be informed only by the writings of non-economists. That is the motivation for this book, which is a collection of essays on various aspects of economic globalization in general, but with specific reference to Asia. Contents:Economic Globalization: Finance, Trade and Taxation:Economic Globalization and Small and Open Economies: Finance, Trade and TaxationInternational Monetary and Financial Issues in East Asia:International Capital Flows and Regional Contagion: Boom and Bust in East Asia in the 1990sLiquidity-Enhancing Measures and Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: Rationale and ProgressChoosing the Right Exchange Rate Regime for Small and Open Economies in East AsiaInternational Trade Issues in Asia:The Nexus Between Trade Liberalization and Poverty in AsiaIndia's Decade-Long Trade Reforms: How Does It Compare with Its East Asian Neighbours? (with Rahul Sen)Singapore's Drive to Form Cross-Regional Trade Pacts: Rationale and Implications (with Rahul Sen)International Trade in Infrastructural Services in East Asia: Telecommunications and FinanceInternational Tax Issues in Asia:Economic Globalization and Taxation: With Particular Reference to Southeast Asia (with Mukul Asher) Readership: Policy-makers, businessmen, professionals and others with an interest in international economic affairs and international economic policy. Keywords:Economic Globalization;International Trade;International Tax;Asia;Finance and TaxationReviews:“What this reviewer liked most about this book is that it is more than the sum of its parts. This is to some extent by design, since it is organised around the overarching theme of globalisation, but there may also be an unintended interconnection between the various chapters.”Business Times (Singapore) “Both positive and negative aspects of the many globalization issues chosen for discussion in the book are examined in an objective manner, avoiding the right and left views of political economy. The main contribution of the book is in providing a concise, systematic and objective summary of the complicated issue of globalization.”Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy “Rajan's volume should be read by anyone interested in regional cooperation and interdependence in Asia. Its balanced and integrated discussion of trade, finance and monetary issues sets the stage for a coherent discussion of public policies in these arenas.”Asian-Pacific Economic Literature


Book Synopsis Economic Globalization and Asia by : Ramkishen S Rajan

Download or read book Economic Globalization and Asia written by Ramkishen S Rajan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2003-12-04 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term “economic globalization” has been discussed extensively in the popular press, by business executives and by policy-makers all over the world. While academic economists have made some excellent contributions to specific, technical aspects of economic globalization, there appears to be a need for economists to discuss the broader aspects of the issue in a more accessible manner. Failing this, the general debate will be informed only by the writings of non-economists. That is the motivation for this book, which is a collection of essays on various aspects of economic globalization in general, but with specific reference to Asia. Contents:Economic Globalization: Finance, Trade and Taxation:Economic Globalization and Small and Open Economies: Finance, Trade and TaxationInternational Monetary and Financial Issues in East Asia:International Capital Flows and Regional Contagion: Boom and Bust in East Asia in the 1990sLiquidity-Enhancing Measures and Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: Rationale and ProgressChoosing the Right Exchange Rate Regime for Small and Open Economies in East AsiaInternational Trade Issues in Asia:The Nexus Between Trade Liberalization and Poverty in AsiaIndia's Decade-Long Trade Reforms: How Does It Compare with Its East Asian Neighbours? (with Rahul Sen)Singapore's Drive to Form Cross-Regional Trade Pacts: Rationale and Implications (with Rahul Sen)International Trade in Infrastructural Services in East Asia: Telecommunications and FinanceInternational Tax Issues in Asia:Economic Globalization and Taxation: With Particular Reference to Southeast Asia (with Mukul Asher) Readership: Policy-makers, businessmen, professionals and others with an interest in international economic affairs and international economic policy. Keywords:Economic Globalization;International Trade;International Tax;Asia;Finance and TaxationReviews:“What this reviewer liked most about this book is that it is more than the sum of its parts. This is to some extent by design, since it is organised around the overarching theme of globalisation, but there may also be an unintended interconnection between the various chapters.”Business Times (Singapore) “Both positive and negative aspects of the many globalization issues chosen for discussion in the book are examined in an objective manner, avoiding the right and left views of political economy. The main contribution of the book is in providing a concise, systematic and objective summary of the complicated issue of globalization.”Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy “Rajan's volume should be read by anyone interested in regional cooperation and interdependence in Asia. Its balanced and integrated discussion of trade, finance and monetary issues sets the stage for a coherent discussion of public policies in these arenas.”Asian-Pacific Economic Literature


Globalisation And Economic Growth In China

Globalisation And Economic Growth In China

Author: Linda Y Yueh

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2006-11-29

Total Pages: 299

ISBN-13: 9814477621

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In the 26 years since market-oriented reforms were introduced, China has emerged onto the world stage as a major economic presence, particularly since her accession to the World Trade Organisation in 2001.This book is a collection of papers on the effects of globalisation on China's growth prospects and of China's growth on the wider economy. The issues explored include the sustainability of China's continuing economic reform and the necessary reforms to sustain that growth; the considerable effects of her integration into the global economy and its implications for the conduct of Chinese economic policies, including the exchange rate regime; and the influence of China on the regional and world economy. China's competitiveness in exports has also begun to challenge the market share of developing and developed economies; this role in promoting intra-regional trade is also explored.


Book Synopsis Globalisation And Economic Growth In China by : Linda Y Yueh

Download or read book Globalisation And Economic Growth In China written by Linda Y Yueh and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006-11-29 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 26 years since market-oriented reforms were introduced, China has emerged onto the world stage as a major economic presence, particularly since her accession to the World Trade Organisation in 2001.This book is a collection of papers on the effects of globalisation on China's growth prospects and of China's growth on the wider economy. The issues explored include the sustainability of China's continuing economic reform and the necessary reforms to sustain that growth; the considerable effects of her integration into the global economy and its implications for the conduct of Chinese economic policies, including the exchange rate regime; and the influence of China on the regional and world economy. China's competitiveness in exports has also begun to challenge the market share of developing and developed economies; this role in promoting intra-regional trade is also explored.


Globalization in Southeast Asia

Globalization in Southeast Asia

Author: Shinji Yamashita

Publisher: Berghahn Books

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 278

ISBN-13: 9781571812568

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The rapid postwar economic growth in the Southeast Asia region has led to a transformation of many of the societies there, together with the development of new types of anthropological research in the region. Local societies with originally quite different cultures have been incorporated into multi-ethnic states with their own projects of nation-building based on the creation of "national cultures" using these indigenous elements. At the same time, the expansion of international capitalism has led to increasing flows of money, people, languages and cultures across national boundaries, resulting in new hybrid social structures and cultural forms. This book examines the nature of these processes in contemporary Southeast Asia with detailed case studies drawn from countries across the region, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. At the macro-level these include studies of nation-building and the incorporation of minorities. At the micro-level they range from studies of popular cultural forms, such as music and textiles to the impact of new sects and the world religions on local religious practice. Moving between the global and the local are the various streams of migrants within the region, including labor migrants responding to the changing distribution of economic opportunities and ethnic minorities moving in response to natural disaster.


Book Synopsis Globalization in Southeast Asia by : Shinji Yamashita

Download or read book Globalization in Southeast Asia written by Shinji Yamashita and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2003 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid postwar economic growth in the Southeast Asia region has led to a transformation of many of the societies there, together with the development of new types of anthropological research in the region. Local societies with originally quite different cultures have been incorporated into multi-ethnic states with their own projects of nation-building based on the creation of "national cultures" using these indigenous elements. At the same time, the expansion of international capitalism has led to increasing flows of money, people, languages and cultures across national boundaries, resulting in new hybrid social structures and cultural forms. This book examines the nature of these processes in contemporary Southeast Asia with detailed case studies drawn from countries across the region, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. At the macro-level these include studies of nation-building and the incorporation of minorities. At the micro-level they range from studies of popular cultural forms, such as music and textiles to the impact of new sects and the world religions on local religious practice. Moving between the global and the local are the various streams of migrants within the region, including labor migrants responding to the changing distribution of economic opportunities and ethnic minorities moving in response to natural disaster.


Economic Globalization and Asia

Economic Globalization and Asia

Author: Ramkishen S. Rajan

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 9789812795168

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The term OC economic globalizationOCO has been discussed extensively in the popular press, by business executives and by policy-makers all over the world. While academic economists have made some excellent contributions to specific, technical aspects of economic globalization, there appears to be a need for economists to discuss the broader aspects of the issue in a more accessible manner. Failing this, the general debate will be informed only by the writings of non-economists. That is the motivation for this book, which is a collection of essays on various aspects of economic globalization in general, but with specific reference to Asia. Contents: Economic Globalization: Finance, Trade and Taxation: Economic Globalization and Small and Open Economies: Finance, Trade and Taxation; International Monetary and Financial Issues in East Asia: International Capital Flows and Regional Contagion: Boom and Bust in East Asia in the 1990s; Liquidity-Enhancing Measures and Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: Rationale and Progress; Choosing the Right Exchange Rate Regime for Small and Open Economies in East Asia; International Trade Issues in Asia: The Nexus Between Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Asia; India''s Decade-Long Trade Reforms: How Does It Compare with Its East Asian Neighbours? (with Rahul Sen); Singapore''s Drive to Form Cross-Regional Trade Pacts: Rationale and Implications (with Rahul Sen); International Trade in Infrastructural Services in East Asia: Telecommunications and Finance; International Tax Issues in Asia: Economic Globalization and Taxation: With Particular Reference to Southeast Asia (with Mukul Asher). Readership: Policy-makers, businessmen, professionals and others with an interest in international economic affairs and international economic policy."


Book Synopsis Economic Globalization and Asia by : Ramkishen S. Rajan

Download or read book Economic Globalization and Asia written by Ramkishen S. Rajan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2003 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term OC economic globalizationOCO has been discussed extensively in the popular press, by business executives and by policy-makers all over the world. While academic economists have made some excellent contributions to specific, technical aspects of economic globalization, there appears to be a need for economists to discuss the broader aspects of the issue in a more accessible manner. Failing this, the general debate will be informed only by the writings of non-economists. That is the motivation for this book, which is a collection of essays on various aspects of economic globalization in general, but with specific reference to Asia. Contents: Economic Globalization: Finance, Trade and Taxation: Economic Globalization and Small and Open Economies: Finance, Trade and Taxation; International Monetary and Financial Issues in East Asia: International Capital Flows and Regional Contagion: Boom and Bust in East Asia in the 1990s; Liquidity-Enhancing Measures and Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: Rationale and Progress; Choosing the Right Exchange Rate Regime for Small and Open Economies in East Asia; International Trade Issues in Asia: The Nexus Between Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Asia; India''s Decade-Long Trade Reforms: How Does It Compare with Its East Asian Neighbours? (with Rahul Sen); Singapore''s Drive to Form Cross-Regional Trade Pacts: Rationale and Implications (with Rahul Sen); International Trade in Infrastructural Services in East Asia: Telecommunications and Finance; International Tax Issues in Asia: Economic Globalization and Taxation: With Particular Reference to Southeast Asia (with Mukul Asher). Readership: Policy-makers, businessmen, professionals and others with an interest in international economic affairs and international economic policy."


Globalization and Economic Nationalism in Asia

Globalization and Economic Nationalism in Asia

Author: Anthony P. D'Costa

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2012-06-14

Total Pages: 284

ISBN-13: 019964621X

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This volume documents the ways in which Asian governments have been pursuing economic nationalism. It challenges the view that globalization renders the state redundant and demonstrates how they shape trade, investment and financial outcomes. Countries covered include India, China, South Korea, Singapore, Japan and the East Asian region.


Book Synopsis Globalization and Economic Nationalism in Asia by : Anthony P. D'Costa

Download or read book Globalization and Economic Nationalism in Asia written by Anthony P. D'Costa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-14 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume documents the ways in which Asian governments have been pursuing economic nationalism. It challenges the view that globalization renders the state redundant and demonstrates how they shape trade, investment and financial outcomes. Countries covered include India, China, South Korea, Singapore, Japan and the East Asian region.


Asia Rising

Asia Rising

Author: Hal Hill

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Published: 2013-01-01

Total Pages: 449

ISBN-13: 1781007985

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'This book provides a coherent and current account of how India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and the People's Republic of China coped with the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s and the recent global economic recession, and how they may address future challenges in maintaining growth in difficult times. It features a valuable overview of issues from a regional perspective, five chapters on general elements and obstacles in development, and individual chapters on the experience of each of the six countries. Every chapter is replete with relevant institutional and statistical data. The volume fills a void in the literature and is highly recommended for graduate students and for economists concerned with contemporary Asia.' – Peter Drake, The University of New England and Australian Catholic University, Australia 'To understand what makes Asia tick in the face of continuing global uncertainty and instability one has to go beyond numbers into the region's psyche and idiosyncrasies. This volume provides an interestingly intrusive and refreshingly insightful analysis of a highly complex phenomenon that defies generalizations as shown by the diversity of individual country experiences.' – Mohamed Ariff, International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF), Malaysia The center of global economic activity is shifting rapidly towards Asia, driven by a combination of the economic dynamism of the People's Republic of China, India, and other middle-income Asian countries, and sluggish growth in the OECD economies. The rapid growth and rising global prominence have raised a range of major challenges for Asia and for the rest of the world. This comprehensive, forward-looking book examines these issues through in-depth studies of major Asian economies and an analysis of the key development policy options. The contributors, leading international authorities in their field, explore cross-cutting thematic issues with special reference to developing Asia. They address a broad range of subjects including: investment and productivity, savings and the savings–investment relationship, financial development, the provision of infrastructure, and governance and institutions. Detailed country studies focusing on the People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand not only provide an analytical narrative for each case study, but also draw attention to the similarities and diversity within the region. This challenging and thought-provoking book will prove an important point of reference for scholars, researchers, and students in the fields of economics, development economics, and Asian studies.


Book Synopsis Asia Rising by : Hal Hill

Download or read book Asia Rising written by Hal Hill and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'This book provides a coherent and current account of how India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and the People's Republic of China coped with the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s and the recent global economic recession, and how they may address future challenges in maintaining growth in difficult times. It features a valuable overview of issues from a regional perspective, five chapters on general elements and obstacles in development, and individual chapters on the experience of each of the six countries. Every chapter is replete with relevant institutional and statistical data. The volume fills a void in the literature and is highly recommended for graduate students and for economists concerned with contemporary Asia.' – Peter Drake, The University of New England and Australian Catholic University, Australia 'To understand what makes Asia tick in the face of continuing global uncertainty and instability one has to go beyond numbers into the region's psyche and idiosyncrasies. This volume provides an interestingly intrusive and refreshingly insightful analysis of a highly complex phenomenon that defies generalizations as shown by the diversity of individual country experiences.' – Mohamed Ariff, International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF), Malaysia The center of global economic activity is shifting rapidly towards Asia, driven by a combination of the economic dynamism of the People's Republic of China, India, and other middle-income Asian countries, and sluggish growth in the OECD economies. The rapid growth and rising global prominence have raised a range of major challenges for Asia and for the rest of the world. This comprehensive, forward-looking book examines these issues through in-depth studies of major Asian economies and an analysis of the key development policy options. The contributors, leading international authorities in their field, explore cross-cutting thematic issues with special reference to developing Asia. They address a broad range of subjects including: investment and productivity, savings and the savings–investment relationship, financial development, the provision of infrastructure, and governance and institutions. Detailed country studies focusing on the People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand not only provide an analytical narrative for each case study, but also draw attention to the similarities and diversity within the region. This challenging and thought-provoking book will prove an important point of reference for scholars, researchers, and students in the fields of economics, development economics, and Asian studies.


Asian Economic Integration in an Era of Global Uncertainty

Asian Economic Integration in an Era of Global Uncertainty

Author: Shiro Armstrong

Publisher: ANU Press

Published: 2018-01-08

Total Pages: 315

ISBN-13: 1760461768

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The Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD) conference series has been at the forefront of analysing challenges facing the economies of East Asia and the Pacific since its first meeting in Tokyo in January 1968. The 38th PAFTAD conference met at a key time to consider international economic integration. Earlier in the year, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union and the United States elected Donald Trump as their next president on the back of an inward-looking ‘America First’ promise. Brexit and President Trump represent a growing, and worrying, trend towards protectionism in the North Atlantic countries that have led the process of globalisation since the end of the Second World War. The chapters in the volume describe the state of play in Asian economic integration but, more importantly, look forward to the region’s future, and the role it might play in defending the global system that has underwritten its historic rise. Asia has the potential to stand as a bulwark against the dual threats of North Atlantic protectionism and slowing trade growth, but collective leadership will be needed regionally and difficult domestic reforms will be required in each country.


Book Synopsis Asian Economic Integration in an Era of Global Uncertainty by : Shiro Armstrong

Download or read book Asian Economic Integration in an Era of Global Uncertainty written by Shiro Armstrong and published by ANU Press. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD) conference series has been at the forefront of analysing challenges facing the economies of East Asia and the Pacific since its first meeting in Tokyo in January 1968. The 38th PAFTAD conference met at a key time to consider international economic integration. Earlier in the year, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union and the United States elected Donald Trump as their next president on the back of an inward-looking ‘America First’ promise. Brexit and President Trump represent a growing, and worrying, trend towards protectionism in the North Atlantic countries that have led the process of globalisation since the end of the Second World War. The chapters in the volume describe the state of play in Asian economic integration but, more importantly, look forward to the region’s future, and the role it might play in defending the global system that has underwritten its historic rise. Asia has the potential to stand as a bulwark against the dual threats of North Atlantic protectionism and slowing trade growth, but collective leadership will be needed regionally and difficult domestic reforms will be required in each country.


Asia's Transformation

Asia's Transformation

Author: Jørgen Ørstrøm Møller

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 9789814881241

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Book Synopsis Asia's Transformation by : Jørgen Ørstrøm Møller

Download or read book Asia's Transformation written by Jørgen Ørstrøm Møller and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


The Key to the Asian Miracle

The Key to the Asian Miracle

Author: Jose Edgardo Campos

Publisher: Brookings Institution Press

Published: 2001-06-07

Total Pages: 230

ISBN-13: 9780815723035

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"Easily the most informed and comprehensive analysis to date on how and why East Asian countries have achieved sustained high economic growth rates, [this book] substantially advances our understanding of the key interactions between the governors and governed in the development process. Students and practitioners alike will be referring to Campos and Root's series of excellent case studies for years to come." Richard L. Wilson, The Asia Foundation Eight countries in East Asia--Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia--have become known as the "East Asian miracle" because of their economies' dramatic growth. In these eight countries real per capita GDP rose twice as fast as in any other regional grouping between 1965 and 1990. Even more impressive is their simultaneous significant reduction in poverty and income inequality. Their success is frequently attributed to economic policies, but the authors of this book argue that those economic policies would not have worked unless the leaders of the countries made them credible to their business communities and citizens. Jose Edgardo Campos and Hilton Root challenge the popular belief that East Asia's high performers grew rapidly because they were ruled by authoritarian leaders. They show that these leaders had to collaborate with various sectors of their population to create an environment that was conducive to sustained growth. This required them to persuade the business community that their investments would not be expropriated and to convince the broader population that their short-term sacrifices would be rewarded in the future. Many of the countries achieved business cooperation by creating consultative groups, which the authors call deliberation councils, to enhance accountability and stability. They also obtained popular support through a variety of wealth-sharing measures such as land reform, worker cooperatives, and wider access to education. F


Book Synopsis The Key to the Asian Miracle by : Jose Edgardo Campos

Download or read book The Key to the Asian Miracle written by Jose Edgardo Campos and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2001-06-07 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Easily the most informed and comprehensive analysis to date on how and why East Asian countries have achieved sustained high economic growth rates, [this book] substantially advances our understanding of the key interactions between the governors and governed in the development process. Students and practitioners alike will be referring to Campos and Root's series of excellent case studies for years to come." Richard L. Wilson, The Asia Foundation Eight countries in East Asia--Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia--have become known as the "East Asian miracle" because of their economies' dramatic growth. In these eight countries real per capita GDP rose twice as fast as in any other regional grouping between 1965 and 1990. Even more impressive is their simultaneous significant reduction in poverty and income inequality. Their success is frequently attributed to economic policies, but the authors of this book argue that those economic policies would not have worked unless the leaders of the countries made them credible to their business communities and citizens. Jose Edgardo Campos and Hilton Root challenge the popular belief that East Asia's high performers grew rapidly because they were ruled by authoritarian leaders. They show that these leaders had to collaborate with various sectors of their population to create an environment that was conducive to sustained growth. This required them to persuade the business community that their investments would not be expropriated and to convince the broader population that their short-term sacrifices would be rewarded in the future. Many of the countries achieved business cooperation by creating consultative groups, which the authors call deliberation councils, to enhance accountability and stability. They also obtained popular support through a variety of wealth-sharing measures such as land reform, worker cooperatives, and wider access to education. F