Environmental Applications Of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Sorbents And Sensors (2nd Edition)

Environmental Applications Of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Sorbents And Sensors (2nd Edition)

Author: Glen E Fryxell

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2012-07-24

Total Pages: 751

ISBN-13: 190897706X

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This book is concerned with functional nanomaterials, materials containing specific, predictable nanostructures whose chemical composition, or interfacial structure enables them to perform a specific job: to destroy, sequester, or detect some material that constitutes an environmental threat. Nanomaterials have a number of features that make them ideally suited for this job: they have a high surface area, high reactivity, easy dispersability, and rapid diffusion, to name a few. The purpose of this book is to showcase how these features can be tailored to address some of the environmental remediation and sensing/detection problems faced by mankind today. A number of leading researchers have contributed to this volume, painting a picture of diverse synthetic strategies, structures, materials, and methods. The intent of this book is to showcase the current state of environmental nanomaterials in such a way as to be useful both as a research resource and as a graduate level textbook. We have organized this book into sections on nanoparticle-based remediation strategies, nanostructured inorganic materials (e.g. layered materials like the apatites), nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrid materials, and the use of nanomaterials to enhance the performance of sensors.


Book Synopsis Environmental Applications Of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Sorbents And Sensors (2nd Edition) by : Glen E Fryxell

Download or read book Environmental Applications Of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Sorbents And Sensors (2nd Edition) written by Glen E Fryxell and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012-07-24 with total page 751 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is concerned with functional nanomaterials, materials containing specific, predictable nanostructures whose chemical composition, or interfacial structure enables them to perform a specific job: to destroy, sequester, or detect some material that constitutes an environmental threat. Nanomaterials have a number of features that make them ideally suited for this job: they have a high surface area, high reactivity, easy dispersability, and rapid diffusion, to name a few. The purpose of this book is to showcase how these features can be tailored to address some of the environmental remediation and sensing/detection problems faced by mankind today. A number of leading researchers have contributed to this volume, painting a picture of diverse synthetic strategies, structures, materials, and methods. The intent of this book is to showcase the current state of environmental nanomaterials in such a way as to be useful both as a research resource and as a graduate level textbook. We have organized this book into sections on nanoparticle-based remediation strategies, nanostructured inorganic materials (e.g. layered materials like the apatites), nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrid materials, and the use of nanomaterials to enhance the performance of sensors.


360-Degree Waste Management, Volume 2

360-Degree Waste Management, Volume 2

Author: Nishikant A. Raut

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2023-07-01

Total Pages: 356

ISBN-13: 0323910394

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360 Degree Waste Management, Volume Two: Biomedical, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Waste and Remediation presents an interdisciplinary approach to understanding various types of biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial waste, including their origin, management, recycling, disposal, effects on ecosystems, and social and economic impacts. By applying the concepts of sustainable, affordable and integrated approaches for the improvement of waste management, the book confronts social, economic and environmental challenges. Thus, researchers, waste managers and environmental engineers will find critical information to identify long-term answers to problems of waste management that require complex understanding and analysis.Presenting key concepts in the management of biomedical and industrial waste, Volume Two of this two volume series includes aspects on microbiology of waste management, advanced treatment processes, environmental impacts, technological developments, economics of waste management and future implications. Provides a critical assessment of economic, social and environmental challenges due to solid wastes, highlighting sustainable management approach Describes various factors to be considered while developing waste management strategies, including techniques for reuse, reduce, recycle or recovery of solid waste and management of other wastes, such as wastes from pharmaceuticals, aluminum industry, heavy metal, and other metallurgical waste Addresses contemporary issues such as the transformation of waste into value-added products Presents an interdisciplinary approach to the management of various types of biomedical, pharmaceutical and industrial waste


Book Synopsis 360-Degree Waste Management, Volume 2 by : Nishikant A. Raut

Download or read book 360-Degree Waste Management, Volume 2 written by Nishikant A. Raut and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-01 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 360 Degree Waste Management, Volume Two: Biomedical, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Waste and Remediation presents an interdisciplinary approach to understanding various types of biomedical, pharmaceutical, and industrial waste, including their origin, management, recycling, disposal, effects on ecosystems, and social and economic impacts. By applying the concepts of sustainable, affordable and integrated approaches for the improvement of waste management, the book confronts social, economic and environmental challenges. Thus, researchers, waste managers and environmental engineers will find critical information to identify long-term answers to problems of waste management that require complex understanding and analysis.Presenting key concepts in the management of biomedical and industrial waste, Volume Two of this two volume series includes aspects on microbiology of waste management, advanced treatment processes, environmental impacts, technological developments, economics of waste management and future implications. Provides a critical assessment of economic, social and environmental challenges due to solid wastes, highlighting sustainable management approach Describes various factors to be considered while developing waste management strategies, including techniques for reuse, reduce, recycle or recovery of solid waste and management of other wastes, such as wastes from pharmaceuticals, aluminum industry, heavy metal, and other metallurgical waste Addresses contemporary issues such as the transformation of waste into value-added products Presents an interdisciplinary approach to the management of various types of biomedical, pharmaceutical and industrial waste


Chemical Sensors

Chemical Sensors

Author: Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Publisher: Momentum Press

Published: 2011-11-02

Total Pages: 577

ISBN-13: 1606502417

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Chemical sensors are integral to the automation of myriad industrial processes, as well as everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and many more. This massive reference work will cover all major categories of chemical sensor materials and devices, and their general functional usage...from monitoring and analyzing gases, to analyzing liquids and compounds of all kinds. This is THE reference work on sensors used for chemical detection and analysis. In this final volume of the Chemical Sensors will be found the latest in new chemical sensor applications including remote chemical sensing for such applications as atmosphere monitoring , new uses for electronic "noses" and "tongues," wireless chemical sensors, and new future directions for chemical sensors in industry, agriculture, and transportation.


Book Synopsis Chemical Sensors by : Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Download or read book Chemical Sensors written by Ghenadii Korotcenkov and published by Momentum Press. This book was released on 2011-11-02 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical sensors are integral to the automation of myriad industrial processes, as well as everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and many more. This massive reference work will cover all major categories of chemical sensor materials and devices, and their general functional usage...from monitoring and analyzing gases, to analyzing liquids and compounds of all kinds. This is THE reference work on sensors used for chemical detection and analysis. In this final volume of the Chemical Sensors will be found the latest in new chemical sensor applications including remote chemical sensing for such applications as atmosphere monitoring , new uses for electronic "noses" and "tongues," wireless chemical sensors, and new future directions for chemical sensors in industry, agriculture, and transportation.


Emerging Aquatic Contaminants

Emerging Aquatic Contaminants

Author: Manish Kumar

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2023-03-03

Total Pages: 462

ISBN-13: 0323960014

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Emerging Aquatic Contaminants: One Health Framework for Risk Assessment and Remediation in the Post COVID-19 Anthropocene highlights various sources and pathways of emerging contamination, including their distribution, occurrence, and fate in the aquatic environment. The book provides detailed insight into emerging contaminants' mass flow and behavior in various spheres of the subsurface environment. Possible treatment strategies, including bioremediation and natural attenuation, are discussed. Ecotoxicity, relative environmental risk, human health risk, and current policies, guidelines, and regulations on emerging contaminants are analyzed. This book serves as a pillar for future studies, with the aim of bio-physical remediation and natural attenuation of biotic and abiotic pollution. Includes real-world applications and case studies to show how these practices can be adopted Presents global coverage, with a diverse list of contributors, all of whom are experts in the field Uses illustrative diagrams to provide a clear and foundational understating of the topics


Book Synopsis Emerging Aquatic Contaminants by : Manish Kumar

Download or read book Emerging Aquatic Contaminants written by Manish Kumar and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-03-03 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Aquatic Contaminants: One Health Framework for Risk Assessment and Remediation in the Post COVID-19 Anthropocene highlights various sources and pathways of emerging contamination, including their distribution, occurrence, and fate in the aquatic environment. The book provides detailed insight into emerging contaminants' mass flow and behavior in various spheres of the subsurface environment. Possible treatment strategies, including bioremediation and natural attenuation, are discussed. Ecotoxicity, relative environmental risk, human health risk, and current policies, guidelines, and regulations on emerging contaminants are analyzed. This book serves as a pillar for future studies, with the aim of bio-physical remediation and natural attenuation of biotic and abiotic pollution. Includes real-world applications and case studies to show how these practices can be adopted Presents global coverage, with a diverse list of contributors, all of whom are experts in the field Uses illustrative diagrams to provide a clear and foundational understating of the topics


Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering

Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering

Author: Vincenzo Piemonte

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-05-28

Total Pages: 377

ISBN-13: 1118629841

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Sustainable development is an area that has world-wide appeal, from developed industrialized countries to the developing world. Development of innovative technologies to achieve sustainability is being addressed by many European countries, the USA and also China and India. The need for chemical processes to be safe, compact, flexible, energy efficient, and environmentally benign and conducive to the rapid commercialization of new products poses new challenges for chemical engineers. This book examines the newest technologies for sustainable development in chemical engineering, through careful analysis of the technical aspects, and discussion of the possible fields of industrial development. The book is broad in its coverage, and is divided into four sections: Energy Production, covering renewable energies, innovative solar technologies, cogeneration plants, and smart grids Process Intensification, describing why it is important in the chemical and petrochemical industry, the engineering approach, and nanoparticles as a smart technology for bioremediation Bio-based Platform Chemicals, including the production of bioethanol and biodiesel, bioplastics production and biodegradability, and biosurfactants Soil and Water Remediation, covering water management and re-use, and soil remediation technologies Throughout the book there are case studies and examples of industrial processes in practice.


Book Synopsis Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering by : Vincenzo Piemonte

Download or read book Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering written by Vincenzo Piemonte and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable development is an area that has world-wide appeal, from developed industrialized countries to the developing world. Development of innovative technologies to achieve sustainability is being addressed by many European countries, the USA and also China and India. The need for chemical processes to be safe, compact, flexible, energy efficient, and environmentally benign and conducive to the rapid commercialization of new products poses new challenges for chemical engineers. This book examines the newest technologies for sustainable development in chemical engineering, through careful analysis of the technical aspects, and discussion of the possible fields of industrial development. The book is broad in its coverage, and is divided into four sections: Energy Production, covering renewable energies, innovative solar technologies, cogeneration plants, and smart grids Process Intensification, describing why it is important in the chemical and petrochemical industry, the engineering approach, and nanoparticles as a smart technology for bioremediation Bio-based Platform Chemicals, including the production of bioethanol and biodiesel, bioplastics production and biodegradability, and biosurfactants Soil and Water Remediation, covering water management and re-use, and soil remediation technologies Throughout the book there are case studies and examples of industrial processes in practice.


Environmental Health Perspectives

Environmental Health Perspectives

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2007-08

Total Pages: 908

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Environmental Health Perspectives by :

Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2007-08 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials

Author: José A. Rodriguez

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2007-03-09

Total Pages: 38

ISBN-13: 047172405X

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Current oxide nanomaterials knowledge to draw from and build on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials summarizes the existing knowledge in oxide-based materials research. It gives researchers one comprehensive resource that consolidates general theoretical knowledge alongside practical applications. Organized by topic for easy access, this reference: * Covers the fundamental science, synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties, and applications of oxide nanomaterials * Explains the fundamental aspects (quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic) that determine the behavior and growth mode of nanostructured oxides * Examines synthetic procedures using top-down and bottom-up fabrication technologies involving liquid-solid or gas-solid transformations * Discusses the sophisticated experimental techniques and state-of-the-art theory used to characterize the structural and electronic properties of nanostructured oxides * Describes applications such as sorbents, sensors, ceramic materials, electrochemical and photochemical devices, and catalysts for reducing environmental pollution, transforming hydrocarbons, and producing hydrogen With its combination of theory and real-world applications plus extensive bibliographic references, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials consolidates a wealth of current, complex information in one volume for practicing chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, and for engineers and researchers in government, industry, and academia. It's also an outstanding reference for graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, and materials science.


Book Synopsis Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials by : José A. Rodriguez

Download or read book Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials written by José A. Rodriguez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-03-09 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current oxide nanomaterials knowledge to draw from and build on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials summarizes the existing knowledge in oxide-based materials research. It gives researchers one comprehensive resource that consolidates general theoretical knowledge alongside practical applications. Organized by topic for easy access, this reference: * Covers the fundamental science, synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties, and applications of oxide nanomaterials * Explains the fundamental aspects (quantum-mechanical and thermodynamic) that determine the behavior and growth mode of nanostructured oxides * Examines synthetic procedures using top-down and bottom-up fabrication technologies involving liquid-solid or gas-solid transformations * Discusses the sophisticated experimental techniques and state-of-the-art theory used to characterize the structural and electronic properties of nanostructured oxides * Describes applications such as sorbents, sensors, ceramic materials, electrochemical and photochemical devices, and catalysts for reducing environmental pollution, transforming hydrocarbons, and producing hydrogen With its combination of theory and real-world applications plus extensive bibliographic references, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials consolidates a wealth of current, complex information in one volume for practicing chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, and for engineers and researchers in government, industry, and academia. It's also an outstanding reference for graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, and materials science.


Advanced Environmental Analysis

Advanced Environmental Analysis

Author: Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Published: 2016-11-09

Total Pages: 457

ISBN-13: 1782629130

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Environmental analysis techniques have advanced due to the use of nanotechnologies in improving the detection sensitivity and miniaturization of the devices in analytical procedures. These allow for developments such as increases in analyte concentration, the removal of interfering species and improvements in the detection limits. Bridging a gap in the literature, this book uniquely brings together state-of-the-art research in the applications of novel nanomaterials to each of the classical components of environmental analysis, namely sample preparation and extraction, separation and identification by spectroscopic techniques. Special attention is paid to those approaches that are considered greener and reduce the cost of the analysis process both in terms of chemicals and time consumption. Advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers at the forefront of environmental science and engineering will find this book a good source of information. It will also help regulators, decision makers, surveillance agencies and the organizations assessing the impact of pollutants on the environment.


Book Synopsis Advanced Environmental Analysis by : Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Download or read book Advanced Environmental Analysis written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-11-09 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental analysis techniques have advanced due to the use of nanotechnologies in improving the detection sensitivity and miniaturization of the devices in analytical procedures. These allow for developments such as increases in analyte concentration, the removal of interfering species and improvements in the detection limits. Bridging a gap in the literature, this book uniquely brings together state-of-the-art research in the applications of novel nanomaterials to each of the classical components of environmental analysis, namely sample preparation and extraction, separation and identification by spectroscopic techniques. Special attention is paid to those approaches that are considered greener and reduce the cost of the analysis process both in terms of chemicals and time consumption. Advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers at the forefront of environmental science and engineering will find this book a good source of information. It will also help regulators, decision makers, surveillance agencies and the organizations assessing the impact of pollutants on the environment.


Advanced Environmental Analysis

Advanced Environmental Analysis

Author: Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Published: 2016-11-08

Total Pages: 561

ISBN-13: 1782623620

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Environmental analysis techniques have advanced due to the use of nanotechnologies in improving the detection sensitivity and miniaturization of the devices in analytical procedures. These allow for developments such as increases in analyte concentration, the removal of interfering species and improvements in the detection limits. Bridging a gap in the literature, this book uniquely brings together state-of-the-art research in the applications of novel nanomaterials to each of the classical components of environmental analysis, namely sample preparation and extraction, separation and identification by spectroscopic techniques. Special attention is paid to those approaches that are considered greener and reduce the cost of the analysis process both in terms of chemicals and time consumption. Advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers at the forefront of environmental science and engineering will find this book a good source of information. It will also help regulators, decision makers, surveillance agencies and the organizations assessing the impact of pollutants on the environment.


Book Synopsis Advanced Environmental Analysis by : Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Download or read book Advanced Environmental Analysis written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-11-08 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental analysis techniques have advanced due to the use of nanotechnologies in improving the detection sensitivity and miniaturization of the devices in analytical procedures. These allow for developments such as increases in analyte concentration, the removal of interfering species and improvements in the detection limits. Bridging a gap in the literature, this book uniquely brings together state-of-the-art research in the applications of novel nanomaterials to each of the classical components of environmental analysis, namely sample preparation and extraction, separation and identification by spectroscopic techniques. Special attention is paid to those approaches that are considered greener and reduce the cost of the analysis process both in terms of chemicals and time consumption. Advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers at the forefront of environmental science and engineering will find this book a good source of information. It will also help regulators, decision makers, surveillance agencies and the organizations assessing the impact of pollutants on the environment.


Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollution

Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollution

Author: Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2024-05-20

Total Pages: 639

ISBN-13: 0443141193

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Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Efficient Detection of Environmental Pollution discusses the use of nanotechnology to generate sensors capable of performing efficient detection of different types of environmental pollutants. Nanomaterial’s characteristics such as large surface area, good reactivity, and possibility to suffer chemical surface modification to recognize different types of molecules are useful, especially to perform the detection of specific environmental pollutants. Innovative and efficient ways to detect environmental pollution are urgently needed for sustainability and the nanotechnology field has an enormous potential to offer strategic solutions. Nanotechnology-based sensors offer an efficient way of detecting the presence of contaminants and determine its structure and chemical nature is by applying nanotechnology and/or nanobiotechnology. This book will contain 5 parts: the first one will be dedicated to exploring environmental pollution as a threat to life on Earth and main contaminants (inorganic, organic or pathogens) and the risk they represent to living beings. The second part will be dedicated to nanotechnology allowing pollutants’ detection covering a brief history of nanotechnology-based sensors, different types of nanotechnology-based sensor (optical, electrochemical, and magnetic), nanotechnology-based sensors’ design and fabrication and nano biosensors. The third part will be focused on important specific pollutants (pesticides, heavy metal, dyes, toxic gas, pharmaceutical waste, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pathogenic microbes) and their detection by nanotechnology-based sensors. The fourth part will be dedicated to important nanomaterials in nanotechnology-based sensors, exploring carbon-based and non-carbon-based material in nanoscale (graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, magnetic nanomaterials, non-magnetic nanoparticles) and also point-of-care sensors and functionalization to generate optimized nanotechnology-based sensors to pollutants’ detection. The fifth and last part of Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Efficient Detection of Environmental Pollution will address relevant practical aspects related to nanotechnology-based sensors, covering advantages and challenges, safety, economic and commercial aspects related to the field and also sustainability, highlighting green nanomaterials on nanotechnology-based sensors. Provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of nanotechnology-based sensors Supplies readers extensive knowledge on detecting harmful pollutants in different environments using nanotechnology-based sensors Presents chapters dedicated to the detection of pollutants different from toxic gas and pharmaceutical products, such as pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, pathogens, and petroleum hydrocarbons Introduces information on pollutants and the threats they represent to living beings, nanotechnology-based sensor’s design and fabrication, a brief history of the field, and practical issues related to the field, such as economics, safety, and challenges


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollution by : Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli

Download or read book Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollution written by Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-05-20 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Efficient Detection of Environmental Pollution discusses the use of nanotechnology to generate sensors capable of performing efficient detection of different types of environmental pollutants. Nanomaterial’s characteristics such as large surface area, good reactivity, and possibility to suffer chemical surface modification to recognize different types of molecules are useful, especially to perform the detection of specific environmental pollutants. Innovative and efficient ways to detect environmental pollution are urgently needed for sustainability and the nanotechnology field has an enormous potential to offer strategic solutions. Nanotechnology-based sensors offer an efficient way of detecting the presence of contaminants and determine its structure and chemical nature is by applying nanotechnology and/or nanobiotechnology. This book will contain 5 parts: the first one will be dedicated to exploring environmental pollution as a threat to life on Earth and main contaminants (inorganic, organic or pathogens) and the risk they represent to living beings. The second part will be dedicated to nanotechnology allowing pollutants’ detection covering a brief history of nanotechnology-based sensors, different types of nanotechnology-based sensor (optical, electrochemical, and magnetic), nanotechnology-based sensors’ design and fabrication and nano biosensors. The third part will be focused on important specific pollutants (pesticides, heavy metal, dyes, toxic gas, pharmaceutical waste, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pathogenic microbes) and their detection by nanotechnology-based sensors. The fourth part will be dedicated to important nanomaterials in nanotechnology-based sensors, exploring carbon-based and non-carbon-based material in nanoscale (graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, magnetic nanomaterials, non-magnetic nanoparticles) and also point-of-care sensors and functionalization to generate optimized nanotechnology-based sensors to pollutants’ detection. The fifth and last part of Nanotechnology-based Sensors for Efficient Detection of Environmental Pollution will address relevant practical aspects related to nanotechnology-based sensors, covering advantages and challenges, safety, economic and commercial aspects related to the field and also sustainability, highlighting green nanomaterials on nanotechnology-based sensors. Provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of nanotechnology-based sensors Supplies readers extensive knowledge on detecting harmful pollutants in different environments using nanotechnology-based sensors Presents chapters dedicated to the detection of pollutants different from toxic gas and pharmaceutical products, such as pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, pathogens, and petroleum hydrocarbons Introduces information on pollutants and the threats they represent to living beings, nanotechnology-based sensor’s design and fabrication, a brief history of the field, and practical issues related to the field, such as economics, safety, and challenges