Becoming a Fashion Designer

Becoming a Fashion Designer

Author: Lisa Springsteel

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-05-06

Total Pages: 582

ISBN-13: 1118420985

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The complete guide to the fashion industry, featuring interviews with top designers who explain the intricacies of the world of fashion design Anyone who has ever tried to launch a fashion design career knows how grueling it can be. The fashion industry is a highly prominent field, yielding a competitive environment that is greatly guarded, secretive, and difficult to infiltrate. Becoming a Fashion Designer provides all the information, resources, and tools you need to help you navigate these obstacles and successfully launch a career in fashion design. Of the various job opportunities available in the fashion industry, the career path of a fashion designer consistently ranks as the most popular position in the field, making the competition even greater. The book pays special attention to this and demonstrates several ways in which an aspiring fashion designer can stand out from the competition. A dynamic and comprehensive career guide, this book imparts insider tips from top fashion designers and executives based around the world. Expert advice includes an introduction to a career in fashion design, educational requirements, career opportunities, the design process, portfolio creation, preparation for getting hired, steps to start and run one's own fashion design business, as well as a forecast of the future of the fashion industry. Features original interviews from top designers and high-profile fashion executives, including Ralph Rucci, Reem Acra, Peter Som, Anna Sui, Nanette Lepore, Kay Unger, Stuart Weitzman, Dennis Basso, Randolph Duke, Zang Toi, Pamella Roland, Robert Verdi and Daymond John Includes cases in point and insider tips throughout Includes illustrations, drawings, sketches, and photographs demonstrating various aspects of working in fashion design, with special contributions from renowned illustrator, Izak Zenou and legendary fashion photographer, Nigel Barker Offers in-depth resources to assist you on your journey to becoming a fashion designer Whether a student, recent college graduate, industry professional or career changer, you'll learn everything you need to know to successfully develop a fashion design career.


Book Synopsis Becoming a Fashion Designer by : Lisa Springsteel

Download or read book Becoming a Fashion Designer written by Lisa Springsteel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complete guide to the fashion industry, featuring interviews with top designers who explain the intricacies of the world of fashion design Anyone who has ever tried to launch a fashion design career knows how grueling it can be. The fashion industry is a highly prominent field, yielding a competitive environment that is greatly guarded, secretive, and difficult to infiltrate. Becoming a Fashion Designer provides all the information, resources, and tools you need to help you navigate these obstacles and successfully launch a career in fashion design. Of the various job opportunities available in the fashion industry, the career path of a fashion designer consistently ranks as the most popular position in the field, making the competition even greater. The book pays special attention to this and demonstrates several ways in which an aspiring fashion designer can stand out from the competition. A dynamic and comprehensive career guide, this book imparts insider tips from top fashion designers and executives based around the world. Expert advice includes an introduction to a career in fashion design, educational requirements, career opportunities, the design process, portfolio creation, preparation for getting hired, steps to start and run one's own fashion design business, as well as a forecast of the future of the fashion industry. Features original interviews from top designers and high-profile fashion executives, including Ralph Rucci, Reem Acra, Peter Som, Anna Sui, Nanette Lepore, Kay Unger, Stuart Weitzman, Dennis Basso, Randolph Duke, Zang Toi, Pamella Roland, Robert Verdi and Daymond John Includes cases in point and insider tips throughout Includes illustrations, drawings, sketches, and photographs demonstrating various aspects of working in fashion design, with special contributions from renowned illustrator, Izak Zenou and legendary fashion photographer, Nigel Barker Offers in-depth resources to assist you on your journey to becoming a fashion designer Whether a student, recent college graduate, industry professional or career changer, you'll learn everything you need to know to successfully develop a fashion design career.


Fashion Careers Guidebook

Fashion Careers Guidebook

Author: Julia Yates

Publisher: Barrons Educational Series

Published: 2011-10-01

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9780764146909

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The fashion industry is exciting and glamorous--but very tough to break into. That's all the more reason why ambitious young men and women who hope to succeed in that dynamic business take their first step to success by reading--and re-reading--The Fashion Careers Guidebook. Author Julia Yates explains the fashion industry's many and complex facets, offers detailed descriptions of its widely varied career opportunities, and instructs her readers on effective ways to stand out from the crowd of job seekers. She advises on preparing résumés and portfolios, dealing with job interviews, and mastering the art of networking. She offers inside tips on finding and following up on fashion industry jobs that others don't know about, and discusses internships as a possible path toward career success. Most important, she describes the jobs themselves, which include-- Fashion Design --Haute couture, ready-to-wear designer, pattern cutter, illustrator, design room assistant, and more Accessories This essential guidebook also presents true case histories of successful fashion workers, describes schools and courses that lead students into fashion careers, and lists web sites that offer additional advice on launching fashion careers. More than 150 color illustrations.


Book Synopsis Fashion Careers Guidebook by : Julia Yates

Download or read book Fashion Careers Guidebook written by Julia Yates and published by Barrons Educational Series. This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fashion industry is exciting and glamorous--but very tough to break into. That's all the more reason why ambitious young men and women who hope to succeed in that dynamic business take their first step to success by reading--and re-reading--The Fashion Careers Guidebook. Author Julia Yates explains the fashion industry's many and complex facets, offers detailed descriptions of its widely varied career opportunities, and instructs her readers on effective ways to stand out from the crowd of job seekers. She advises on preparing résumés and portfolios, dealing with job interviews, and mastering the art of networking. She offers inside tips on finding and following up on fashion industry jobs that others don't know about, and discusses internships as a possible path toward career success. Most important, she describes the jobs themselves, which include-- Fashion Design --Haute couture, ready-to-wear designer, pattern cutter, illustrator, design room assistant, and more Accessories This essential guidebook also presents true case histories of successful fashion workers, describes schools and courses that lead students into fashion careers, and lists web sites that offer additional advice on launching fashion careers. More than 150 color illustrations.


Vault Career Guide to the Fashion Industry

Vault Career Guide to the Fashion Industry

Author: Holly Han

Publisher: Vault Inc.

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 130

ISBN-13: 1581312016

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

From the Vault Career Library - breakdown of different functions in fashion, with detailed looks at typical days for buyers, designers, resources and training programs, interior design careers, top buying programs for department and specialty stores.


Book Synopsis Vault Career Guide to the Fashion Industry by : Holly Han

Download or read book Vault Career Guide to the Fashion Industry written by Holly Han and published by Vault Inc.. This book was released on 2003 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Vault Career Library - breakdown of different functions in fashion, with detailed looks at typical days for buyers, designers, resources and training programs, interior design careers, top buying programs for department and specialty stores.


The Fashion Designer Survival Guide, Revised and Expanded Edition

The Fashion Designer Survival Guide, Revised and Expanded Edition

Author: Mary Gehlhar

Publisher: Kaplan Publishing

Published: 2008-07-01

Total Pages: 304

ISBN-13: 9781427797100

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Mary Gehlhar, author, industry authority, and consultant to hundreds of designers, including Zac Posen, Twinkle by Wenlan, Rebecca Taylor, and Cloak, gives readers behind-the-scenes insights and essential business information on creating and sustaining a successful career as an independent designer. With advice from fashion luminaries including Donna Karan, Tommy Hilfiger, Cynthia Rowley, Diane von Furstenberg, Richard Tyler, and top executives from Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York, this fully updated and revised edition of The Fashion Designer Survival Guide addresses the latest trends in apparel and accessories, the newest designers, an updated introduction, and a new foreword by Diane von Furstenberg, Designer and President of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA). The Fashion Designer Survival Guide provides the necessary tools to get a fashion line or label up and moving on the right track, including: How to create a viable business plan Figuring out how much money you need, where and how to get it, and how to make it last, including the latest on private equity The best sources for fabric and materials Navigating the pitfalls of production both at home and abroad Marketing, branding, and getting the product into the stores and into the customer’s closets Romancing the press, dressing celebrities, and creative publicity techniques Producing a runway show that will get results


Book Synopsis The Fashion Designer Survival Guide, Revised and Expanded Edition by : Mary Gehlhar

Download or read book The Fashion Designer Survival Guide, Revised and Expanded Edition written by Mary Gehlhar and published by Kaplan Publishing. This book was released on 2008-07-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mary Gehlhar, author, industry authority, and consultant to hundreds of designers, including Zac Posen, Twinkle by Wenlan, Rebecca Taylor, and Cloak, gives readers behind-the-scenes insights and essential business information on creating and sustaining a successful career as an independent designer. With advice from fashion luminaries including Donna Karan, Tommy Hilfiger, Cynthia Rowley, Diane von Furstenberg, Richard Tyler, and top executives from Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York, this fully updated and revised edition of The Fashion Designer Survival Guide addresses the latest trends in apparel and accessories, the newest designers, an updated introduction, and a new foreword by Diane von Furstenberg, Designer and President of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA). The Fashion Designer Survival Guide provides the necessary tools to get a fashion line or label up and moving on the right track, including: How to create a viable business plan Figuring out how much money you need, where and how to get it, and how to make it last, including the latest on private equity The best sources for fabric and materials Navigating the pitfalls of production both at home and abroad Marketing, branding, and getting the product into the stores and into the customer’s closets Romancing the press, dressing celebrities, and creative publicity techniques Producing a runway show that will get results


How to Be a Fashion Designer

How to Be a Fashion Designer

Author: Lesley Ware

Publisher: Penguin

Published: 2018-02-06

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13: 1465476180

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

"Highly recommended for any aspiring fashionistas." – School Library Journal Design, style, and accessorize clothes with this fun guide full of practical fashion design ideas for kids! Draw and color creations, choose materials, and learn to design through drawing your own fashion. Packed with practical tips and inspiration, children can enjoy experimenting with new ideas. Illustrations mixed with photography show kids how to choose gorgeous colors, design dress shapes, customize T-shirts, design a bag, pick a color palette, design with texture, and add sparkle to their accessories in simple, easy-to-follow design tasks and simple practical projects. Using inspiration from the natural world, everyday life, and their own imagination, children can design outfits from scratch and learn how to put together the clothes and accessories they already own in fun, stylish ways. Contents support the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Math) approach to cross-curricular learning.


Book Synopsis How to Be a Fashion Designer by : Lesley Ware

Download or read book How to Be a Fashion Designer written by Lesley Ware and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Highly recommended for any aspiring fashionistas." – School Library Journal Design, style, and accessorize clothes with this fun guide full of practical fashion design ideas for kids! Draw and color creations, choose materials, and learn to design through drawing your own fashion. Packed with practical tips and inspiration, children can enjoy experimenting with new ideas. Illustrations mixed with photography show kids how to choose gorgeous colors, design dress shapes, customize T-shirts, design a bag, pick a color palette, design with texture, and add sparkle to their accessories in simple, easy-to-follow design tasks and simple practical projects. Using inspiration from the natural world, everyday life, and their own imagination, children can design outfits from scratch and learn how to put together the clothes and accessories they already own in fun, stylish ways. Contents support the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Math) approach to cross-curricular learning.


The Ultimate Guide to Become a Fashion Designer

The Ultimate Guide to Become a Fashion Designer

Author: Thomas Lewis

Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform

Published: 2016-07-01

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13: 9781535036887

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A Proven, Step-By-Step Method To Become Fashion Designer Fashion designing is becoming a hot field. Their are people who want to become successful in this industry but don't know where to start and how to become successful if they are already in that. Its a very competitive industry and to become successful you need to learn certain strategies. This book goes into details about this industry and what we need to do for becoming a fashion designer. First and foremost you should see whether its your dream career and then you should learn everything related to this field. Here Is A Preview Of What You'll Learn... Chapter 1: Is Fashion Design the Right Career for You? Chapter 2: The Basic Principles in Fashion Design Chapter 3: Getting Ready with Self Study Chapter 4: Different Areas of Fashion Design Much, much more! Purchase your copy today!Take action right away to Become Fashion Designer by Purchasing this book "The Ultimate Guide To Become A Fashion Designer:How To Be A Successful Fashion Designer".


Book Synopsis The Ultimate Guide to Become a Fashion Designer by : Thomas Lewis

Download or read book The Ultimate Guide to Become a Fashion Designer written by Thomas Lewis and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Proven, Step-By-Step Method To Become Fashion Designer Fashion designing is becoming a hot field. Their are people who want to become successful in this industry but don't know where to start and how to become successful if they are already in that. Its a very competitive industry and to become successful you need to learn certain strategies. This book goes into details about this industry and what we need to do for becoming a fashion designer. First and foremost you should see whether its your dream career and then you should learn everything related to this field. Here Is A Preview Of What You'll Learn... Chapter 1: Is Fashion Design the Right Career for You? Chapter 2: The Basic Principles in Fashion Design Chapter 3: Getting Ready with Self Study Chapter 4: Different Areas of Fashion Design Much, much more! Purchase your copy today!Take action right away to Become Fashion Designer by Purchasing this book "The Ultimate Guide To Become A Fashion Designer:How To Be A Successful Fashion Designer".


The Teen Vogue Handbook

The Teen Vogue Handbook

Author: Teen Vogue

Publisher: Penguin

Published: 2014-11-28

Total Pages: 296

ISBN-13: 0698197224

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Amy Astley, former Teen Vogue Editor-in-Chief, says: “The Teen Vogue Handbook is a dream book, a truly creative book filled with tips on the stylish life from the top people in the industry.” The key to this book is the mix of beautiful pictures, career advice and profiles of everyone and every aspect of the fashion industry. There are hugely famous people interviewed (Marc Jacobs, Bruce Weber, Patrick DeMarchelier) alongside assistants and others who are just getting started. The book includes 6 sections: Designers, Editors, Stylists, Beauty, Photographers and Models. And in every section, the people in the profile share simple tips on how to live the Teen Vogue lifestyle, now.


Book Synopsis The Teen Vogue Handbook by : Teen Vogue

Download or read book The Teen Vogue Handbook written by Teen Vogue and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2014-11-28 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amy Astley, former Teen Vogue Editor-in-Chief, says: “The Teen Vogue Handbook is a dream book, a truly creative book filled with tips on the stylish life from the top people in the industry.” The key to this book is the mix of beautiful pictures, career advice and profiles of everyone and every aspect of the fashion industry. There are hugely famous people interviewed (Marc Jacobs, Bruce Weber, Patrick DeMarchelier) alongside assistants and others who are just getting started. The book includes 6 sections: Designers, Editors, Stylists, Beauty, Photographers and Models. And in every section, the people in the profile share simple tips on how to live the Teen Vogue lifestyle, now.


Sewing for Fashion Designers

Sewing for Fashion Designers

Author: Anette Fischer

Publisher: Laurence King Publishing

Published: 2015-04-06

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 1780677049

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This comprehensive guide explores the fundamental sewing methods fashion designers need and teaches professional garment construction. Chapter One introduces sewing tools and machinery (including industrial machines). It discusses how to work with patterns and explains cutting-out methods. Chapter Two is devoted to different fabrics and how they work, focusing on the construction of a garment, including fastenings and trimmings, and the use of materials to support structured pieces, such as corsets. Hand-sewing techniques and basic seams are explored in Chapter Three. Techniques are demonstrated with step-by-step photographic guides combined with technical drawings. A guide to making garment details and decorations, such as pockets, waistlines, and necklines, is found in Chapter Four. Chapter Five addresses fabric-specific techniques, for everything from lace to neoprene. The best technical approaches to use for patternmaking and construction are discussed for each fabric. Catwalk images demonstrate how these kinds of techniques are employed by designers.


Book Synopsis Sewing for Fashion Designers by : Anette Fischer

Download or read book Sewing for Fashion Designers written by Anette Fischer and published by Laurence King Publishing. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive guide explores the fundamental sewing methods fashion designers need and teaches professional garment construction. Chapter One introduces sewing tools and machinery (including industrial machines). It discusses how to work with patterns and explains cutting-out methods. Chapter Two is devoted to different fabrics and how they work, focusing on the construction of a garment, including fastenings and trimmings, and the use of materials to support structured pieces, such as corsets. Hand-sewing techniques and basic seams are explored in Chapter Three. Techniques are demonstrated with step-by-step photographic guides combined with technical drawings. A guide to making garment details and decorations, such as pockets, waistlines, and necklines, is found in Chapter Four. Chapter Five addresses fabric-specific techniques, for everything from lace to neoprene. The best technical approaches to use for patternmaking and construction are discussed for each fabric. Catwalk images demonstrate how these kinds of techniques are employed by designers.


Fashion Designer Career Guide

Fashion Designer Career Guide

Author: Nicola W. Watson

Publisher: CreateSpace

Published: 2013-11

Total Pages: 84

ISBN-13: 9781494324490

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

When you're new to fashion, the industry can seem quite impossible. The better prepared you are, the less mysterious it seems. “Fashion Designer Career Guide” was written to shed light on the inner workings of the industry and the major players involved. If you're interested in entering the fashion industry, but not quite sure where you fit in, this book can help you figure it out. It includes major career options in the fashion design industry, with details about what the responsibilities of each position looks like, so you're better equipped to decide which is your best match. It also includes a brief overview of the qualifications required for each, so you can know how best to prepare yourself. Fashion is a thrilling industry with numerous viable career options. Knowing where to start, and how to prepare, is half the battle.


Book Synopsis Fashion Designer Career Guide by : Nicola W. Watson

Download or read book Fashion Designer Career Guide written by Nicola W. Watson and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When you're new to fashion, the industry can seem quite impossible. The better prepared you are, the less mysterious it seems. “Fashion Designer Career Guide” was written to shed light on the inner workings of the industry and the major players involved. If you're interested in entering the fashion industry, but not quite sure where you fit in, this book can help you figure it out. It includes major career options in the fashion design industry, with details about what the responsibilities of each position looks like, so you're better equipped to decide which is your best match. It also includes a brief overview of the qualifications required for each, so you can know how best to prepare yourself. Fashion is a thrilling industry with numerous viable career options. Knowing where to start, and how to prepare, is half the battle.


Your Career As a Fashion Designer

Your Career As a Fashion Designer

Author: Institute For Institute For Career Research

Publisher: CreateSpace

Published: 2015-08-06

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 9781515384953

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A CAREER AS A FASHION DESIGNER begins in your imagination. Are you a person who looks at clothing, shoes and hats as they pass by and imagine another way that they might have been made to look, a different color, perhaps, or another fabric choice, or a change in emphasis of some feature? Do you look at the world around you and see the pattern of shadows a fence casts on a wall and picture a coat with that same pattern? Do you notice the color of the sky on a late afternoon in summer just as storm clouds move to cover the sun and think what an elegant shade that would be for a shirt? Do you feel how comfortable to the touch is the wood used in the benches at a railway station? Imagine how excellent it would be to have buttons made with the same kind of wood? If these are typical of the types of thoughts that go through your mind, then you are on the right track when it comes to considering a career as a fashion designer. This is not an easy career by any means. It is a highly competitive category with many ego-driven participants, some with dreams of glory that may make them less than pleasant to be around, much less work with. Nevertheless, there are many kind, creative, and cooperative people in the industry, which is a good thing since so much of what goes into the development and marketing of new fashion designs is a team effort. If you know you were born to be a fashion designer then you should consider getting the best training you can find so that the gifts you have can be developed to their fullest. Of course, it is possible to have a career as a fashion designer without a formal education, but there is much to be learned in a college or technical school program, including how to prepare a portfolio, the necessary steps to landing a job or, if you are determined to be your own boss, to win the confidence of potential clients. In fact, one of the earliest decisions you will likely make as a would-be fashion designer is whether you are going to seek employment with a manufacturer, or whether you plan to go out on your own. About a third of all fashion designers are self-employed, meaning they have their own shops or companies where they sell their own designs, and perhaps some creations of friends and colleagues. These independent fashion designers can also work on a contract basis for apparel manufacturers. It is possible that until your career takes off, you will have to do other work to support yourself while moving toward your goals. Within the fashion industry there are opportunities to work with established designers as an intern or an assistant. If you have the skills, you can work as a fashion illustrator or in construction, sewing garments, or in the business end of fashion design, helping to set up displays and shows. Whatever you can do to get your foot in the door is worthwhile in this competitive field. This new Careers Ebook contains a wealth of unbiased information about an occupational field, based on the latest national surveys. Careers Ebooks cover attractive and unattractive sides, opportunities, education necessary, personal qualifications required, earnings, descriptions of different job specialties, first person accounts by those in the field, and how to get started; including practical advice on what to do now. There are live links to schools and colleges, associations, periodicals and other sources of reliable information.


Book Synopsis Your Career As a Fashion Designer by : Institute For Institute For Career Research

Download or read book Your Career As a Fashion Designer written by Institute For Institute For Career Research and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-08-06 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A CAREER AS A FASHION DESIGNER begins in your imagination. Are you a person who looks at clothing, shoes and hats as they pass by and imagine another way that they might have been made to look, a different color, perhaps, or another fabric choice, or a change in emphasis of some feature? Do you look at the world around you and see the pattern of shadows a fence casts on a wall and picture a coat with that same pattern? Do you notice the color of the sky on a late afternoon in summer just as storm clouds move to cover the sun and think what an elegant shade that would be for a shirt? Do you feel how comfortable to the touch is the wood used in the benches at a railway station? Imagine how excellent it would be to have buttons made with the same kind of wood? If these are typical of the types of thoughts that go through your mind, then you are on the right track when it comes to considering a career as a fashion designer. This is not an easy career by any means. It is a highly competitive category with many ego-driven participants, some with dreams of glory that may make them less than pleasant to be around, much less work with. Nevertheless, there are many kind, creative, and cooperative people in the industry, which is a good thing since so much of what goes into the development and marketing of new fashion designs is a team effort. If you know you were born to be a fashion designer then you should consider getting the best training you can find so that the gifts you have can be developed to their fullest. Of course, it is possible to have a career as a fashion designer without a formal education, but there is much to be learned in a college or technical school program, including how to prepare a portfolio, the necessary steps to landing a job or, if you are determined to be your own boss, to win the confidence of potential clients. In fact, one of the earliest decisions you will likely make as a would-be fashion designer is whether you are going to seek employment with a manufacturer, or whether you plan to go out on your own. About a third of all fashion designers are self-employed, meaning they have their own shops or companies where they sell their own designs, and perhaps some creations of friends and colleagues. These independent fashion designers can also work on a contract basis for apparel manufacturers. It is possible that until your career takes off, you will have to do other work to support yourself while moving toward your goals. Within the fashion industry there are opportunities to work with established designers as an intern or an assistant. If you have the skills, you can work as a fashion illustrator or in construction, sewing garments, or in the business end of fashion design, helping to set up displays and shows. Whatever you can do to get your foot in the door is worthwhile in this competitive field. This new Careers Ebook contains a wealth of unbiased information about an occupational field, based on the latest national surveys. Careers Ebooks cover attractive and unattractive sides, opportunities, education necessary, personal qualifications required, earnings, descriptions of different job specialties, first person accounts by those in the field, and how to get started; including practical advice on what to do now. There are live links to schools and colleges, associations, periodicals and other sources of reliable information.