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"Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes" provides a summary of the current knowledge of these organelles which occur in unicellular, often parasitic organisms, including human pathogens. These organelles exhibit a variety of structures and functions. This work describes properties such as protein import, structure, metabolism, adaptation, proteome and their role in drug activation and resistance. Further topics include organelle evolution and biogenesis.
Book Synopsis Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes by : Jan Tachezy
Download or read book Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes written by Jan Tachezy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-10 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes" provides a summary of the current knowledge of these organelles which occur in unicellular, often parasitic organisms, including human pathogens. These organelles exhibit a variety of structures and functions. This work describes properties such as protein import, structure, metabolism, adaptation, proteome and their role in drug activation and resistance. Further topics include organelle evolution and biogenesis.
The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.
Book Synopsis Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes by : William F. Martin
Download or read book Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes written by William F. Martin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-26 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.
Mitochondria are sometimes called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, because mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis in the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency, it provides the power that runs all other life processes. Humans need oxygen to survive because of ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The sugars from our diet are converted to carbon dioxide in mitochondria in a process that requires oxygen. Just like a fire needs oxygen to burn, our mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP. From textbooks and popular literature one can easily get the impression that all mitochondria require oxygen. But that is not the case. There are many groups of organismsm known that make ATP in mitochondria without the help of oxygen. They have preserved biochemical relicts from the early evolution of eukaryotic cells, which took place during times in Earth history when there was hardly any oxygen avaiable, certainly not enough to breathe. How the anaerobic forms of mitochondria work, in which organisms they occur, and how the eukaryotic anaerobes that possess them fit into the larger picture of rising atmospheric oxygen during Earth history are the topic of this book.
Book Synopsis Mitochondria and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes by : William F. Martin
Download or read book Mitochondria and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes written by William F. Martin and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondria are sometimes called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, because mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis in the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency, it provides the power that runs all other life processes. Humans need oxygen to survive because of ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The sugars from our diet are converted to carbon dioxide in mitochondria in a process that requires oxygen. Just like a fire needs oxygen to burn, our mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP. From textbooks and popular literature one can easily get the impression that all mitochondria require oxygen. But that is not the case. There are many groups of organismsm known that make ATP in mitochondria without the help of oxygen. They have preserved biochemical relicts from the early evolution of eukaryotic cells, which took place during times in Earth history when there was hardly any oxygen avaiable, certainly not enough to breathe. How the anaerobic forms of mitochondria work, in which organisms they occur, and how the eukaryotic anaerobes that possess them fit into the larger picture of rising atmospheric oxygen during Earth history are the topic of this book.
The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.
Book Synopsis Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes by : William F. Martin
Download or read book Origin of Mitochondria and Hydrogenosomes written by William F. Martin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-09-02 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.
In this book internationally acclaimed researchers critically review the most important aspects of research on anaerobic parasitic protozoa, providing the first coherent picture of their genomics and molecular biology since the publication of the genomes. Chapters are written from a molecular and genomic perspective and contain speculative models upon which future research efforts can be based. Topics include: the genomes of Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia and other diplomonads; the cytoskeletons of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis; genomic.
Book Synopsis Anaerobic Parasitic Protozoa by : C. Graham Clark
Download or read book Anaerobic Parasitic Protozoa written by C. Graham Clark and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book internationally acclaimed researchers critically review the most important aspects of research on anaerobic parasitic protozoa, providing the first coherent picture of their genomics and molecular biology since the publication of the genomes. Chapters are written from a molecular and genomic perspective and contain speculative models upon which future research efforts can be based. Topics include: the genomes of Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia and other diplomonads; the cytoskeletons of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis; genomic.
Interactions with the oxic world are explored in the last chapter. The ecological and evolutionary significance of the arrival of oxygen in the Proterozoic is discussed in detail, especially as it eventually led to the possibility of long food chains.
Book Synopsis Ecology and Evolution in Anoxic Worlds by : Tom Fenchel
Download or read book Ecology and Evolution in Anoxic Worlds written by Tom Fenchel and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1995 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interactions with the oxic world are explored in the last chapter. The ecological and evolutionary significance of the arrival of oxygen in the Proterozoic is discussed in detail, especially as it eventually led to the possibility of long food chains.
Published in a modern, user-friendly format this fully revised and updated edition of The Handbook of Protoctista (1990) is the resource for those interested in the biology, diversity and evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants, exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. With chapters written by leading researchers in the field, the content reflects the present state of knowledge of the cell and genome biology, evolutionary relationships and ecological/medical/economic importance each major group of protists, organized according to current protist systematics as informed by molecular phylogenetics and genomics.
Book Synopsis Handbook of the Protists by : John M. Archibald
Download or read book Handbook of the Protists written by John M. Archibald and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in a modern, user-friendly format this fully revised and updated edition of The Handbook of Protoctista (1990) is the resource for those interested in the biology, diversity and evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms and their descendants, exclusive of animals, plants and fungi. With chapters written by leading researchers in the field, the content reflects the present state of knowledge of the cell and genome biology, evolutionary relationships and ecological/medical/economic importance each major group of protists, organized according to current protist systematics as informed by molecular phylogenetics and genomics.
Multiple distantly-related eukaryotic lineages have adapted to low-oxygen environments, and possess modified mitochondria, known as mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs). Although relatively few MROs have been investigated in detail, they are known to vary in the types of ATP metabolism they possess, and in the nature of the ancestral mitochondrial functions that they have retained. Here, I expand our knowledge of this diversity, and provide insights into how characteristic anaerobic ATP generation enzymes became widespread among eukaryotes. MROs known as hydrogenosomes have lost the electron transport chain, and possess a distinctive anaerobic ATP generation pathway that produces hydrogen as an end-product. I describe this type of ATP generation pathway in Acanthamoeba castellanii, an amoebozoan previously believed to have typical aerobic mitochondria and I show that this pathway is located in the mitochondria using immunolocalization. This is the first known example of a mitochondrion that possesses both a complete electron transport chain and a complete hydrogenosomal-like ATP generation pathway. Bacterial cell division is initiated by a tubulin homolog, FtsZ, and three Min proteins that regulate its distribution. In mitochondria, this system has been supplanted by eukaryotic dynamin-related proteins. I show that mitochondrial homologs of FtsZ are widespread among eukaryotes, and that they were likely duplicated in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. I also provide the first evidence for the existence of Min proteins in mitochondria, and show that they are present in four out of six eukaryotic supergroups. The ancestral FtsZ-Min system is more representative of mitochondrial division in diverse eukaryotes than is the dynamin-based system of eukaryotic model organisms. Finally, I present an in silico reconstruction of the biochemical pathways present in the MRO of Andalucia incarcerata, a free-living, deep-branching excavate protist, and validate some of these predictions with immunolocalization. A. incarcerata's MRO possesses a hydrogenosomal-like ATP generation pathway that presents a striking example of convergence with those of other, distantly anaerobic eukaryotes. However, it retains a greater complement of mitochondrial metabolic functions and import machinery than the well-described MROs of parasites. My work shows that this larger complement of ancestral mitochondrial functions is a common feature shared by MROs of free-living eukaryotes.
Book Synopsis The Diversity and Origins of Mitochondrion-Related Organelles by : Michelle Marie Leger
Download or read book The Diversity and Origins of Mitochondrion-Related Organelles written by Michelle Marie Leger and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple distantly-related eukaryotic lineages have adapted to low-oxygen environments, and possess modified mitochondria, known as mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs). Although relatively few MROs have been investigated in detail, they are known to vary in the types of ATP metabolism they possess, and in the nature of the ancestral mitochondrial functions that they have retained. Here, I expand our knowledge of this diversity, and provide insights into how characteristic anaerobic ATP generation enzymes became widespread among eukaryotes. MROs known as hydrogenosomes have lost the electron transport chain, and possess a distinctive anaerobic ATP generation pathway that produces hydrogen as an end-product. I describe this type of ATP generation pathway in Acanthamoeba castellanii, an amoebozoan previously believed to have typical aerobic mitochondria and I show that this pathway is located in the mitochondria using immunolocalization. This is the first known example of a mitochondrion that possesses both a complete electron transport chain and a complete hydrogenosomal-like ATP generation pathway. Bacterial cell division is initiated by a tubulin homolog, FtsZ, and three Min proteins that regulate its distribution. In mitochondria, this system has been supplanted by eukaryotic dynamin-related proteins. I show that mitochondrial homologs of FtsZ are widespread among eukaryotes, and that they were likely duplicated in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. I also provide the first evidence for the existence of Min proteins in mitochondria, and show that they are present in four out of six eukaryotic supergroups. The ancestral FtsZ-Min system is more representative of mitochondrial division in diverse eukaryotes than is the dynamin-based system of eukaryotic model organisms. Finally, I present an in silico reconstruction of the biochemical pathways present in the MRO of Andalucia incarcerata, a free-living, deep-branching excavate protist, and validate some of these predictions with immunolocalization. A. incarcerata's MRO possesses a hydrogenosomal-like ATP generation pathway that presents a striking example of convergence with those of other, distantly anaerobic eukaryotes. However, it retains a greater complement of mitochondrial metabolic functions and import machinery than the well-described MROs of parasites. My work shows that this larger complement of ancestral mitochondrial functions is a common feature shared by MROs of free-living eukaryotes.
Microbial ecology is the study of interactions among microbes in natural environments and their roles in biogeochemical cycles, food web dynamics, and the evolution of life. Microbes are the most numerous organisms in the biosphere and mediate many critical reactions in elemental cycles and biogeochemical reactions. Because microbes are essential players in the carbon cycle and related processes, microbial ecology is a vital science for understanding the role of the biosphere in global warming and the response of natural ecosystems to climate change. This novel textbook discusses the major processes carried out by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other protists - the microbes - in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. It focuses on biogeochemical processes, starting with primary production and the initial fixation of carbon into cellular biomass, before exploring how that carbon is degraded in both oxygen-rich (oxic) and oxygen-deficient (anoxic) environments. These biogeochemical processes are affected by ecological interactions, including competition for limiting nutrients, viral lysis, and predation by various protists in soils and aquatic habitats. The book neatly connects processes occurring at the micron scale to events happening at the global scale, including the carbon cycle and its connection to climate change issues. A final chapter is devoted to symbiosis and other relationships between microbes and larger organisms. Microbes have huge impacts not only on biogeochemical cycles, but also on the ecology and evolution of more complex forms of life, including Homo sapiens..
Book Synopsis Processes in Microbial Ecology by : David L. Kirchman
Download or read book Processes in Microbial Ecology written by David L. Kirchman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial ecology is the study of interactions among microbes in natural environments and their roles in biogeochemical cycles, food web dynamics, and the evolution of life. Microbes are the most numerous organisms in the biosphere and mediate many critical reactions in elemental cycles and biogeochemical reactions. Because microbes are essential players in the carbon cycle and related processes, microbial ecology is a vital science for understanding the role of the biosphere in global warming and the response of natural ecosystems to climate change. This novel textbook discusses the major processes carried out by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other protists - the microbes - in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. It focuses on biogeochemical processes, starting with primary production and the initial fixation of carbon into cellular biomass, before exploring how that carbon is degraded in both oxygen-rich (oxic) and oxygen-deficient (anoxic) environments. These biogeochemical processes are affected by ecological interactions, including competition for limiting nutrients, viral lysis, and predation by various protists in soils and aquatic habitats. The book neatly connects processes occurring at the micron scale to events happening at the global scale, including the carbon cycle and its connection to climate change issues. A final chapter is devoted to symbiosis and other relationships between microbes and larger organisms. Microbes have huge impacts not only on biogeochemical cycles, but also on the ecology and evolution of more complex forms of life, including Homo sapiens..
ANOXIA defines the lack of free molecular oxygen in an environment. In the presence of organic matter, anaerobic prokaryotes produce compounds such as free radicals, hydrogen sulfide, or methane that are typically toxic to aerobes. The concomitance of suppressed respiration and presence of toxic substances suggests these habitats are inhospitable to Eukaryota. Ecologists sometimes term such environments 'Death Zones'. This book presents, however, a collection of remarkable adaptations to anoxia, observed in Eukaryotes such as protists, animals, plants and fungi. Case studies provide evidence for controlled beneficial use of anoxia by, for example, modification of free radicals, use of alternative electron donors for anaerobic metabolic pathways, and employment of anaerobic symbionts. The complex, interwoven existence of oxic and anoxic conditions in space and time is also highlighted as is the idea that eukaryotic inhabitation of anoxic habitats was established early in Earth history.
Book Synopsis Anoxia by : Alexander Altenbach
Download or read book Anoxia written by Alexander Altenbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-20 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ANOXIA defines the lack of free molecular oxygen in an environment. In the presence of organic matter, anaerobic prokaryotes produce compounds such as free radicals, hydrogen sulfide, or methane that are typically toxic to aerobes. The concomitance of suppressed respiration and presence of toxic substances suggests these habitats are inhospitable to Eukaryota. Ecologists sometimes term such environments 'Death Zones'. This book presents, however, a collection of remarkable adaptations to anoxia, observed in Eukaryotes such as protists, animals, plants and fungi. Case studies provide evidence for controlled beneficial use of anoxia by, for example, modification of free radicals, use of alternative electron donors for anaerobic metabolic pathways, and employment of anaerobic symbionts. The complex, interwoven existence of oxic and anoxic conditions in space and time is also highlighted as is the idea that eukaryotic inhabitation of anoxic habitats was established early in Earth history.
