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Industry clusters promote innovation in the Arab World, through collaboration among businesses, research institutions, and governments. Benefits include the creation and sharing of knowledge, professional networking, access to spill-over knowledge, and specialized talent pools.
Book Synopsis Industry Clusters and Innovation in the Arab World by : Raghda El Ebrashi
Download or read book Industry Clusters and Innovation in the Arab World written by Raghda El Ebrashi and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2023-06-13 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industry clusters promote innovation in the Arab World, through collaboration among businesses, research institutions, and governments. Benefits include the creation and sharing of knowledge, professional networking, access to spill-over knowledge, and specialized talent pools.
The World Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Research Institute, and the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID), in collaboration with researchers affiliated with the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), recently conducted a study on Africa s domestic enterprises to improve the understanding of the constraints micro and small enterprises in Africa face in improving productivity and expanding their markets. In Africa, there are stark performance gaps between domestically owned enterprises and foreign-owned enterprises in terms of sales performance, productivity, and ability to reach distant markets. Among others, size appears to be a dominant factor in explaining the gap. Against this background, the study analyzes how naturally formed industrial clusters concentrations of enterprises engaged in same or closely related industrial activities in specific locations could potentially mitigate constraints Africa s micro and small enterprises face and enhance their business performance. The study is one of the first comprehensive quantitative inquiries on industrial clusters in Africa. The analysis specifically focuses on the role of spontaneously grown clusters of light manufacturing industries based on a set of original case studies of industrial clusters conducted for this research project. One of the key findings from the case studies was that cluster-based micro and small enterprises are performing better than similar micro and small enterprises outside of the clusters in terms of sales performance and ability to reach distant markets. Market access is a leading reason for cluster-based enterprises to choose their current locations. However, cluster-based enterprises face another set of unique growth constraints. By the very nature of spontaneous agglomera tion, new enterprises continue to flow to the clusters seeking the profit opportunities and better access to markets at such locations. The result can be intense competition in addition to increased congestion. Space constraints often impede growth within clusters. The lack of alternative locations available for industrial activities in the same cities, generic infrastructure bottlenecks, and unclear zoning policies and their unpredictable changes limit firms location choices and constrain their mobility. While competition should improve efficiency, lack of capacity among those competing cluster-based enterprises to invest and innovate does not generate growth out of the competition. The vast majority of naturally formed clusters of light manufacturing industries in Africa are still at a survival level, where agglomeration externalities are only limited to expand quantity but not quality as we observe in more advanced innovation-oriented clusters in elsewhere in the world. Existing studies on such natural industrial clusters in Africa have found that the lack of managerial skills among entrepreneurs running micro and small enterprises is a major constraint for innovation and growth in the clusters. As a part of this study, pilot managerial skills training programs were conducted in two industrial clusters on an experimental basis, where a group of randomly selected entrepreneurs within the clusters were given three-week long crush course of based management such as bookkeeping, marketing, business planning, and production management. The impact evaluation of the experiments showed significant positive impacts of the training programs on value added and gross profits of enterprises. Raising the current survival-type industrial clusters, which have been formed as a coping mechanism to weak investment climate, into more dynamic innovating clusters will be an important avenue for fostering growth of micro and small enterprises in Africa. While national efforts to improve investment climate and investments in human capital are undoubtedly important, there could be more targeted policies to be formulated, in complementing general policies, to support growth of micro and small domestic enterprises using existing industrial clusters as a natural springboard for their growth. In that context, the study discusses the merit of cluster-based managerial human capital development to build steps toward more innovation-oriented clusters, the importance of sound spatial planning policy, particularly at the local level in the context of urban planning, the need to expand market access and economic linkages for industrial clusters including regional integration and linkages with large enterprises.
Book Synopsis Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprises in Africa by : World Bank
Download or read book Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprises in Africa written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-12-30 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Research Institute, and the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID), in collaboration with researchers affiliated with the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), recently conducted a study on Africa s domestic enterprises to improve the understanding of the constraints micro and small enterprises in Africa face in improving productivity and expanding their markets. In Africa, there are stark performance gaps between domestically owned enterprises and foreign-owned enterprises in terms of sales performance, productivity, and ability to reach distant markets. Among others, size appears to be a dominant factor in explaining the gap. Against this background, the study analyzes how naturally formed industrial clusters concentrations of enterprises engaged in same or closely related industrial activities in specific locations could potentially mitigate constraints Africa s micro and small enterprises face and enhance their business performance. The study is one of the first comprehensive quantitative inquiries on industrial clusters in Africa. The analysis specifically focuses on the role of spontaneously grown clusters of light manufacturing industries based on a set of original case studies of industrial clusters conducted for this research project. One of the key findings from the case studies was that cluster-based micro and small enterprises are performing better than similar micro and small enterprises outside of the clusters in terms of sales performance and ability to reach distant markets. Market access is a leading reason for cluster-based enterprises to choose their current locations. However, cluster-based enterprises face another set of unique growth constraints. By the very nature of spontaneous agglomera tion, new enterprises continue to flow to the clusters seeking the profit opportunities and better access to markets at such locations. The result can be intense competition in addition to increased congestion. Space constraints often impede growth within clusters. The lack of alternative locations available for industrial activities in the same cities, generic infrastructure bottlenecks, and unclear zoning policies and their unpredictable changes limit firms location choices and constrain their mobility. While competition should improve efficiency, lack of capacity among those competing cluster-based enterprises to invest and innovate does not generate growth out of the competition. The vast majority of naturally formed clusters of light manufacturing industries in Africa are still at a survival level, where agglomeration externalities are only limited to expand quantity but not quality as we observe in more advanced innovation-oriented clusters in elsewhere in the world. Existing studies on such natural industrial clusters in Africa have found that the lack of managerial skills among entrepreneurs running micro and small enterprises is a major constraint for innovation and growth in the clusters. As a part of this study, pilot managerial skills training programs were conducted in two industrial clusters on an experimental basis, where a group of randomly selected entrepreneurs within the clusters were given three-week long crush course of based management such as bookkeeping, marketing, business planning, and production management. The impact evaluation of the experiments showed significant positive impacts of the training programs on value added and gross profits of enterprises. Raising the current survival-type industrial clusters, which have been formed as a coping mechanism to weak investment climate, into more dynamic innovating clusters will be an important avenue for fostering growth of micro and small enterprises in Africa. While national efforts to improve investment climate and investments in human capital are undoubtedly important, there could be more targeted policies to be formulated, in complementing general policies, to support growth of micro and small domestic enterprises using existing industrial clusters as a natural springboard for their growth. In that context, the study discusses the merit of cluster-based managerial human capital development to build steps toward more innovation-oriented clusters, the importance of sound spatial planning policy, particularly at the local level in the context of urban planning, the need to expand market access and economic linkages for industrial clusters including regional integration and linkages with large enterprises.
"The emphasis on proper institutional settings as a requirement for innovation and the systematic comparative study of (the lack of) these settings in the Arab region leads to a challenging analysis and also provides clear policy recommendations." - Joan Muysken, Professor Emeritus, Maastricht University, Netherlands "Policymakers in Arab countries and all those working on the region need to study this book carefully. It contains a wealth of information for the move towards a knowledge society in the Arab region. The subsystems (education, higher education, and training; science and technology and research and development; and ICT) are excellently brought into connection with the economic structures and policies prevailing in the Arab region." - Karl Wohlmuth, Professor Emeritus, University of Bremen, Germany "Nour's book provides an insightful analysis of the characteristics, constraints, and policy options for Arab countries to transition towards internationally competitive and inclusive economies, and how knowledge transfer and innovation and technology play a crucial role." - Jacques van der Meer, Managerial Advisor, European Investment Bank, Luxembourg The Arab region has become a hotbed of economic growth in recent decades. While this growth has indisputably brought in wealth, there are still countless questions about the characteristics, constraints, and implications of the region's systems of innovation. Do these systems even exist in the Arab region? How does the current economic structure affect regional innovation? Is the presence of natural resources a help or a hindrance? Economic Systems of Innovation in the Arab Region discusses the causes, consequences, and implications of poor systems of innovation in the Middle East and North Africa. By examining the comparative weakness of innovation, the economic structure, and the diversity of the region, Nour shows that the development of Arab regional systems of innovation is contingent upon the development of adequate economic policies and incentives in the area. Her contribution is key for students and scholars of economics, innovation, and international relations.--Résumé de l'éditeur.
Book Synopsis Economic Systems of Innovation in the Arab Region by : Samia Mohamed Nour
Download or read book Economic Systems of Innovation in the Arab Region written by Samia Mohamed Nour and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The emphasis on proper institutional settings as a requirement for innovation and the systematic comparative study of (the lack of) these settings in the Arab region leads to a challenging analysis and also provides clear policy recommendations." - Joan Muysken, Professor Emeritus, Maastricht University, Netherlands "Policymakers in Arab countries and all those working on the region need to study this book carefully. It contains a wealth of information for the move towards a knowledge society in the Arab region. The subsystems (education, higher education, and training; science and technology and research and development; and ICT) are excellently brought into connection with the economic structures and policies prevailing in the Arab region." - Karl Wohlmuth, Professor Emeritus, University of Bremen, Germany "Nour's book provides an insightful analysis of the characteristics, constraints, and policy options for Arab countries to transition towards internationally competitive and inclusive economies, and how knowledge transfer and innovation and technology play a crucial role." - Jacques van der Meer, Managerial Advisor, European Investment Bank, Luxembourg The Arab region has become a hotbed of economic growth in recent decades. While this growth has indisputably brought in wealth, there are still countless questions about the characteristics, constraints, and implications of the region's systems of innovation. Do these systems even exist in the Arab region? How does the current economic structure affect regional innovation? Is the presence of natural resources a help or a hindrance? Economic Systems of Innovation in the Arab Region discusses the causes, consequences, and implications of poor systems of innovation in the Middle East and North Africa. By examining the comparative weakness of innovation, the economic structure, and the diversity of the region, Nour shows that the development of Arab regional systems of innovation is contingent upon the development of adequate economic policies and incentives in the area. Her contribution is key for students and scholars of economics, innovation, and international relations.--Résumé de l'éditeur.
Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa: The Influence of Quadruple Helix on Technological Innovation explores the relationships and inter-dependencies between innovation, political regimes, and economic and social development throughout the Middle East and North Africa region.
Book Synopsis Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa by : Stavros Sindakis
Download or read book Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa written by Stavros Sindakis and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-02 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Entrepreneurial Rise in the Middle East and North Africa: The Influence of Quadruple Helix on Technological Innovation explores the relationships and inter-dependencies between innovation, political regimes, and economic and social development throughout the Middle East and North Africa region.
"The thesis poses the following research question: how is innovation in the Arab world countries brought to fruition without the enabling institutions that the innovation and NSI literatures consider to be essential? The thesis takes a broad view of innovation that goes beyond the science-based high-technology innovations to consider innovations that employ low- and medium-technology (LMT) that constitute the majority of innovative activity referred to as 'hidden innovation'. Besides LMT innovations in manufacturing, hidden innovation comprises organizational, social, and service innovations.The research is conducted as an exploratory qualitative study that is retrospective and longitudinal. It deals with five innovation mini-cases within an embedded case. These mini-cases are researched in the three Arab countries of Jordan, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. The embedded case is Aramex, a Jordanian-founded service sector organization that has grown into a major global logistics and transportation solutions provider. One of the innovation mini-cases is organizational, another is social, and three are services. Each of these mini-cases is identified as a unit of analysis. The research initially uses a semi-structured interview guide and research questions that are premised on NSI's foundational constructs of 1) formal institutions; 2) knowledge; and, 3) learning, as well as on NICS's area of emphasis of 4) social capital.Early observations in the field reveal the low relevance of these NSI 'theorized' foundational constructs in the Arab world context. These observations prompt the use of an unstructured interview format to collect the data and, later, an iterative data analysis and literature research process. Arab world NSI 'observed' foundational constructs ultimately emerge and an Arab world NSI grounded theory and model are inductively built. The 'observed' constructs are the following: 1) institutions; 2) culture of empowerment; 3) dynamic capabilities building; and, 4) social capital. Results indicate that institutions considered in the developed-country literature to be 'essential' for innovation are often either weak or missing from the Arab world contexts while strong 'hostile' institutions seem to be prevalent. In response to this adverse set of conditions in the Arab world, organizations dynamically build micro-level capabilities to mitigate the challenges resulting from these weak, missing or hostile macro-level institutions. Consistent with NSI's pattern of macro-micro interplay, these capabilities seem to play the following four roles vis-à-vis institutions: 1) substitute missing institutions; 2) support weak institutions; 3) overcome hostile institutions; and, in some cases, 4) create new institutions altogether. Several external and internal mechanisms are employed to build capabilities dynamically. The two that emerge as most important in this research are social capital and empowerment. The process of dynamic capabilities building is mobilized by an overarching organizational culture of empowerment. The Arab world grounded NSI theory with its model, foundational constructs and the macro-micro interplay offers two main contributions to NSI's fourth literature gap. First, this articulation of innovation in the Arab world countries builds knowledge within the scant literatures on innovation in developing countries including those of the Arab world. Second, building a grounded theory of an Arab world NSI framework provides an initial understanding of the macro and micro elements of NSI in the developing countries of the Arab world, builds knowledge within the NSI literature and extends it beyond its developed and BRIC country contexts. The thesis also addresses indirectly the other three NSI literature gaps and identifies overlaps with NICS's areas of emphasis. Hence, it has the potential to contribute to NSI's literature on developed countries as well as the dynamic capabilities building literature." --
Book Synopsis Innovation in the Arab World Context by : Hiba Al-Ali
Download or read book Innovation in the Arab World Context written by Hiba Al-Ali and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The thesis poses the following research question: how is innovation in the Arab world countries brought to fruition without the enabling institutions that the innovation and NSI literatures consider to be essential? The thesis takes a broad view of innovation that goes beyond the science-based high-technology innovations to consider innovations that employ low- and medium-technology (LMT) that constitute the majority of innovative activity referred to as 'hidden innovation'. Besides LMT innovations in manufacturing, hidden innovation comprises organizational, social, and service innovations.The research is conducted as an exploratory qualitative study that is retrospective and longitudinal. It deals with five innovation mini-cases within an embedded case. These mini-cases are researched in the three Arab countries of Jordan, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. The embedded case is Aramex, a Jordanian-founded service sector organization that has grown into a major global logistics and transportation solutions provider. One of the innovation mini-cases is organizational, another is social, and three are services. Each of these mini-cases is identified as a unit of analysis. The research initially uses a semi-structured interview guide and research questions that are premised on NSI's foundational constructs of 1) formal institutions; 2) knowledge; and, 3) learning, as well as on NICS's area of emphasis of 4) social capital.Early observations in the field reveal the low relevance of these NSI 'theorized' foundational constructs in the Arab world context. These observations prompt the use of an unstructured interview format to collect the data and, later, an iterative data analysis and literature research process. Arab world NSI 'observed' foundational constructs ultimately emerge and an Arab world NSI grounded theory and model are inductively built. The 'observed' constructs are the following: 1) institutions; 2) culture of empowerment; 3) dynamic capabilities building; and, 4) social capital. Results indicate that institutions considered in the developed-country literature to be 'essential' for innovation are often either weak or missing from the Arab world contexts while strong 'hostile' institutions seem to be prevalent. In response to this adverse set of conditions in the Arab world, organizations dynamically build micro-level capabilities to mitigate the challenges resulting from these weak, missing or hostile macro-level institutions. Consistent with NSI's pattern of macro-micro interplay, these capabilities seem to play the following four roles vis-à-vis institutions: 1) substitute missing institutions; 2) support weak institutions; 3) overcome hostile institutions; and, in some cases, 4) create new institutions altogether. Several external and internal mechanisms are employed to build capabilities dynamically. The two that emerge as most important in this research are social capital and empowerment. The process of dynamic capabilities building is mobilized by an overarching organizational culture of empowerment. The Arab world grounded NSI theory with its model, foundational constructs and the macro-micro interplay offers two main contributions to NSI's fourth literature gap. First, this articulation of innovation in the Arab world countries builds knowledge within the scant literatures on innovation in developing countries including those of the Arab world. Second, building a grounded theory of an Arab world NSI framework provides an initial understanding of the macro and micro elements of NSI in the developing countries of the Arab world, builds knowledge within the NSI literature and extends it beyond its developed and BRIC country contexts. The thesis also addresses indirectly the other three NSI literature gaps and identifies overlaps with NICS's areas of emphasis. Hence, it has the potential to contribute to NSI's literature on developed countries as well as the dynamic capabilities building literature." --
Science, Technology, Innovation, and Economic Growth in Arab Countries explores fresh approaches to STI policy formulation and implementation in the region, with applications to developing countries elsewhere. Developing useful contexts for studying Arab policies about science, technology, and innovation requires trustworthy data and judgment. Omar Bizri brings together both in this book. Data from sources such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the International Telecommunication Union, Nature, Science and recent surveys and policy formulation initiatives anchor this study among national initiatives that focus on essential needs, including safe water and food production, renewable energy utilization, and job and enterprise creation. For those eager to understand the challenges of STI capacity building, this book explores the many connections between technological change and economic growth. Presents and analyzes data about past, current and proposed efforts aimed at STI capacity building in Arab countries Emphasizes demand-driven policies for promoting rapid infrastructure and endogenous STI capacity building, as well as job creation Explores ways to enhance STI capacity building efforts through community-based and national initiatives Includes data from sources such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the International Telecommunication Union, Nature, Science and recent surveys
Book Synopsis Science, Technology, Innovation, and Development in the Arab Countries by : Omar Bizri
Download or read book Science, Technology, Innovation, and Development in the Arab Countries written by Omar Bizri and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science, Technology, Innovation, and Economic Growth in Arab Countries explores fresh approaches to STI policy formulation and implementation in the region, with applications to developing countries elsewhere. Developing useful contexts for studying Arab policies about science, technology, and innovation requires trustworthy data and judgment. Omar Bizri brings together both in this book. Data from sources such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the International Telecommunication Union, Nature, Science and recent surveys and policy formulation initiatives anchor this study among national initiatives that focus on essential needs, including safe water and food production, renewable energy utilization, and job and enterprise creation. For those eager to understand the challenges of STI capacity building, this book explores the many connections between technological change and economic growth. Presents and analyzes data about past, current and proposed efforts aimed at STI capacity building in Arab countries Emphasizes demand-driven policies for promoting rapid infrastructure and endogenous STI capacity building, as well as job creation Explores ways to enhance STI capacity building efforts through community-based and national initiatives Includes data from sources such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the International Telecommunication Union, Nature, Science and recent surveys
øIn the geography of the global economy, there are known Šhot spots� where new technologies germinate at an astounding rate and pools of capital, expertise and talent foster the development of new industries and new ways of doing business. These cluste
Book Synopsis Global Clusters of Innovation by : Jerome S. Engel
Download or read book Global Clusters of Innovation written by Jerome S. Engel and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-26 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: øIn the geography of the global economy, there are known Šhot spots� where new technologies germinate at an astounding rate and pools of capital, expertise and talent foster the development of new industries and new ways of doing business. These cluste
This book is an incisive query into the origins, implications and opportunities that China’s Belt and Road Initiative creates for stakeholders in Asia and the Arab World. It emphasises the role of cutting-edge technology in boosting collaboration in the fields of politics, economics, business, and culture across regions, countries and continents.
Book Synopsis The New Silk Road leads through the Arab Peninsula by : Anna Visvizi
Download or read book The New Silk Road leads through the Arab Peninsula written by Anna Visvizi and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2019-07-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an incisive query into the origins, implications and opportunities that China’s Belt and Road Initiative creates for stakeholders in Asia and the Arab World. It emphasises the role of cutting-edge technology in boosting collaboration in the fields of politics, economics, business, and culture across regions, countries and continents.
Over recent decades we have witnessed the globalization of research. However, this has yet to translate into a worldwide scientific network, across which competencies and resources can flow freely. Arab countries have strived to join this globalized world and become a ‘knowledge economy,’ yet little time has been invested in the region’s fragmented scientific institutions; institutions that should provide opportunities for individuals to step out on the global stage. Knowledge Production in the Arab World investigates research practices in the Arab world, using multiple case studies from the region with particular focus on Lebanon and Jordan. It depicts the Janus-like face of Arab research, poised between the negative and the positive and faced with two potentially opposing strands; local relevance alongside its internationalization. The book critically assesses the role and dynamics of research and poses questions that are crucial to further our understanding of the very particular case of knowledge production in the Arab region. The book explores research’s relevance and whom it serves, as well as the methodological flaws behind academic rankings and the meaning and application of key concepts such as knowledge society/economy. Providing a detailed and comprehensive examination of knowledge production in the Arab world, this book is of interest to students, scholars and policy makers working on the issues of research practices and status of science in contemporary developing countries.
Book Synopsis Knowledge Production in the Arab World by : Sari Hanafi
Download or read book Knowledge Production in the Arab World written by Sari Hanafi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over recent decades we have witnessed the globalization of research. However, this has yet to translate into a worldwide scientific network, across which competencies and resources can flow freely. Arab countries have strived to join this globalized world and become a ‘knowledge economy,’ yet little time has been invested in the region’s fragmented scientific institutions; institutions that should provide opportunities for individuals to step out on the global stage. Knowledge Production in the Arab World investigates research practices in the Arab world, using multiple case studies from the region with particular focus on Lebanon and Jordan. It depicts the Janus-like face of Arab research, poised between the negative and the positive and faced with two potentially opposing strands; local relevance alongside its internationalization. The book critically assesses the role and dynamics of research and poses questions that are crucial to further our understanding of the very particular case of knowledge production in the Arab region. The book explores research’s relevance and whom it serves, as well as the methodological flaws behind academic rankings and the meaning and application of key concepts such as knowledge society/economy. Providing a detailed and comprehensive examination of knowledge production in the Arab world, this book is of interest to students, scholars and policy makers working on the issues of research practices and status of science in contemporary developing countries.
This book examines the incidence and role of clusters as a viable and increasingly important form of industrial organization in Africa. It presents a series of theoretically grounded case studies that analyze clusters in different industrial sectors and at different levels of economic development. The overall aim is to improve understanding of how local clusters can be transformed into local systems of innovation and how local clusters can be better connected to global actors. The authors draw out implications for policy and practice and provide guidance to governments, private sector associations, and non-governmental organizations.--Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Industrial Clusters and Innovation Systems in Africa by : Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka
Download or read book Industrial Clusters and Innovation Systems in Africa written by Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and published by UNU. This book was released on 2007 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the incidence and role of clusters as a viable and increasingly important form of industrial organization in Africa. It presents a series of theoretically grounded case studies that analyze clusters in different industrial sectors and at different levels of economic development. The overall aim is to improve understanding of how local clusters can be transformed into local systems of innovation and how local clusters can be better connected to global actors. The authors draw out implications for policy and practice and provide guidance to governments, private sector associations, and non-governmental organizations.--Publisher's description.
