Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging

Author: Reiner Salzer

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2014-11-03

Total Pages: 656

ISBN-13: 3527336524

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This second edition of the successful ready reference is updated and revised with approximately 30% new content to reflect the numerous instrumental developments and improvements, as well as the significant expansion of this rapidly developing field. For example, the combination of IR imaging with AFM has enhanced the achievable lateral resolution by an order of magnitude down to a few hundred nanometers, thus launching a multiplicity of new applications in material science. Furthermore, Raman and IR spectroscopic imaging have become key technologies for the life sciences and today contribute tremendously to a better and more detailed understanding of numerous biological and medical research topics. The topical structure of this new edition is now subdivided into four parts. The first treats the fundamentals of the instrumentation for infrared and Raman imaging and mapping and an overview on the chemometric tools for image analysis. The second part describes a wide varie-ty of applications ranging from biomedical via food, agriculture and plants to polymers and pharmaceuticals. This is followed by a description of imaging techniques operating beyond the diffraction limit, while the final part covers special methodical developments and their utility in specific fields. With its many valuable practical tips, this is a must-have overview for researchers in academic and industrial laboratories wishing to obtain reliable results with this method.


Book Synopsis Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging by : Reiner Salzer

Download or read book Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging written by Reiner Salzer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of the successful ready reference is updated and revised with approximately 30% new content to reflect the numerous instrumental developments and improvements, as well as the significant expansion of this rapidly developing field. For example, the combination of IR imaging with AFM has enhanced the achievable lateral resolution by an order of magnitude down to a few hundred nanometers, thus launching a multiplicity of new applications in material science. Furthermore, Raman and IR spectroscopic imaging have become key technologies for the life sciences and today contribute tremendously to a better and more detailed understanding of numerous biological and medical research topics. The topical structure of this new edition is now subdivided into four parts. The first treats the fundamentals of the instrumentation for infrared and Raman imaging and mapping and an overview on the chemometric tools for image analysis. The second part describes a wide varie-ty of applications ranging from biomedical via food, agriculture and plants to polymers and pharmaceuticals. This is followed by a description of imaging techniques operating beyond the diffraction limit, while the final part covers special methodical developments and their utility in specific fields. With its many valuable practical tips, this is a must-have overview for researchers in academic and industrial laboratories wishing to obtain reliable results with this method.

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Author: Peter Larkin

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2017-11-13

Total Pages: 286

ISBN-13: 0128042095

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Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Principles and Spectral Interpretation, Second Edition provides a solid introduction to vibrational spectroscopy with an emphasis on developing critical interpretation skills. This book fully integrates the use of both IR and Raman spectroscopy as spectral interpretation tools, enabling the user to utilize the strength of both techniques while also recognizing their weaknesses. This second edition more than doubles the amount of interpreted IR and Raman spectra standards and spectral unknowns. The chapter on characteristic group frequencies is expanded to include increased discussions of sulphur and phosphorus organics, aromatic and heteroaromatics as well as inorganic compounds. New topics include a discussion of crystal lattice vibrations (low frequency/THz), confocal Raman microscopy, spatial resolution in IR and Raman microscopy, as well as criteria for selecting Raman excitation wavelengths. These additions accommodate the growing use of vibrational spectroscopy for process analytical monitoring, nanomaterial investigations, and structural and identity determinations to an increasing user base in both industry and academia. Integrates discussion of IR and Raman spectra Pairs generalized IR and Raman spectra of functional groups with tables and text Includes over 150 fully interpreted, high quality IR and Raman reference spectra Contains fifty-four unknown IR and Raman spectra, with a corresponding answer key


Book Synopsis Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy by : Peter Larkin

Download or read book Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy written by Peter Larkin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Principles and Spectral Interpretation, Second Edition provides a solid introduction to vibrational spectroscopy with an emphasis on developing critical interpretation skills. This book fully integrates the use of both IR and Raman spectroscopy as spectral interpretation tools, enabling the user to utilize the strength of both techniques while also recognizing their weaknesses. This second edition more than doubles the amount of interpreted IR and Raman spectra standards and spectral unknowns. The chapter on characteristic group frequencies is expanded to include increased discussions of sulphur and phosphorus organics, aromatic and heteroaromatics as well as inorganic compounds. New topics include a discussion of crystal lattice vibrations (low frequency/THz), confocal Raman microscopy, spatial resolution in IR and Raman microscopy, as well as criteria for selecting Raman excitation wavelengths. These additions accommodate the growing use of vibrational spectroscopy for process analytical monitoring, nanomaterial investigations, and structural and identity determinations to an increasing user base in both industry and academia. Integrates discussion of IR and Raman spectra Pairs generalized IR and Raman spectra of functional groups with tables and text Includes over 150 fully interpreted, high quality IR and Raman reference spectra Contains fifty-four unknown IR and Raman spectra, with a corresponding answer key

Raman, Infrared, and Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging

Raman, Infrared, and Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging

Author: Slobodan Sasic

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2011-09-14

Total Pages: 572

ISBN-13: 1118058259

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An all-inclusive guide on the analytical methods of Raman, infrared, and near-infrared chemical imaging An underutilized technology, chemical imaging through Raman, infrared (IR), and near-infrared (NIR) is beginning to gain recognition for its non-destructive method of permitting visualization of spatially resolved chemical information. This type of analysis is triggering a groundswell of demand as manufactured materials become more complex and the need for greater scrutiny and less damaging research practices is at a premium. Concentrating on the applications of chemical imaging, this book presents a thorough background on the theory, software, and hardware employed in this analytical technique. With full examination of this rapidly growing field, this book: Combines many different aspects and applications into one comprehensive volume Discusses how chemical imaging techniques have expanded greatly in terms of instruments and applications, but have lagged in general awareness among scientists and industries that would benefit the most from them Describes chemical imaging uses in key areas—biomedical, pharmaceutical, food, and polymer research Has chapters that outline hardware and instrumentation for the different methods of chemical imaging Encapsulating analytic methods without complicating the subject matter, this book shows where chemical imaging has been successfully applied, inspiring researchers to cultivate the exciting capabilities rooted within this powerful and multifaceted technology.


Book Synopsis Raman, Infrared, and Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging by : Slobodan Sasic

Download or read book Raman, Infrared, and Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging written by Slobodan Sasic and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-14 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An all-inclusive guide on the analytical methods of Raman, infrared, and near-infrared chemical imaging An underutilized technology, chemical imaging through Raman, infrared (IR), and near-infrared (NIR) is beginning to gain recognition for its non-destructive method of permitting visualization of spatially resolved chemical information. This type of analysis is triggering a groundswell of demand as manufactured materials become more complex and the need for greater scrutiny and less damaging research practices is at a premium. Concentrating on the applications of chemical imaging, this book presents a thorough background on the theory, software, and hardware employed in this analytical technique. With full examination of this rapidly growing field, this book: Combines many different aspects and applications into one comprehensive volume Discusses how chemical imaging techniques have expanded greatly in terms of instruments and applications, but have lagged in general awareness among scientists and industries that would benefit the most from them Describes chemical imaging uses in key areas—biomedical, pharmaceutical, food, and polymer research Has chapters that outline hardware and instrumentation for the different methods of chemical imaging Encapsulating analytic methods without complicating the subject matter, this book shows where chemical imaging has been successfully applied, inspiring researchers to cultivate the exciting capabilities rooted within this powerful and multifaceted technology.

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science

Author: John M. Chalmers

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2012-03-05

Total Pages: 692

ISBN-13: 0470749067

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This book will provide a survey of the major areas in which information derived from vibrational spectroscopy investigations and studies have contributed to the benefit of forensic science, either in a complementary or a unique way. This is highlighted by examples taken from real case studies and analyses of forensic relevance, which provide a focus for current and future applications and developments.


Book Synopsis Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science by : John M. Chalmers

Download or read book Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science written by John M. Chalmers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-05 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will provide a survey of the major areas in which information derived from vibrational spectroscopy investigations and studies have contributed to the benefit of forensic science, either in a complementary or a unique way. This is highlighted by examples taken from real case studies and analyses of forensic relevance, which provide a focus for current and future applications and developments.

Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Author: Norman B. Colthup

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 1990-10-10

Total Pages: 560

ISBN-13: 0080917402

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Now in its third edition, this classic text covers many aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy that are critical to the chemist doing structural or compositional analysis. This work includes practical and theoretical approaches to spectral interpretation as well as a discussion of experimental techniques. Emphasis is given to group frequencies, which are studied in detailed discussions, extensive tables, and over 600 carefully chosen and interpreted spectral examples. Also featured is a unique treatment of group frequencies that stresses their mechanical origin. This qualitative approach to vibrational analysis helps to simplify spectral interpretation. Additional topics include basic instrumental components and sampling techniques, quantitative analysis, Raman polarization data, infrared gas contours, and polarized IR studies, among others. Focuses on group frequency correlations and how to use them in spectral interpretation Revised and updated by a pioneer in the field, Norman Colthup, who for thirty years has served as an expert lecturer for the Fisk Infrared Institute Explores new group frequency studies in aromatics, alkanes and olefins, among others Includes completely updated section on instrumentation


Book Synopsis Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy by : Norman B. Colthup

Download or read book Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy written by Norman B. Colthup and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-10-10 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this classic text covers many aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy that are critical to the chemist doing structural or compositional analysis. This work includes practical and theoretical approaches to spectral interpretation as well as a discussion of experimental techniques. Emphasis is given to group frequencies, which are studied in detailed discussions, extensive tables, and over 600 carefully chosen and interpreted spectral examples. Also featured is a unique treatment of group frequencies that stresses their mechanical origin. This qualitative approach to vibrational analysis helps to simplify spectral interpretation. Additional topics include basic instrumental components and sampling techniques, quantitative analysis, Raman polarization data, infrared gas contours, and polarized IR studies, among others. Focuses on group frequency correlations and how to use them in spectral interpretation Revised and updated by a pioneer in the field, Norman Colthup, who for thirty years has served as an expert lecturer for the Fisk Infrared Institute Explores new group frequency studies in aromatics, alkanes and olefins, among others Includes completely updated section on instrumentation

Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Author: Norman Colthup

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 536

ISBN-13: 032316160X

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Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy focuses on the theoretical and experimental aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, with emphasis on detailed group frequency correlations and their vibrational origin. Topics covered include vibrational and rotational spectra, molecular symmetry, methyl and methylene groups, triple bonds and cumulated double bonds, and olefin groups. Aromatic and heteroaromatic rings are also considered, along with carbonyl compounds and molecular vibrations. This book is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with a discussion on the use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy to study the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules, paying particular attention to photon energy and degrees of freedom of molecular motion. The quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator and the anharmonic oscillator are described. The next chapter focuses on the experimental techniques and instrumentation needed to measure infrared absorption spectra and Raman spectra. Symmetry is then discussed from the standpoint of the spectroscopist. The following chapters explore the vibrational origin of group frequencies, with an emphasis on mechanical effects; spectra-structure correlations; and the spectra of compounds such as ethers, alcohols, and phenols. The final chapter demonstrates how the frequencies and forms of a nonlinear molecule's normal modes of vibration may be calculated mathematically. This monograph will be a useful resource for spectroscopists and physical scientists.


Book Synopsis Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy by : Norman Colthup

Download or read book Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy written by Norman Colthup and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy focuses on the theoretical and experimental aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, with emphasis on detailed group frequency correlations and their vibrational origin. Topics covered include vibrational and rotational spectra, molecular symmetry, methyl and methylene groups, triple bonds and cumulated double bonds, and olefin groups. Aromatic and heteroaromatic rings are also considered, along with carbonyl compounds and molecular vibrations. This book is comprised of 14 chapters and begins with a discussion on the use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy to study the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules, paying particular attention to photon energy and degrees of freedom of molecular motion. The quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator and the anharmonic oscillator are described. The next chapter focuses on the experimental techniques and instrumentation needed to measure infrared absorption spectra and Raman spectra. Symmetry is then discussed from the standpoint of the spectroscopist. The following chapters explore the vibrational origin of group frequencies, with an emphasis on mechanical effects; spectra-structure correlations; and the spectra of compounds such as ethers, alcohols, and phenols. The final chapter demonstrates how the frequencies and forms of a nonlinear molecule's normal modes of vibration may be calculated mathematically. This monograph will be a useful resource for spectroscopists and physical scientists.

Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications

Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications

Author: Gokulakrishnan Srinivasan

Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional

Published: 2010-06-05

Total Pages: 381

ISBN-13: 0071597085

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The latest advances in vibrational spectroscopic biomedical imaging Written by expert spectroscopists, Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications discusses recent progress in the field in areas such as instrumentation, detector technology, novel modes of data collection, data analysis, and various biomedical applications. This full-color volume covers various IR imaging techniques, including transmission reflection, transflection, and attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging, and Raman imaging. The efficient use of vibrational spectroscopy in clinical applications is emphasized in this state-of-the-art guide. Coverage includes: Automated breast histopathology using mid-IR spectroscopic imaging Synchrotron-based FTIR spectromicroscopy and imaging of single algai cells and cartilage Preparation of tissues and cells for infrared and Raman spectroscopy and imaging Evanescent wave imaging sFTIR, Raman, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging of fungal cells Widefield Raman imaging of cells and tissues Resonance Raman imaging and quantification of carotenoid antioxidants in the human retina and skin Raman microscopy for biomedical applications--efficient diagnosis of tissues, cells, and bacteria The current sate of Raman imaging in clinical application Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of microscopic stress patterns in biomedical materials Tissue imaging with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy


Book Synopsis Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications by : Gokulakrishnan Srinivasan

Download or read book Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications written by Gokulakrishnan Srinivasan and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2010-06-05 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest advances in vibrational spectroscopic biomedical imaging Written by expert spectroscopists, Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging for Biomedical Applications discusses recent progress in the field in areas such as instrumentation, detector technology, novel modes of data collection, data analysis, and various biomedical applications. This full-color volume covers various IR imaging techniques, including transmission reflection, transflection, and attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging, and Raman imaging. The efficient use of vibrational spectroscopy in clinical applications is emphasized in this state-of-the-art guide. Coverage includes: Automated breast histopathology using mid-IR spectroscopic imaging Synchrotron-based FTIR spectromicroscopy and imaging of single algai cells and cartilage Preparation of tissues and cells for infrared and Raman spectroscopy and imaging Evanescent wave imaging sFTIR, Raman, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging of fungal cells Widefield Raman imaging of cells and tissues Resonance Raman imaging and quantification of carotenoid antioxidants in the human retina and skin Raman microscopy for biomedical applications--efficient diagnosis of tissues, cells, and bacteria The current sate of Raman imaging in clinical application Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of microscopic stress patterns in biomedical materials Tissue imaging with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Author: Günter G. Hoffmann

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2023-09-18

Total Pages: 446

ISBN-13: 3110717557

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Quite a few excellent books about vibrational spectroscopy have already been published. So why write a new one? The last years have seen the birth of new techniques and, first of all, a wealth of new applications. Therefore, a lot of new users need an introduction to these techniques and applications, but, if they are new to vibrational spectroscopy, an introduction to the parent techniques as well. Vibrational spectroscopies can detect and analyze vibrations in molecules. Mainly two different forms are used today: Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopy is used by chemists to characterize their substances. If the spectra of substances are known, analytical chemists can use them to analyze a mixture of chemicals. Samples may be analyzed even with spatial resolution, on the microscopic as well as on the macroscopic scale. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy" is intended for researchers or lecturers in Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Life Sciences, who are interested in the composition and properties of their samples. It describes how vibrational spectroscopy will enable them to examine thin layers, surfaces and interfaces, and also improve their knowledge about the properties of composites. Special chapters introduce VCD, ROA, and TERS. The book can serve as a short introduction to vibrational spectroscopy too, so that students at the first graduate level will benefit from it as well.


Book Synopsis Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy by : Günter G. Hoffmann

Download or read book Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy written by Günter G. Hoffmann and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-09-18 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quite a few excellent books about vibrational spectroscopy have already been published. So why write a new one? The last years have seen the birth of new techniques and, first of all, a wealth of new applications. Therefore, a lot of new users need an introduction to these techniques and applications, but, if they are new to vibrational spectroscopy, an introduction to the parent techniques as well. Vibrational spectroscopies can detect and analyze vibrations in molecules. Mainly two different forms are used today: Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopy is used by chemists to characterize their substances. If the spectra of substances are known, analytical chemists can use them to analyze a mixture of chemicals. Samples may be analyzed even with spatial resolution, on the microscopic as well as on the macroscopic scale. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy" is intended for researchers or lecturers in Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Life Sciences, who are interested in the composition and properties of their samples. It describes how vibrational spectroscopy will enable them to examine thin layers, surfaces and interfaces, and also improve their knowledge about the properties of composites. Special chapters introduce VCD, ROA, and TERS. The book can serve as a short introduction to vibrational spectroscopy too, so that students at the first graduate level will benefit from it as well.

Vibrational Spectroscopy in Diagnosis and Screening

Vibrational Spectroscopy in Diagnosis and Screening

Author: Feride Severcan

Publisher: IOS Press

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 432

ISBN-13: 1614990581

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In recent years there has been a tremendous growth in the use of vibrational spectroscopic methods for diagnosis and screening. These applications range from diagnosis of disease states in humans, such as cancer, to rapid identification and screening of microorganisms. The growth in such types of studies has been possible thanks to advances in instrumentation and associated computational and mathematical tools for data processing and analysis. This volume of Advances in Biomedical Spectroscopy contains chapters from leading experts who discuss the latest advances in the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Near infrared (NIR), Terahertz and Raman spectroscopy for diagnosis and screening in fields ranging from medicine, dentistry, forensics and aquatic science. Many of the chapters provide information on sample preparation, data acquisition and data interpretation that would be particularly valuable for new users of these techniques including established scientists and graduate students in both academia and industry.


Book Synopsis Vibrational Spectroscopy in Diagnosis and Screening by : Feride Severcan

Download or read book Vibrational Spectroscopy in Diagnosis and Screening written by Feride Severcan and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there has been a tremendous growth in the use of vibrational spectroscopic methods for diagnosis and screening. These applications range from diagnosis of disease states in humans, such as cancer, to rapid identification and screening of microorganisms. The growth in such types of studies has been possible thanks to advances in instrumentation and associated computational and mathematical tools for data processing and analysis. This volume of Advances in Biomedical Spectroscopy contains chapters from leading experts who discuss the latest advances in the application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Near infrared (NIR), Terahertz and Raman spectroscopy for diagnosis and screening in fields ranging from medicine, dentistry, forensics and aquatic science. Many of the chapters provide information on sample preparation, data acquisition and data interpretation that would be particularly valuable for new users of these techniques including established scientists and graduate students in both academia and industry.

Surface Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Surface Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

Author: W. Suëtaka

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 278

ISBN-13: 1489909427

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are intended to fill the gap between a manufacturer's handbook, and review articles that highlight the latest scientific developments. A fourth volume will deal with techniques for specimen handling, beam artifacts, and depth profiling. It will provide a compilation of methods that have proven useful for specimen handling and treatment, and it will also address the common artifacts and problems associated with the bombardment of solid sur faces by photons, electrons, and ions. A description will be given of methods for depth profiling. Surface characterization measurements are being used increasingly in di verse areas of science and technology. We hope that this series will be useful in ensuring that these measurements can be made as efficiently and reliably as possible. Comments on the series are welcomed, as are suggestions for volumes on additional topics. C. J. Powell Gaithersburg, Maryland A. W. Czandema Golden, Colorado D. M. Hercules Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania T. E. Madey New Brunswick, New Jersey J. T. Yates, Jr.


Book Synopsis Surface Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy by : W. Suëtaka

Download or read book Surface Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy written by W. Suëtaka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: are intended to fill the gap between a manufacturer's handbook, and review articles that highlight the latest scientific developments. A fourth volume will deal with techniques for specimen handling, beam artifacts, and depth profiling. It will provide a compilation of methods that have proven useful for specimen handling and treatment, and it will also address the common artifacts and problems associated with the bombardment of solid sur faces by photons, electrons, and ions. A description will be given of methods for depth profiling. Surface characterization measurements are being used increasingly in di verse areas of science and technology. We hope that this series will be useful in ensuring that these measurements can be made as efficiently and reliably as possible. Comments on the series are welcomed, as are suggestions for volumes on additional topics. C. J. Powell Gaithersburg, Maryland A. W. Czandema Golden, Colorado D. M. Hercules Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania T. E. Madey New Brunswick, New Jersey J. T. Yates, Jr.