Intelligence, from Natural Origins to Artificial Frontiers - Human Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence, from Natural Origins to Artificial Frontiers - Human Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence

Author: Nicolae Sfetcu

Publisher: Nicolae Sfetcu

Published: 2024-07-09

Total Pages: 182

ISBN-13: 6060338542

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The parallel history of the evolution of human intelligence and artificial intelligence is a fascinating journey, highlighting the distinct but interconnected paths of biological evolution and technological innovation. This history can be seen as a series of interconnected developments, each advance in human intelligence paving the way for the next leap in artificial intelligence. Human intelligence and artificial intelligence have long been intertwined, evolving in parallel trajectories throughout history. As humans have sought to understand and reproduce intelligence, AI has emerged as a field dedicated to creating systems capable of tasks that traditionally require human intellect. This book examines the evolutionary roots of intelligence, explores the emergence of artificial intelligence, examines the parallel history of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, tracing their development, interactions, and profound impact they have had on each other, and envisions future landscapes where intelligence converges human and artificial. Let's explore this history, comparing key milestones and developments in both realms.


Book Synopsis Intelligence, from Natural Origins to Artificial Frontiers - Human Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence by : Nicolae Sfetcu

Download or read book Intelligence, from Natural Origins to Artificial Frontiers - Human Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence written by Nicolae Sfetcu and published by Nicolae Sfetcu. This book was released on 2024-07-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The parallel history of the evolution of human intelligence and artificial intelligence is a fascinating journey, highlighting the distinct but interconnected paths of biological evolution and technological innovation. This history can be seen as a series of interconnected developments, each advance in human intelligence paving the way for the next leap in artificial intelligence. Human intelligence and artificial intelligence have long been intertwined, evolving in parallel trajectories throughout history. As humans have sought to understand and reproduce intelligence, AI has emerged as a field dedicated to creating systems capable of tasks that traditionally require human intellect. This book examines the evolutionary roots of intelligence, explores the emergence of artificial intelligence, examines the parallel history of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, tracing their development, interactions, and profound impact they have had on each other, and envisions future landscapes where intelligence converges human and artificial. Let's explore this history, comparing key milestones and developments in both realms.

The Myth of Artificial Intelligence

The Myth of Artificial Intelligence

Author: Erik J. Larson

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2021-04-06

Total Pages: 321

ISBN-13: 0674259920

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“Exposes the vast gap between the actual science underlying AI and the dramatic claims being made for it.” —John Horgan “If you want to know about AI, read this book...It shows how a supposedly futuristic reverence for Artificial Intelligence retards progress when it denigrates our most irreplaceable resource for any future progress: our own human intelligence.” —Peter Thiel Ever since Alan Turing, AI enthusiasts have equated artificial intelligence with human intelligence. A computer scientist working at the forefront of natural language processing, Erik Larson takes us on a tour of the landscape of AI to reveal why this is a profound mistake. AI works on inductive reasoning, crunching data sets to predict outcomes. But humans don’t correlate data sets. We make conjectures, informed by context and experience. And we haven’t a clue how to program that kind of intuitive reasoning, which lies at the heart of common sense. Futurists insist AI will soon eclipse the capacities of the most gifted mind, but Larson shows how far we are from superintelligence—and what it would take to get there. “Larson worries that we’re making two mistakes at once, defining human intelligence down while overestimating what AI is likely to achieve...Another concern is learned passivity: our tendency to assume that AI will solve problems and our failure, as a result, to cultivate human ingenuity.” —David A. Shaywitz, Wall Street Journal “A convincing case that artificial general intelligence—machine-based intelligence that matches our own—is beyond the capacity of algorithmic machine learning because there is a mismatch between how humans and machines know what they know.” —Sue Halpern, New York Review of Books


Book Synopsis The Myth of Artificial Intelligence by : Erik J. Larson

Download or read book The Myth of Artificial Intelligence written by Erik J. Larson and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Exposes the vast gap between the actual science underlying AI and the dramatic claims being made for it.” —John Horgan “If you want to know about AI, read this book...It shows how a supposedly futuristic reverence for Artificial Intelligence retards progress when it denigrates our most irreplaceable resource for any future progress: our own human intelligence.” —Peter Thiel Ever since Alan Turing, AI enthusiasts have equated artificial intelligence with human intelligence. A computer scientist working at the forefront of natural language processing, Erik Larson takes us on a tour of the landscape of AI to reveal why this is a profound mistake. AI works on inductive reasoning, crunching data sets to predict outcomes. But humans don’t correlate data sets. We make conjectures, informed by context and experience. And we haven’t a clue how to program that kind of intuitive reasoning, which lies at the heart of common sense. Futurists insist AI will soon eclipse the capacities of the most gifted mind, but Larson shows how far we are from superintelligence—and what it would take to get there. “Larson worries that we’re making two mistakes at once, defining human intelligence down while overestimating what AI is likely to achieve...Another concern is learned passivity: our tendency to assume that AI will solve problems and our failure, as a result, to cultivate human ingenuity.” —David A. Shaywitz, Wall Street Journal “A convincing case that artificial general intelligence—machine-based intelligence that matches our own—is beyond the capacity of algorithmic machine learning because there is a mismatch between how humans and machines know what they know.” —Sue Halpern, New York Review of Books

Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence

Author: Roger Penrose

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-03-24

Total Pages: 196

ISBN-13: 3030854809

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This book centers around a dialogue between Roger Penrose and Emanuele Severino about one of most intriguing topics of our times, the comparison of artificial intelligence and natural intelligence, as well as its extension to the notions of human and machine consciousness. Additional insightful essays by Mauro D'Ariano, Federico Faggin, Ines Testoni, Giuseppe Vitiello and an introduction of Fabio Scardigli complete the book and illuminate different aspects of the debate. Although from completely different points of view, all the authors seem to converge on the idea that it is almost impossible to have real "intelligence" without a form of "consciousness". In fact, consciousness, often conceived as an enigmatic "mirror" of reality (but is it really a mirror?), is a phenomenon under intense investigation by science and technology, particularly in recent decades. Where does this phenomenon originate from (in humans, and perhaps also in animals)? Is it reproducible on some "device"? Do we have a theory of consciousness today? Will we arrive to build thinking or conscious machines, as machine learning, or cognitive computing, seem to promise? These questions and other related issues are discussed in the pages of this work, which provides stimulating reading to both specialists and general readers. The Chapter "Hard Problem and Free Will: An Information-Theoretical Approach" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.


Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence by : Roger Penrose

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence written by Roger Penrose and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-24 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book centers around a dialogue between Roger Penrose and Emanuele Severino about one of most intriguing topics of our times, the comparison of artificial intelligence and natural intelligence, as well as its extension to the notions of human and machine consciousness. Additional insightful essays by Mauro D'Ariano, Federico Faggin, Ines Testoni, Giuseppe Vitiello and an introduction of Fabio Scardigli complete the book and illuminate different aspects of the debate. Although from completely different points of view, all the authors seem to converge on the idea that it is almost impossible to have real "intelligence" without a form of "consciousness". In fact, consciousness, often conceived as an enigmatic "mirror" of reality (but is it really a mirror?), is a phenomenon under intense investigation by science and technology, particularly in recent decades. Where does this phenomenon originate from (in humans, and perhaps also in animals)? Is it reproducible on some "device"? Do we have a theory of consciousness today? Will we arrive to build thinking or conscious machines, as machine learning, or cognitive computing, seem to promise? These questions and other related issues are discussed in the pages of this work, which provides stimulating reading to both specialists and general readers. The Chapter "Hard Problem and Free Will: An Information-Theoretical Approach" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Why Machines Will Never Rule the World

Author: Jobst Landgrebe

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2022-08-12

Total Pages: 355

ISBN-13: 1000628671

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The book’s core argument is that an artificial intelligence that could equal or exceed human intelligence—sometimes called artificial general intelligence (AGI)—is for mathematical reasons impossible. It offers two specific reasons for this claim: Human intelligence is a capability of a complex dynamic system—the human brain and central nervous system. Systems of this sort cannot be modelled mathematically in a way that allows them to operate inside a computer. In supporting their claim, the authors, Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith, marshal evidence from mathematics, physics, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, and biology, setting up their book around three central questions: What are the essential marks of human intelligence? What is it that researchers try to do when they attempt to achieve "artificial intelligence" (AI)? And why, after more than 50 years, are our most common interactions with AI, for example with our bank’s computers, still so unsatisfactory? Landgrebe and Smith show how a widespread fear about AI’s potential to bring about radical changes in the nature of human beings and in the human social order is founded on an error. There is still, as they demonstrate in a final chapter, a great deal that AI can achieve which will benefit humanity. But these benefits will be achieved without the aid of systems that are more powerful than humans, which are as impossible as AI systems that are intrinsically "evil" or able to "will" a takeover of human society.


Book Synopsis Why Machines Will Never Rule the World by : Jobst Landgrebe

Download or read book Why Machines Will Never Rule the World written by Jobst Landgrebe and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-08-12 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book’s core argument is that an artificial intelligence that could equal or exceed human intelligence—sometimes called artificial general intelligence (AGI)—is for mathematical reasons impossible. It offers two specific reasons for this claim: Human intelligence is a capability of a complex dynamic system—the human brain and central nervous system. Systems of this sort cannot be modelled mathematically in a way that allows them to operate inside a computer. In supporting their claim, the authors, Jobst Landgrebe and Barry Smith, marshal evidence from mathematics, physics, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, and biology, setting up their book around three central questions: What are the essential marks of human intelligence? What is it that researchers try to do when they attempt to achieve "artificial intelligence" (AI)? And why, after more than 50 years, are our most common interactions with AI, for example with our bank’s computers, still so unsatisfactory? Landgrebe and Smith show how a widespread fear about AI’s potential to bring about radical changes in the nature of human beings and in the human social order is founded on an error. There is still, as they demonstrate in a final chapter, a great deal that AI can achieve which will benefit humanity. But these benefits will be achieved without the aid of systems that are more powerful than humans, which are as impossible as AI systems that are intrinsically "evil" or able to "will" a takeover of human society.

Beyond Information

Beyond Information

Author: Tom Stonier

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 230

ISBN-13: 1447118359

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Preamble The emergence of machine intelligence during the second half of the twentieth century is the most important development in the evolution of this planet since the origin of life two to three thousand million years ago. The emergence of machine intelligence within the matrix of human society is analogous to the emergence, three billion years ago, of complex, self-replicating molecules within the matrix of an energy-rich molecular soup - the first step in the evolution of life. The emergence of machine intelligence within a human social context has set into motion irreversible processes which will lead to an evolutionary discontinuity. Just as the emergence of "Life" represented a qualitatively different form of organisation of matter and energy, so will pure "Intelligence" represent a qualitatively different form of organisation of matter, energy and life. The emergence of machine intelligence presages the progression of the human species as we know it, into a form which, at present, we would not recognise as "human". As Forsyth and Naylor (1985) have pointed out: "Humanity has opened two Pandora's boxes at the same time, one labelled genetic engineering, the other labelled knowledge engineering. What we have let out is not entirely clear, but it is reasonable to hazard a guess that it contains the seeds of our successors".


Book Synopsis Beyond Information by : Tom Stonier

Download or read book Beyond Information written by Tom Stonier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preamble The emergence of machine intelligence during the second half of the twentieth century is the most important development in the evolution of this planet since the origin of life two to three thousand million years ago. The emergence of machine intelligence within the matrix of human society is analogous to the emergence, three billion years ago, of complex, self-replicating molecules within the matrix of an energy-rich molecular soup - the first step in the evolution of life. The emergence of machine intelligence within a human social context has set into motion irreversible processes which will lead to an evolutionary discontinuity. Just as the emergence of "Life" represented a qualitatively different form of organisation of matter and energy, so will pure "Intelligence" represent a qualitatively different form of organisation of matter, energy and life. The emergence of machine intelligence presages the progression of the human species as we know it, into a form which, at present, we would not recognise as "human". As Forsyth and Naylor (1985) have pointed out: "Humanity has opened two Pandora's boxes at the same time, one labelled genetic engineering, the other labelled knowledge engineering. What we have let out is not entirely clear, but it is reasonable to hazard a guess that it contains the seeds of our successors".

THE TALE OF TWO IQs

THE TALE OF TWO IQs

Author: Tamie Santiago

Publisher: Independently Published

Published: 2023-08-17

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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"The Tale of Two IQs: Human Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence" In "The Tale of Two IQs," readers are invited on a captivating odyssey, charting the nuanced realms of human intellect and the burgeoning world of artificial intelligence. This isn't just another tech book-it's a profound exploration of the essence of intelligence, both born of nature and crafted by human hands. With each page turned, you'll traverse the labyrinth of the human mind, marveling at its wonders and vulnerabilities. Contrastingly, you'll also step into the futuristic arena of AI, demystifying the algorithms and networks that are reshaping our world. The narrative seamlessly intertwines stories of our ancestral roots with projections into a future where man and machine might coexist, collaborate, or even clash. It poses vital questions: What does it mean to be intelligent? Can machines ever truly replicate human thought or emotion? And as AI continues to advance, what becomes of us? Bridging science, philosophy, and ethics, this book offers a panoramic view, from the neurons firing in our brains to the digital synapses of AI. It challenges preconceptions, ignites curiosity, and encourages introspection. Whether you're a tech aficionado, a philosophical soul, or simply someone curious about the future, "The Tale of Two IQs" promises to be an enlightening companion. Dive in, and embark on a journey that celebrates the wonders of intelligence-both human and artificial. Grab your copy and be part of the most significant conversation of our era.


Book Synopsis THE TALE OF TWO IQs by : Tamie Santiago

Download or read book THE TALE OF TWO IQs written by Tamie Santiago and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2023-08-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Tale of Two IQs: Human Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence" In "The Tale of Two IQs," readers are invited on a captivating odyssey, charting the nuanced realms of human intellect and the burgeoning world of artificial intelligence. This isn't just another tech book-it's a profound exploration of the essence of intelligence, both born of nature and crafted by human hands. With each page turned, you'll traverse the labyrinth of the human mind, marveling at its wonders and vulnerabilities. Contrastingly, you'll also step into the futuristic arena of AI, demystifying the algorithms and networks that are reshaping our world. The narrative seamlessly intertwines stories of our ancestral roots with projections into a future where man and machine might coexist, collaborate, or even clash. It poses vital questions: What does it mean to be intelligent? Can machines ever truly replicate human thought or emotion? And as AI continues to advance, what becomes of us? Bridging science, philosophy, and ethics, this book offers a panoramic view, from the neurons firing in our brains to the digital synapses of AI. It challenges preconceptions, ignites curiosity, and encourages introspection. Whether you're a tech aficionado, a philosophical soul, or simply someone curious about the future, "The Tale of Two IQs" promises to be an enlightening companion. Dive in, and embark on a journey that celebrates the wonders of intelligence-both human and artificial. Grab your copy and be part of the most significant conversation of our era.

Artificial Intelligence versus Human Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence versus Human Intelligence

Author: Christian Lexcellent

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2019-05-31

Total Pages: 70

ISBN-13: 3030214451

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This book showcases the fascinating but problematic relationship between human intelligence and artificial intelligence: AI is often discussed in the media, as if bodiless intelligence could exist, without a consciousness, without an unconscious, without thoughts. Using a wealth of anecdotes, data from academic literature, and original research, this short book examines in what circumstances robots can replace humans, and demonstrates that by operating beyond direct human control, strong artificial intelligence may pose serious problems, paving the way for all manner of extrapolations, for example implanting silicon chips in the brains of a privileged caste, and exposing the significant gap still present between the proponents of "singularity" and certain philosophers. With insights from mathematics, cognitive neuroscience and philosophy, it enables readers to understand and continue this open debate on AI, which presents concrete ethical problems for which meaningful answers are still in their infancy.


Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence versus Human Intelligence by : Christian Lexcellent

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence versus Human Intelligence written by Christian Lexcellent and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-31 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book showcases the fascinating but problematic relationship between human intelligence and artificial intelligence: AI is often discussed in the media, as if bodiless intelligence could exist, without a consciousness, without an unconscious, without thoughts. Using a wealth of anecdotes, data from academic literature, and original research, this short book examines in what circumstances robots can replace humans, and demonstrates that by operating beyond direct human control, strong artificial intelligence may pose serious problems, paving the way for all manner of extrapolations, for example implanting silicon chips in the brains of a privileged caste, and exposing the significant gap still present between the proponents of "singularity" and certain philosophers. With insights from mathematics, cognitive neuroscience and philosophy, it enables readers to understand and continue this open debate on AI, which presents concrete ethical problems for which meaningful answers are still in their infancy.

The Artificial Intelligence Takeover

The Artificial Intelligence Takeover

Author: Avery T. Smith

Publisher: Make Profits Easy LLC

Published: 2023-10-17

Total Pages: 185

ISBN-13:

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Dive deep into the transformative world of artificial intelligence with "The Artificial Intelligence Takeover." This book is more than just a guide—it's a journey through the intricate tapestry of AI, woven with history, innovation, and a touch of speculation. From its humble beginnings to its monumental impact on our daily lives, AI is not just a technological marvel; it's a testament to human ingenuity. Explore the myriad ways AI intersects with sectors as diverse as healthcare, the arts, and space exploration. But this exploration doesn't stop at marveling at AI's capabilities. It delves deep into the heart of pressing debates: Can AI truly replicate human creativity? What are the implications of an omnipresent surveillance system powered by AI? And where does humanity fit in a world increasingly influenced by algorithms? With a blend of meticulous research and engaging narrative, this book breaks down complex AI concepts, making them accessible to both novices and tech enthusiasts. It celebrates the potential of AI while also cautioning against its unchecked growth. As AI continues to shape our future, this book stands as a lighthouse, illuminating both the promises and the challenges of this technological frontier. AI's future is unfolding before our eyes, and its trajectory is intertwined with our choices and understanding. "The Artificial Intelligence Takeover" is your compass in this evolving landscape, guiding you to a future where technology and humanity coexist in harmony.


Book Synopsis The Artificial Intelligence Takeover by : Avery T. Smith

Download or read book The Artificial Intelligence Takeover written by Avery T. Smith and published by Make Profits Easy LLC. This book was released on 2023-10-17 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dive deep into the transformative world of artificial intelligence with "The Artificial Intelligence Takeover." This book is more than just a guide—it's a journey through the intricate tapestry of AI, woven with history, innovation, and a touch of speculation. From its humble beginnings to its monumental impact on our daily lives, AI is not just a technological marvel; it's a testament to human ingenuity. Explore the myriad ways AI intersects with sectors as diverse as healthcare, the arts, and space exploration. But this exploration doesn't stop at marveling at AI's capabilities. It delves deep into the heart of pressing debates: Can AI truly replicate human creativity? What are the implications of an omnipresent surveillance system powered by AI? And where does humanity fit in a world increasingly influenced by algorithms? With a blend of meticulous research and engaging narrative, this book breaks down complex AI concepts, making them accessible to both novices and tech enthusiasts. It celebrates the potential of AI while also cautioning against its unchecked growth. As AI continues to shape our future, this book stands as a lighthouse, illuminating both the promises and the challenges of this technological frontier. AI's future is unfolding before our eyes, and its trajectory is intertwined with our choices and understanding. "The Artificial Intelligence Takeover" is your compass in this evolving landscape, guiding you to a future where technology and humanity coexist in harmony.

Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence

Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence

Author: Clara MacCarald

Publisher: North Star Editions, Inc.

Published: 2020-01-01

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13: 1644933128

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Explores the many competitions that have pitted artificial intelligence against human intelligence, including in Go, chess, and Jeopardy! Clear text, vibrant photos, and helpful infographics make this book an accessible and engaging read.


Book Synopsis Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence by : Clara MacCarald

Download or read book Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence written by Clara MacCarald and published by North Star Editions, Inc.. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the many competitions that have pitted artificial intelligence against human intelligence, including in Go, chess, and Jeopardy! Clear text, vibrant photos, and helpful infographics make this book an accessible and engaging read.

The Promise of Artificial Intelligence

The Promise of Artificial Intelligence

Author: Brian Cantwell Smith

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2019-10-08

Total Pages: 179

ISBN-13: 0262043041

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An argument that—despite dramatic advances in the field—artificial intelligence is nowhere near developing systems that are genuinely intelligent. In this provocative book, Brian Cantwell Smith argues that artificial intelligence is nowhere near developing systems that are genuinely intelligent. Second wave AI, machine learning, even visions of third-wave AI: none will lead to human-level intelligence and judgment, which have been honed over millennia. Recent advances in AI may be of epochal significance, but human intelligence is of a different order than even the most powerful calculative ability enabled by new computational capacities. Smith calls this AI ability “reckoning,” and argues that it does not lead to full human judgment—dispassionate, deliberative thought grounded in ethical commitment and responsible action. Taking judgment as the ultimate goal of intelligence, Smith examines the history of AI from its first-wave origins (“good old-fashioned AI,” or GOFAI) to such celebrated second-wave approaches as machine learning, paying particular attention to recent advances that have led to excitement, anxiety, and debate. He considers each AI technology's underlying assumptions, the conceptions of intelligence targeted at each stage, and the successes achieved so far. Smith unpacks the notion of intelligence itself—what sort humans have, and what sort AI aims at. Smith worries that, impressed by AI's reckoning prowess, we will shift our expectations of human intelligence. What we should do, he argues, is learn to use AI for the reckoning tasks at which it excels while we strengthen our commitment to judgment, ethics, and the world.


Book Synopsis The Promise of Artificial Intelligence by : Brian Cantwell Smith

Download or read book The Promise of Artificial Intelligence written by Brian Cantwell Smith and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that—despite dramatic advances in the field—artificial intelligence is nowhere near developing systems that are genuinely intelligent. In this provocative book, Brian Cantwell Smith argues that artificial intelligence is nowhere near developing systems that are genuinely intelligent. Second wave AI, machine learning, even visions of third-wave AI: none will lead to human-level intelligence and judgment, which have been honed over millennia. Recent advances in AI may be of epochal significance, but human intelligence is of a different order than even the most powerful calculative ability enabled by new computational capacities. Smith calls this AI ability “reckoning,” and argues that it does not lead to full human judgment—dispassionate, deliberative thought grounded in ethical commitment and responsible action. Taking judgment as the ultimate goal of intelligence, Smith examines the history of AI from its first-wave origins (“good old-fashioned AI,” or GOFAI) to such celebrated second-wave approaches as machine learning, paying particular attention to recent advances that have led to excitement, anxiety, and debate. He considers each AI technology's underlying assumptions, the conceptions of intelligence targeted at each stage, and the successes achieved so far. Smith unpacks the notion of intelligence itself—what sort humans have, and what sort AI aims at. Smith worries that, impressed by AI's reckoning prowess, we will shift our expectations of human intelligence. What we should do, he argues, is learn to use AI for the reckoning tasks at which it excels while we strengthen our commitment to judgment, ethics, and the world.