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This brief guides the reader through three basic Internet resource pricing models using an Internet cost analysis. Addressing the evolution of service types, it presents several corresponding mechanisms which can ensure pricing implementation and resource allocation. The authors discuss utility optimization of network pricing methods in economics and underline two classes of pricing methods including system optimization and entities' strategic optimization. The brief closes with two examples of the newly proposed pricing strategy helping to solve the profit distribution problem brought by P2P free-riding and improve the pricing efficiency with the introduction of the price discrimination. The Internet resource pricing strategy is not only the key factor of Internet resource allocation efficiency, but also the determinant of the profit. The methods and models discussed in Internet Resource Pricing Models increase the efficiency of existing pricing strategies to ensure a sound and sustainable development of the Internet. The brief will help researchers and professionals working with this key factor of Internet resource allocation.
Book Synopsis Internet Resource Pricing Models by : Ke Xu
Download or read book Internet Resource Pricing Models written by Ke Xu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-13 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief guides the reader through three basic Internet resource pricing models using an Internet cost analysis. Addressing the evolution of service types, it presents several corresponding mechanisms which can ensure pricing implementation and resource allocation. The authors discuss utility optimization of network pricing methods in economics and underline two classes of pricing methods including system optimization and entities' strategic optimization. The brief closes with two examples of the newly proposed pricing strategy helping to solve the profit distribution problem brought by P2P free-riding and improve the pricing efficiency with the introduction of the price discrimination. The Internet resource pricing strategy is not only the key factor of Internet resource allocation efficiency, but also the determinant of the profit. The methods and models discussed in Internet Resource Pricing Models increase the efficiency of existing pricing strategies to ensure a sound and sustainable development of the Internet. The brief will help researchers and professionals working with this key factor of Internet resource allocation.
Traditionally engineers devised communication services without reference to how they should be priced. In today's environment pricing is a very complex subject and in practice depends on many parameters of the actual market - including amount of traffic, architecture of the network, technology, and cost. The challenge is to provide a generic service model which accurately captures aspects such as quality and performance, and can be used to derive optimal pricing strategies. Recent technology advances, combined with the deregulation of the telecommunication market and the proliferation of the internet, have created a highly competitive environment for communication service prividers. Pricing is no longer as simple as picking an appropriate model for a particular contract. There is a real need for a book that explains the provision of new services, the relation between pricing and resource allocation in networks; and the emergence of the internet and how to price it. Pricing Communication Networks provides a framework of mathematical models for pricing these multidimensional contracts, and includes background in network services and contracts, network techonology, basic economics, and pricing strategy. It can be used by economists to fill in the gaps in their knowledge of network services and technology, and for engineers and operational researchers to gain the background in economics required to price communication services effectively. * Provides a broad overview of network services and contracts * Includes a primer on modern network technology and the economic concepts relevant to pricing and competition * Includes discussion of mathematical models of traffic flow to help describe network capability and derive pricing strategies * Includes coverage of specialist topics, such as regulation, multicasting, and auctions * Illustrated throughout by detailed real examples * Suitable for anyone with an understanding of basic calculus and probability Primarily aimed at graduate students, researchers and practitioners from electrical engineering, computer science, economics and operations research Pricing Communication Networks will also appeal to telecomms engineers working in industry.
Book Synopsis Pricing Communication Networks by : Costas Courcoubetis
Download or read book Pricing Communication Networks written by Costas Courcoubetis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-07-25 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally engineers devised communication services without reference to how they should be priced. In today's environment pricing is a very complex subject and in practice depends on many parameters of the actual market - including amount of traffic, architecture of the network, technology, and cost. The challenge is to provide a generic service model which accurately captures aspects such as quality and performance, and can be used to derive optimal pricing strategies. Recent technology advances, combined with the deregulation of the telecommunication market and the proliferation of the internet, have created a highly competitive environment for communication service prividers. Pricing is no longer as simple as picking an appropriate model for a particular contract. There is a real need for a book that explains the provision of new services, the relation between pricing and resource allocation in networks; and the emergence of the internet and how to price it. Pricing Communication Networks provides a framework of mathematical models for pricing these multidimensional contracts, and includes background in network services and contracts, network techonology, basic economics, and pricing strategy. It can be used by economists to fill in the gaps in their knowledge of network services and technology, and for engineers and operational researchers to gain the background in economics required to price communication services effectively. * Provides a broad overview of network services and contracts * Includes a primer on modern network technology and the economic concepts relevant to pricing and competition * Includes discussion of mathematical models of traffic flow to help describe network capability and derive pricing strategies * Includes coverage of specialist topics, such as regulation, multicasting, and auctions * Illustrated throughout by detailed real examples * Suitable for anyone with an understanding of basic calculus and probability Primarily aimed at graduate students, researchers and practitioners from electrical engineering, computer science, economics and operations research Pricing Communication Networks will also appeal to telecomms engineers working in industry.
The internet represents a rapidly evolving set of technologies which is central to the development of a modern economy. Internet Economics: Models, Mechanisms and Management integrates knowledge about internet service design with economic modelling principles (pricing, cost and service models). Chapters highlight specific applications of the internet such as service provisioning, cloud computing, commerce, business security, network externalities, social media and more recent developments such as the Internet of Things (IoT), the industrial internet, data analytics and the use of big data to bring value to commercial ventures. Therefore, readers will have a conceptual and practical framework for understanding the economics of internet infrastructure and service delivery.
Book Synopsis Internet Economics: Models, Mechanisms and Management by : Hans W. Gottinger
Download or read book Internet Economics: Models, Mechanisms and Management written by Hans W. Gottinger and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017-08-28 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The internet represents a rapidly evolving set of technologies which is central to the development of a modern economy. Internet Economics: Models, Mechanisms and Management integrates knowledge about internet service design with economic modelling principles (pricing, cost and service models). Chapters highlight specific applications of the internet such as service provisioning, cloud computing, commerce, business security, network externalities, social media and more recent developments such as the Internet of Things (IoT), the industrial internet, data analytics and the use of big data to bring value to commercial ventures. Therefore, readers will have a conceptual and practical framework for understanding the economics of internet infrastructure and service delivery.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Internet Science held in Perpignan, France, in December 2019. The 30 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. The papers detail a multidisciplinary understanding of the development of the Internet as a societal and technological artefact which increasingly evolves with human societies.
Book Synopsis Internet Science by : Samira El Yacoubi
Download or read book Internet Science written by Samira El Yacoubi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-25 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Internet Science held in Perpignan, France, in December 2019. The 30 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. The papers detail a multidisciplinary understanding of the development of the Internet as a societal and technological artefact which increasingly evolves with human societies.
Addresses the public library community's need for practical cost information related to Internet connectivity and services. It is not a "how-to" manual for connecting libraries to the Internet. The value of this study rests more with the development of cost models, worksheets, and cost categories that can assist public libraries to determine an appropriate type of Internet connectivity and service provision given the library's need. This study seeks to improve the knowledge base of information, not to offer a comprehensive treatment of the topic.
Book Synopsis Internet Costs and Cost Models for Public Libraries by : Charles R. McClure
Download or read book Internet Costs and Cost Models for Public Libraries written by Charles R. McClure and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1996-07 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addresses the public library community's need for practical cost information related to Internet connectivity and services. It is not a "how-to" manual for connecting libraries to the Internet. The value of this study rests more with the development of cost models, worksheets, and cost categories that can assist public libraries to determine an appropriate type of Internet connectivity and service provision given the library's need. This study seeks to improve the knowledge base of information, not to offer a comprehensive treatment of the topic.
This book investigates the pressing issue of resource management for Internet of Things (IoT). The unique IoT ecosystem poses new challenges and calls for unique and bespoke solutions to deal with these challenges. Using a holistic approach, the authors present a thorough study into the allocation of the resources available within IoT systems to accommodate application requirements. This is done by investigating different functionalities and architectural approaches involved in a basic workflow for managing the lifecycle of resources in an IoT system. Resource Management for the Internet of Things will be of interest to researchers and students as well as professional developers interested in studying the IoT paradigm from data acquisition to the delivery of value-added services for the end user.
Book Synopsis Resource Management for Internet of Things by : Flávia C. Delicato
Download or read book Resource Management for Internet of Things written by Flávia C. Delicato and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-30 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the pressing issue of resource management for Internet of Things (IoT). The unique IoT ecosystem poses new challenges and calls for unique and bespoke solutions to deal with these challenges. Using a holistic approach, the authors present a thorough study into the allocation of the resources available within IoT systems to accommodate application requirements. This is done by investigating different functionalities and architectural approaches involved in a basic workflow for managing the lifecycle of resources in an IoT system. Resource Management for the Internet of Things will be of interest to researchers and students as well as professional developers interested in studying the IoT paradigm from data acquisition to the delivery of value-added services for the end user.
Learning, Teaching and Researching on the Internet: A Practical Guide for Social Scientists is directed at students and academic staff who want to be able to access Internet resources quickly and efficiently without needing to become IT experts. The emphasis throughout is on the harnessing of the large volume of potentially useful Internet resources to everyday requirements, whether these be focused on learning, teaching or research. The Internet is a significantly rich information, communication and research resource for all those involved in higher education, whether they be students, academic staff involved in teaching and research, or educational administrators. Whilst the author has drawn on the large volume of technical literature, it is written on the basis of practical experience acquired over the many years of using Internet resources in the context of teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the social sciences. In addition to extensive coverage on using Web browsers, searching for information at Web sites, in mailing lists and newsgroups, Part IV provides detailed annotations in the resources available at the best sites on the Internet collating materials on politics, sociology, economics, philosophy, psychology, history, human rights, European Union and other categories. The work is structured so that it will be found useful by both beginners and intermediate level users.
Book Synopsis Learning, Teaching and Researching on the Internet by : S. D. Stein
Download or read book Learning, Teaching and Researching on the Internet written by S. D. Stein and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-11 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning, Teaching and Researching on the Internet: A Practical Guide for Social Scientists is directed at students and academic staff who want to be able to access Internet resources quickly and efficiently without needing to become IT experts. The emphasis throughout is on the harnessing of the large volume of potentially useful Internet resources to everyday requirements, whether these be focused on learning, teaching or research. The Internet is a significantly rich information, communication and research resource for all those involved in higher education, whether they be students, academic staff involved in teaching and research, or educational administrators. Whilst the author has drawn on the large volume of technical literature, it is written on the basis of practical experience acquired over the many years of using Internet resources in the context of teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the social sciences. In addition to extensive coverage on using Web browsers, searching for information at Web sites, in mailing lists and newsgroups, Part IV provides detailed annotations in the resources available at the best sites on the Internet collating materials on politics, sociology, economics, philosophy, psychology, history, human rights, European Union and other categories. The work is structured so that it will be found useful by both beginners and intermediate level users.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Internet of Things (IoT) antenna design. IoT is a rapidly growing network of interconnected devices that can collect and exchange data. This data can be used to improve efficiency, safety, and productivity in many applications, including smart cities, grids, industrial internet, computer security, etc. One of the main components of the IoT is the antenna. Antennas are responsible for transmitting and receiving the data that flows between IoT devices. To be effective, IoT antennas must be small, light, and easy to integrate into devices. They must also be able to operate in various environments, including those with elevated interference levels. This resource covers a wide range of topics, including the challenges and opportunities involved in designing antennas for IoT applications and the importance of miniaturization in IoT antenna design. A comprehensive list of references is included, making it a valuable resource for further study. This is an essential resource for engineers, researchers, and anyone who wants to learn more about the latest trends in IoT antenna design.
Book Synopsis Antennas for IoT by : Prutha P. Kulkarni
Download or read book Antennas for IoT written by Prutha P. Kulkarni and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2023-09-30 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Internet of Things (IoT) antenna design. IoT is a rapidly growing network of interconnected devices that can collect and exchange data. This data can be used to improve efficiency, safety, and productivity in many applications, including smart cities, grids, industrial internet, computer security, etc. One of the main components of the IoT is the antenna. Antennas are responsible for transmitting and receiving the data that flows between IoT devices. To be effective, IoT antennas must be small, light, and easy to integrate into devices. They must also be able to operate in various environments, including those with elevated interference levels. This resource covers a wide range of topics, including the challenges and opportunities involved in designing antennas for IoT applications and the importance of miniaturization in IoT antenna design. A comprehensive list of references is included, making it a valuable resource for further study. This is an essential resource for engineers, researchers, and anyone who wants to learn more about the latest trends in IoT antenna design.
With the development of the Internet from a research network to a commercial and integrated network which must satisfy heterogeneous user demand, prices for Internet usage play an important role. This study analyzes the pricing of Internet transport services and interconnection. It explains why appropriate pricing requires popular flat rates to be abandoned. They should be replaced by usage-based prices which are load-sensitive and take different service qualities into consideration. The aim of this work is to give an overview of Internet pricing proposals, to classify, investigate, and evaluate these pricing schemes as well as to elaborate on relations between them. Evaluations are based on normative criteria for Internet pricing from the point of view of social welfare and the perspectives of both Internet service providers and users. Moreover, this book shows what efficient settlement rules look like at the interconnection level. Since these interconnection pricing agreements are closely related to retail pricing models the compatibility between them is also analyzed.
Book Synopsis Internet Pricing by : Andrea Graber
Download or read book Internet Pricing written by Andrea Graber and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2005 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the development of the Internet from a research network to a commercial and integrated network which must satisfy heterogeneous user demand, prices for Internet usage play an important role. This study analyzes the pricing of Internet transport services and interconnection. It explains why appropriate pricing requires popular flat rates to be abandoned. They should be replaced by usage-based prices which are load-sensitive and take different service qualities into consideration. The aim of this work is to give an overview of Internet pricing proposals, to classify, investigate, and evaluate these pricing schemes as well as to elaborate on relations between them. Evaluations are based on normative criteria for Internet pricing from the point of view of social welfare and the perspectives of both Internet service providers and users. Moreover, this book shows what efficient settlement rules look like at the interconnection level. Since these interconnection pricing agreements are closely related to retail pricing models the compatibility between them is also analyzed.
Usage-based pricing has rapidly become one of the most controversial topics in Internet policy. Both wired and wireless broadband providers are migrating from flat-rate pricing to a variety of consumption-based pricing models. Some consumer groups have viewed the change to usage-based pricing with skepticism, fearing it will usher in an era of higher prices, deteriorating service, and increasingly anticompetitive conduct. This article evaluates the merits of data caps, tiered-service plans, and other usage-based pricing strategies. It finds that usage-based broadband pricing is not inherently anti-consumer or anti-competitive. Rather, it reflects a cluster of pricing strategies through which a broadband company might recover its costs and fund future investment. Under a flat-rate plan, lighter users cross-subsidize heavier users. By aligning costs with broadband use, usage-based pricing shifts more network costs onto those who use the network the most. Critics claim that usage-based pricing is unfair, because the marginal costs of data transport are low, and therefore heavier users do not cost more than lighters. But this argument ignores the significant fixed costs of building and maintaining a network. The central challenge for broadband pricing is allocating those fixed costs across the customer base. Unlimited flat-rate pricing is one strategy, but not necessarily the most efficient. Usage-based pricing is a form of price discrimination that allows broadband providers to recover more of their fixed costs from customers with relatively inelastic demand. This strategy more closely approximates Ramsey pricing and therefore may be a more efficient way of recovering fixed costs without distorting consumer preferences. Pricing experimentation may also help narrow the digital divide. By recovering more fixed costs from heavier users, firms may have more freedom to extend service at a lower rate to light users who are unable or unwilling to pay the unlimited flat rate. There is evidence that these opportunities are beginning to emerge from companies engaged in usage-based pricing. Usage-based pricing may also help alleviate network congestion, though the case is less clear. Unlimited flat-rate pricing encourages overconsumption of network resources, which can create congestion during peak periods. Usage-based pricing encourages consumers to use less bandwidth and to demand more bandwidth-efficient practices by Internet content and service providers. But it is not clear that current pricing strategies will help mitigate peak-time congestion. To use pricing to shift consumption to off-peak periods, companies would need to show peak times are predictable. Fixed networks show regular peak times, but congestion is not currently a significant problem for fixed providers. On the wireless side, congestion is problematic but peak times are less predictable. With current technology, usage-based pricing may reduce aggregate demand and help chronically over-congested networks, but firms likely cannot yet use differentiated pricing to reduce peak-time congestion levels. Unquestionably, some vertically-integrated broadband providers may use usage-based pricing anticompetitively to shield cable affiliates from Internet-based video competition. While these risks exist, the literature suggests that vertical restraints on trade can be pro-competitive or anticompetitive. Regulators should remain vigilant with regard to potentially anticompetitive conduct, but should intervene only when a firm exploits market power in a way that causes actual consumer harm. Regulators should also assure that broadband providers have transparent pricing practices and give consumers tools to estimate monthly data use. Only through experimentation and empirical measurement will providers find the optimal pricing solution -- which, by network, may vary dramatically. Thus far, regulators have correctly rejected the call to interfere with this pricing flexibility, absent a demonstration of market failure and consumer harm. This study shows why they would be wise to continue doing so. A working paper version was published by the Mercatus Center in October 2012.
Book Synopsis Internet Policy's Next Frontier by : Daniel Lyons
Download or read book Internet Policy's Next Frontier written by Daniel Lyons and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Usage-based pricing has rapidly become one of the most controversial topics in Internet policy. Both wired and wireless broadband providers are migrating from flat-rate pricing to a variety of consumption-based pricing models. Some consumer groups have viewed the change to usage-based pricing with skepticism, fearing it will usher in an era of higher prices, deteriorating service, and increasingly anticompetitive conduct. This article evaluates the merits of data caps, tiered-service plans, and other usage-based pricing strategies. It finds that usage-based broadband pricing is not inherently anti-consumer or anti-competitive. Rather, it reflects a cluster of pricing strategies through which a broadband company might recover its costs and fund future investment. Under a flat-rate plan, lighter users cross-subsidize heavier users. By aligning costs with broadband use, usage-based pricing shifts more network costs onto those who use the network the most. Critics claim that usage-based pricing is unfair, because the marginal costs of data transport are low, and therefore heavier users do not cost more than lighters. But this argument ignores the significant fixed costs of building and maintaining a network. The central challenge for broadband pricing is allocating those fixed costs across the customer base. Unlimited flat-rate pricing is one strategy, but not necessarily the most efficient. Usage-based pricing is a form of price discrimination that allows broadband providers to recover more of their fixed costs from customers with relatively inelastic demand. This strategy more closely approximates Ramsey pricing and therefore may be a more efficient way of recovering fixed costs without distorting consumer preferences. Pricing experimentation may also help narrow the digital divide. By recovering more fixed costs from heavier users, firms may have more freedom to extend service at a lower rate to light users who are unable or unwilling to pay the unlimited flat rate. There is evidence that these opportunities are beginning to emerge from companies engaged in usage-based pricing. Usage-based pricing may also help alleviate network congestion, though the case is less clear. Unlimited flat-rate pricing encourages overconsumption of network resources, which can create congestion during peak periods. Usage-based pricing encourages consumers to use less bandwidth and to demand more bandwidth-efficient practices by Internet content and service providers. But it is not clear that current pricing strategies will help mitigate peak-time congestion. To use pricing to shift consumption to off-peak periods, companies would need to show peak times are predictable. Fixed networks show regular peak times, but congestion is not currently a significant problem for fixed providers. On the wireless side, congestion is problematic but peak times are less predictable. With current technology, usage-based pricing may reduce aggregate demand and help chronically over-congested networks, but firms likely cannot yet use differentiated pricing to reduce peak-time congestion levels. Unquestionably, some vertically-integrated broadband providers may use usage-based pricing anticompetitively to shield cable affiliates from Internet-based video competition. While these risks exist, the literature suggests that vertical restraints on trade can be pro-competitive or anticompetitive. Regulators should remain vigilant with regard to potentially anticompetitive conduct, but should intervene only when a firm exploits market power in a way that causes actual consumer harm. Regulators should also assure that broadband providers have transparent pricing practices and give consumers tools to estimate monthly data use. Only through experimentation and empirical measurement will providers find the optimal pricing solution -- which, by network, may vary dramatically. Thus far, regulators have correctly rejected the call to interfere with this pricing flexibility, absent a demonstration of market failure and consumer harm. This study shows why they would be wise to continue doing so. A working paper version was published by the Mercatus Center in October 2012.
