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The problem of irreversibility is ubiquitous in physics and chemistry. The present book attempts to present a unified theoretical and conceptual framework for the description of various irreversible phenomena in quantum mechanics. In a sense, this book supplements conventional textbooks on quantum mechanics by including the theory of irreversibilities. However, the content and style of this book are more appropriate for a monograph than a textbook. We have tried to arrange the material so that, as far as possible, the reader need not continually refer elsewhere. The references to the literature make no pretense of completeness. The book is by no means a survey of present theoretical work. We have tried to highlight the basic principles and their results, while the attention has been mainly paid to the problems in which the author himself has been involved. The book as a whole is designed for the reader with knowledge of theoretical physics (especially quantum mechanics) at university level. This book is based on the courses of lectures given at the Chemistry Department of Tel-Aviv University.
Book Synopsis Irreversibilities in Quantum Mechanics by : B. Fain
Download or read book Irreversibilities in Quantum Mechanics written by B. Fain and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of irreversibility is ubiquitous in physics and chemistry. The present book attempts to present a unified theoretical and conceptual framework for the description of various irreversible phenomena in quantum mechanics. In a sense, this book supplements conventional textbooks on quantum mechanics by including the theory of irreversibilities. However, the content and style of this book are more appropriate for a monograph than a textbook. We have tried to arrange the material so that, as far as possible, the reader need not continually refer elsewhere. The references to the literature make no pretense of completeness. The book is by no means a survey of present theoretical work. We have tried to highlight the basic principles and their results, while the attention has been mainly paid to the problems in which the author himself has been involved. The book as a whole is designed for the reader with knowledge of theoretical physics (especially quantum mechanics) at university level. This book is based on the courses of lectures given at the Chemistry Department of Tel-Aviv University.
The subject of this book emerged from a series of lectures that the author gave at the Department of Physics of the University of North Texas during the 1992 Spring Semester, and reflects the vivacious discussions that he has been having with the students and the co-workers attending this course. The main conclusion of these discussions was that the major tenet of the "conservative" physicists, that classical physics must be recovered from quantum mechanics by adopting the statistical perspective of Gibbs, implying by necessity a Gibbs ensemble of Universes as well as a Gibbs ensemble of observers, is not satisfactory. It is actually as unsatisfactory as the dominant approaches to irreversibility. The book examines the current approaches to irreversibility, in classical and quantum physics, and shows that an objective theory of irreversibility does not exist yet, and that all the current theories of irreversibility share with quantum mechanics elements of subjectivity, making crucial the role played by the observer. In addition to the traditional quantum mechanical paradoxes, concerning the quantum theory of measurement, the book also discusses the new difficulties that the physics of chaos is causing to the widely accepted correspondence principle, and suggests that the Boltzmann dream, the dream that the fracture between dynamics and thermodynamics might be healed, cannot become true within the framework of the current physics, and that the establishment of a new physics is necessary for that ambitious purpose to be achieved.
Book Synopsis Quantum Mechanical Irreversibility and Measurement by : Paolo Grigolini
Download or read book Quantum Mechanical Irreversibility and Measurement written by Paolo Grigolini and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1993 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subject of this book emerged from a series of lectures that the author gave at the Department of Physics of the University of North Texas during the 1992 Spring Semester, and reflects the vivacious discussions that he has been having with the students and the co-workers attending this course. The main conclusion of these discussions was that the major tenet of the "conservative" physicists, that classical physics must be recovered from quantum mechanics by adopting the statistical perspective of Gibbs, implying by necessity a Gibbs ensemble of Universes as well as a Gibbs ensemble of observers, is not satisfactory. It is actually as unsatisfactory as the dominant approaches to irreversibility. The book examines the current approaches to irreversibility, in classical and quantum physics, and shows that an objective theory of irreversibility does not exist yet, and that all the current theories of irreversibility share with quantum mechanics elements of subjectivity, making crucial the role played by the observer. In addition to the traditional quantum mechanical paradoxes, concerning the quantum theory of measurement, the book also discusses the new difficulties that the physics of chaos is causing to the widely accepted correspondence principle, and suggests that the Boltzmann dream, the dream that the fracture between dynamics and thermodynamics might be healed, cannot become true within the framework of the current physics, and that the establishment of a new physics is necessary for that ambitious purpose to be achieved.
In Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility: The LiouvilleSpace Extension of Quantum Mechanics T. Petrosky and I. Prigogine Unstable Systems in Generalized Quantum Theory E. C. G. Sudarshan, Charles B. Chiu, and G. Bhamathi Resonances and Dilatation Analyticity in Liouville Space Erkki J. Brandas Time, Irreversibility, and Unstable Systems in QuantumPhysics E. Eisenberg and L. P. Horwitz Quantum Systems with Diagonal Singularity I. Antoniou and Z. Suchanecki Nonadiabatic Crossing of Decaying Levels V. V. and Vl. V. Kocharovsky and S. Tasaki Can We Observe Microscopic Chaos in the Laboratory? Pierre Gaspard Proton Nonlocality and Decoherence in Condensed Matter --Predictions and Experimental Results C. A. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann "We are at a most interesting moment in the history of science.Classical science emphasized equilibrium, stability, and timereversibility. Now we see instabilities, fluctuations, evolution onall levels of observations. This change of perspective requires newtools, new concepts. This volume invites the reader not to anenumeration of final achievements of contemporary science, but toan excursion to science in the making." --from the Foreword by I.Prigogine What are the dynamical roots of irreversibility? How can past andfuture be distinguished on the fundamental level of description?Are human beings the children of time --or its progenitors? Inrecent years, a growing number of chemists and physicists haveagreed that the solution to the problem of irreversibility requiresan extension of classical and quantum mechanics. There is, however,no consensus on which direction this extension should take toinclude the dynamical description of irreversible processes. Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility surveys recentattempts --both direct and indirect --to address the problem ofirreversibility. Internationally recognized researchers report ontheir recent studies, which run the gamut from experimental tohighly mathematical. The subject matter of these papers falls intothree categories: classical systems with emphasis on chaos anddynamical instability, resonances and unstable quantum systems, andthe general problem of irreversibility. Presenting the cutting edge of research into some of the mostcompelling questions that face contemporary chemical physics,Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility is fascinating readingfor professionals and students in every area of the discipline.
Book Synopsis Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility, Volume 99 by : Ilya Prigogine
Download or read book Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility, Volume 99 written by Ilya Prigogine and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-09 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility: The LiouvilleSpace Extension of Quantum Mechanics T. Petrosky and I. Prigogine Unstable Systems in Generalized Quantum Theory E. C. G. Sudarshan, Charles B. Chiu, and G. Bhamathi Resonances and Dilatation Analyticity in Liouville Space Erkki J. Brandas Time, Irreversibility, and Unstable Systems in QuantumPhysics E. Eisenberg and L. P. Horwitz Quantum Systems with Diagonal Singularity I. Antoniou and Z. Suchanecki Nonadiabatic Crossing of Decaying Levels V. V. and Vl. V. Kocharovsky and S. Tasaki Can We Observe Microscopic Chaos in the Laboratory? Pierre Gaspard Proton Nonlocality and Decoherence in Condensed Matter --Predictions and Experimental Results C. A. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann "We are at a most interesting moment in the history of science.Classical science emphasized equilibrium, stability, and timereversibility. Now we see instabilities, fluctuations, evolution onall levels of observations. This change of perspective requires newtools, new concepts. This volume invites the reader not to anenumeration of final achievements of contemporary science, but toan excursion to science in the making." --from the Foreword by I.Prigogine What are the dynamical roots of irreversibility? How can past andfuture be distinguished on the fundamental level of description?Are human beings the children of time --or its progenitors? Inrecent years, a growing number of chemists and physicists haveagreed that the solution to the problem of irreversibility requiresan extension of classical and quantum mechanics. There is, however,no consensus on which direction this extension should take toinclude the dynamical description of irreversible processes. Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility surveys recentattempts --both direct and indirect --to address the problem ofirreversibility. Internationally recognized researchers report ontheir recent studies, which run the gamut from experimental tohighly mathematical. The subject matter of these papers falls intothree categories: classical systems with emphasis on chaos anddynamical instability, resonances and unstable quantum systems, andthe general problem of irreversibility. Presenting the cutting edge of research into some of the mostcompelling questions that face contemporary chemical physics,Resonances, Instability, and Irreversibility is fascinating readingfor professionals and students in every area of the discipline.
In the book the idea of irreversibility as an inherent property of time is developed theoretically and experimentally. The matter is related with causality, and the method of causal analysis is presented. The quantum causal analysis helps understand the principle of week causality which admits extraction of information from the future without the classical paradoxes. It implies a possibility of observation of the future as the existing reality. So, the acceptance of time irreversibility leads to a striking manifestation of reversibility – signaling in reverse time. Quantum insight allows considering correlations of the distant irreversible processes as nonlocal ones originated from a macroscopic entanglement. The experimental approach to study of macroscopic nonlocality is discussed, and design of the experimental setup is described. The results of experiments on macroscopic nonlocal correlations, the signals in reverse time and their application to the forecast of large-scale random processes are expounded.
Book Synopsis Causality and Reversibility in Irreversible Time by : Sergey M. Korotaev
Download or read book Causality and Reversibility in Irreversible Time written by Sergey M. Korotaev and published by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA. This book was released on 2011-10-06 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the book the idea of irreversibility as an inherent property of time is developed theoretically and experimentally. The matter is related with causality, and the method of causal analysis is presented. The quantum causal analysis helps understand the principle of week causality which admits extraction of information from the future without the classical paradoxes. It implies a possibility of observation of the future as the existing reality. So, the acceptance of time irreversibility leads to a striking manifestation of reversibility – signaling in reverse time. Quantum insight allows considering correlations of the distant irreversible processes as nonlocal ones originated from a macroscopic entanglement. The experimental approach to study of macroscopic nonlocality is discussed, and design of the experimental setup is described. The results of experiments on macroscopic nonlocal correlations, the signals in reverse time and their application to the forecast of large-scale random processes are expounded.
The idea of editing the present volume in the Lecture Notes in Physics series arosewhileorganizingthe“ConferenceonIrreversibleQuantumDynamics”that took place at The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, from July 29 to August 2, 2002. The aim of the Conference was to bring together di?erent groups of - searcherswhoseinterestsandpursuitsinvolveirreversibilityandtimeasymmetry in quantum mechanics. The Conference promoted open and in-depth exchanges of di?erent points of view, concerning both the content and character of qu- tum irreversibility and the methodologies used to study it. The following main themes were addressed: • Theoretical Aspects of Quantum Irreversible Dynamics • Open Quantum Systems and Applications • Foundational Aspects of Irreversible Quantum Dynamics • Asymmetric Time Evolution and Resonances Eachthemewasreviewedbyanexpertinthe?eld,accompaniedbymorespeci?c, research-like shorter talks. The whole topic of quantum irreversibility in all its manifold aspects has always raised a lot of interest, starting with the description of unstable systems in quantum mechanics and the issue of quantum measurement. Further, in - cent years a boost of activity concerning noise, dissipation and open systems has been prompted by the fast developing ?eld of quantum communication and information theory. These considerations motivated the editors to put together a volume that tries to summarize the present day status of the research in the ?eld, with the aim of providing the reader with an accessible and exhaustive introduction to it.
Book Synopsis Irreversible Quantum Dynamics by : Fabio Benatti
Download or read book Irreversible Quantum Dynamics written by Fabio Benatti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-11 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of editing the present volume in the Lecture Notes in Physics series arosewhileorganizingthe“ConferenceonIrreversibleQuantumDynamics”that took place at The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, from July 29 to August 2, 2002. The aim of the Conference was to bring together di?erent groups of - searcherswhoseinterestsandpursuitsinvolveirreversibilityandtimeasymmetry in quantum mechanics. The Conference promoted open and in-depth exchanges of di?erent points of view, concerning both the content and character of qu- tum irreversibility and the methodologies used to study it. The following main themes were addressed: • Theoretical Aspects of Quantum Irreversible Dynamics • Open Quantum Systems and Applications • Foundational Aspects of Irreversible Quantum Dynamics • Asymmetric Time Evolution and Resonances Eachthemewasreviewedbyanexpertinthe?eld,accompaniedbymorespeci?c, research-like shorter talks. The whole topic of quantum irreversibility in all its manifold aspects has always raised a lot of interest, starting with the description of unstable systems in quantum mechanics and the issue of quantum measurement. Further, in - cent years a boost of activity concerning noise, dissipation and open systems has been prompted by the fast developing ?eld of quantum communication and information theory. These considerations motivated the editors to put together a volume that tries to summarize the present day status of the research in the ?eld, with the aim of providing the reader with an accessible and exhaustive introduction to it.
The Sitges International School of Physics is the second one to be held in Spain on the Many Body Problem. The first one took place on Mallorca during the summer 1969. The aim of the school was mainly to direct the interest of professors and students of Spanish Universities tow~rds this concrete field of re search. For this purpose 55 ~specially prepared lectures were given by an eminent collection of lecturers. Besides, a school of this class contri butes to the scientific formation of many students from other countries. Also, in a meeting of this kind, personal contacts are born that favour future co~laboration between scientists. In view of the success of the first two schools, we intend to foster future international meetings on this subject until interest in it is consolidated in Spain. All the lectures given are published here except those of Professor P.C. Martin whose lec tures have previously been published. I would like to thank all those people who helped to make this school a success, and in particular: Prof. J.L. Villar-Palasi, Minister of Educa tion of Spain for sponsoring the school. Dr. R. Diez-Hochleitner, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Education for receiving the project of this school with such enthusiasm. v PREFACE Prof. E.Costa-Novella, Director General of Universities in Spain and Dr. F.Arias-Salgado who showed such interest and patience while assuring the necessary finance would be found for the school.
Book Synopsis Irreversibility in the Many-Body Problem by : L. M. Garrido
Download or read book Irreversibility in the Many-Body Problem written by L. M. Garrido and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sitges International School of Physics is the second one to be held in Spain on the Many Body Problem. The first one took place on Mallorca during the summer 1969. The aim of the school was mainly to direct the interest of professors and students of Spanish Universities tow~rds this concrete field of re search. For this purpose 55 ~specially prepared lectures were given by an eminent collection of lecturers. Besides, a school of this class contri butes to the scientific formation of many students from other countries. Also, in a meeting of this kind, personal contacts are born that favour future co~laboration between scientists. In view of the success of the first two schools, we intend to foster future international meetings on this subject until interest in it is consolidated in Spain. All the lectures given are published here except those of Professor P.C. Martin whose lec tures have previously been published. I would like to thank all those people who helped to make this school a success, and in particular: Prof. J.L. Villar-Palasi, Minister of Educa tion of Spain for sponsoring the school. Dr. R. Diez-Hochleitner, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Education for receiving the project of this school with such enthusiasm. v PREFACE Prof. E.Costa-Novella, Director General of Universities in Spain and Dr. F.Arias-Salgado who showed such interest and patience while assuring the necessary finance would be found for the school.
A dominant feature of our ordinary experience of the world is a sense of irreversible change: things lose form, people grow old, energy dissipates. On the other hand, a major conceptual scheme we use to describe the natural world, molecular dynamics, has reversibility at its core. The need to harmonize conceptual schemes and experience leads to several questions, one of which is the focus of this book. How does irreversibility at the macroscopic level emerge from the reversibility that prevails at the molecular level? Attempts to explain the emergence have emphasized probability, and assigned different probabilities to the forward and reversed directions of processes so that one direction is far more probable than the other. The conclu sion is promising, but the reasons for it have been obscure. In many cases the aim has been to find an explana tion in the nature of probability itself. Reactions to that have been divided: some think the aim is justified while others think it is absurd.
Book Synopsis The Nature of Irreversibility by : H.B. Hollinger
Download or read book The Nature of Irreversibility written by H.B. Hollinger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dominant feature of our ordinary experience of the world is a sense of irreversible change: things lose form, people grow old, energy dissipates. On the other hand, a major conceptual scheme we use to describe the natural world, molecular dynamics, has reversibility at its core. The need to harmonize conceptual schemes and experience leads to several questions, one of which is the focus of this book. How does irreversibility at the macroscopic level emerge from the reversibility that prevails at the molecular level? Attempts to explain the emergence have emphasized probability, and assigned different probabilities to the forward and reversed directions of processes so that one direction is far more probable than the other. The conclu sion is promising, but the reasons for it have been obscure. In many cases the aim has been to find an explana tion in the nature of probability itself. Reactions to that have been divided: some think the aim is justified while others think it is absurd.
INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “Most appealing... technical accuracy and lightness of tone... Impeccable.”—Wall Street Journal “A porthole into another world.”—Scientific American “Brings science dissemination to a new level.”—Science The most trusted explainer of the most mind-boggling concepts pulls back the veil of mystery that has too long cloaked the most valuable building blocks of modern science. Sean Carroll, with his genius for making complex notions entertaining, presents in his uniquely lucid voice the fundamental ideas informing the modern physics of reality. Physics offers deep insights into the workings of the universe but those insights come in the form of equations that often look like gobbledygook. Sean Carroll shows that they are really like meaningful poems that can help us fly over sierras to discover a miraculous multidimensional landscape alive with radiant giants, warped space-time, and bewilderingly powerful forces. High school calculus is itself a centuries-old marvel as worthy of our gaze as the Mona Lisa. And it may come as a surprise the extent to which all our most cutting-edge ideas about black holes are built on the math calculus enables. No one else could so smoothly guide readers toward grasping the very equation Einstein used to describe his theory of general relativity. In the tradition of the legendary Richard Feynman lectures presented sixty years ago, this book is an inspiring, dazzling introduction to a way of seeing that will resonate across cultural and generational boundaries for many years to come.
Book Synopsis The Biggest Ideas in the Universe by : Sean Carroll
Download or read book The Biggest Ideas in the Universe written by Sean Carroll and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-09-20 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “Most appealing... technical accuracy and lightness of tone... Impeccable.”—Wall Street Journal “A porthole into another world.”—Scientific American “Brings science dissemination to a new level.”—Science The most trusted explainer of the most mind-boggling concepts pulls back the veil of mystery that has too long cloaked the most valuable building blocks of modern science. Sean Carroll, with his genius for making complex notions entertaining, presents in his uniquely lucid voice the fundamental ideas informing the modern physics of reality. Physics offers deep insights into the workings of the universe but those insights come in the form of equations that often look like gobbledygook. Sean Carroll shows that they are really like meaningful poems that can help us fly over sierras to discover a miraculous multidimensional landscape alive with radiant giants, warped space-time, and bewilderingly powerful forces. High school calculus is itself a centuries-old marvel as worthy of our gaze as the Mona Lisa. And it may come as a surprise the extent to which all our most cutting-edge ideas about black holes are built on the math calculus enables. No one else could so smoothly guide readers toward grasping the very equation Einstein used to describe his theory of general relativity. In the tradition of the legendary Richard Feynman lectures presented sixty years ago, this book is an inspiring, dazzling introduction to a way of seeing that will resonate across cultural and generational boundaries for many years to come.
Emergent quantum mechanics explores the possibility of an ontology for quantum mechanics. The resurgence of interest in "deeper-level" theories for quantum phenomena challenges the standard, textbook interpretation. The book presents expert views that critically evaluate the significance—for 21st century physics—of ontological quantum mechanics, an approach that David Bohm helped pioneer. The possibility of a deterministic quantum theory was first introduced with the original de Broglie-Bohm theory, which has also been developed as Bohmian mechanics. The wide range of perspectives that were contributed to this book on the occasion of David Bohm’s centennial celebration provide ample evidence for the physical consistency of ontological quantum mechanics. The book addresses deeper-level questions such as the following: Is reality intrinsically random or fundamentally interconnected? Is the universe local or nonlocal? Might a radically new conception of reality include a form of quantum causality or quantum ontology? What is the role of the experimenter agent? As the book demonstrates, the advancement of ‘quantum ontology’—as a scientific concept—marks a clear break with classical reality. The search for quantum reality entails unconventional causal structures and non-classical ontology, which can be fully consistent with the known record of quantum observations in the laboratory.
Book Synopsis Emergent Quantum Mechanics by : Jan Walleczek
Download or read book Emergent Quantum Mechanics written by Jan Walleczek and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emergent quantum mechanics explores the possibility of an ontology for quantum mechanics. The resurgence of interest in "deeper-level" theories for quantum phenomena challenges the standard, textbook interpretation. The book presents expert views that critically evaluate the significance—for 21st century physics—of ontological quantum mechanics, an approach that David Bohm helped pioneer. The possibility of a deterministic quantum theory was first introduced with the original de Broglie-Bohm theory, which has also been developed as Bohmian mechanics. The wide range of perspectives that were contributed to this book on the occasion of David Bohm’s centennial celebration provide ample evidence for the physical consistency of ontological quantum mechanics. The book addresses deeper-level questions such as the following: Is reality intrinsically random or fundamentally interconnected? Is the universe local or nonlocal? Might a radically new conception of reality include a form of quantum causality or quantum ontology? What is the role of the experimenter agent? As the book demonstrates, the advancement of ‘quantum ontology’—as a scientific concept—marks a clear break with classical reality. The search for quantum reality entails unconventional causal structures and non-classical ontology, which can be fully consistent with the known record of quantum observations in the laboratory.
In addition to confusion with regard to exactly what entropy is, current scientific explanations of the associated irreversibility and the ineluctable increases in entropy are complicated, unsatisfactory, and completely incorrect. This problem is so impenetrable in fact that in over two centuries of notable attempts by the greatest scientific minds there has still been no explanation that is credible. The ubiquitous increases in entropy seem, however, to only affect the happenings at the macroscopic level of our everyday existence for which no process is completely reversible. Processes that are irreversible like those we witness every day with the naked eye are ipso facto those for which entropy is increased. But there has seemed to be no origin of this dire trend at the submicroscopic level where the answers to virtually all of the difficult problems of physics have been resolved. In resolving irreversibility at the submicroscopic level it has been necessary to augment Boltzmann's kinetic theory beyond two types of interaction and to more fully elaborate necessary constraints on the emission and absorption of radiation in Einstein's quantum theory of radiation. It is in the interactions between these domains where irreversibility enters. It has been incumbent upon us to close major loops left open by the scope of their analyses. Boltzmann could not have foreseen the impact of mediated interactions involving quantized photons, nor certainly relativistic effects. A comprehensive model has had to be developed to incorporate complimentary mechanical and radiational aspects of a thermodynamic system. The mediated interactions between molecules that do not involve direct collisions always reduce the relative velocity of the interacting molecules, which is very entropic behavior. In this way, individual submicroscopic processes 'use up' otherwise useful energy and increase entropy even at the submicroscopic level. Yet another form of interaction involving both radiational and particulate dynamics is the scattering of radiation by arrays of charges within a thermodynamic system. 'Forward' scattering in particular has traditionally been considered to involve conservative forces that do not alter the energetics of either the ensemble of particles or the radiation field. We show that this too is an over simplification whose correction has profound consequences of irreversible behavior, producing what have been considered 'cosmological' effects. The major loops that must be closed in this regard involve the origin of the ubiquitous hydrogenous intergalactic plasma with 24% helium by weight and the supposed disappearance of mass (and information) in black holes. There is increasing evidence that black holes do indeed errupt spewing forth hydrogenous plasma to again produce the 24% helium in generating the gamma radiation that after prolonged redshifting caused by irreversible scattering becomes the microwave background radiation. The blackbody temperature of a redshifting medium does not reflect the kinetic temperature of the particulate matter by which that radiation is scattered.
Book Synopsis The Nature, Origin, and Profound Implications of Irreversibility by : Russell Vaughan
Download or read book The Nature, Origin, and Profound Implications of Irreversibility written by Russell Vaughan and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-08-19 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to confusion with regard to exactly what entropy is, current scientific explanations of the associated irreversibility and the ineluctable increases in entropy are complicated, unsatisfactory, and completely incorrect. This problem is so impenetrable in fact that in over two centuries of notable attempts by the greatest scientific minds there has still been no explanation that is credible. The ubiquitous increases in entropy seem, however, to only affect the happenings at the macroscopic level of our everyday existence for which no process is completely reversible. Processes that are irreversible like those we witness every day with the naked eye are ipso facto those for which entropy is increased. But there has seemed to be no origin of this dire trend at the submicroscopic level where the answers to virtually all of the difficult problems of physics have been resolved. In resolving irreversibility at the submicroscopic level it has been necessary to augment Boltzmann's kinetic theory beyond two types of interaction and to more fully elaborate necessary constraints on the emission and absorption of radiation in Einstein's quantum theory of radiation. It is in the interactions between these domains where irreversibility enters. It has been incumbent upon us to close major loops left open by the scope of their analyses. Boltzmann could not have foreseen the impact of mediated interactions involving quantized photons, nor certainly relativistic effects. A comprehensive model has had to be developed to incorporate complimentary mechanical and radiational aspects of a thermodynamic system. The mediated interactions between molecules that do not involve direct collisions always reduce the relative velocity of the interacting molecules, which is very entropic behavior. In this way, individual submicroscopic processes 'use up' otherwise useful energy and increase entropy even at the submicroscopic level. Yet another form of interaction involving both radiational and particulate dynamics is the scattering of radiation by arrays of charges within a thermodynamic system. 'Forward' scattering in particular has traditionally been considered to involve conservative forces that do not alter the energetics of either the ensemble of particles or the radiation field. We show that this too is an over simplification whose correction has profound consequences of irreversible behavior, producing what have been considered 'cosmological' effects. The major loops that must be closed in this regard involve the origin of the ubiquitous hydrogenous intergalactic plasma with 24% helium by weight and the supposed disappearance of mass (and information) in black holes. There is increasing evidence that black holes do indeed errupt spewing forth hydrogenous plasma to again produce the 24% helium in generating the gamma radiation that after prolonged redshifting caused by irreversible scattering becomes the microwave background radiation. The blackbody temperature of a redshifting medium does not reflect the kinetic temperature of the particulate matter by which that radiation is scattered.
