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Santeria, a religion whose origins can be traced back to the Yoruban tribes of West Africa. Brought into the United States and Latin American countries through the slave trade, it is now practiced in Cuba and the Latin American countries and has over 20,000 followers in the United States. Inside this book learn: The Practices of SanteriaThe Orisha of Truth Who Killed His Own MotherThe Reason Oshun Was Shunned After Giving Birth to TwinsThe Punishment Babalu Aye May Deliver Out As well as a few Santeria spells.
Book Synopsis Lucumi by : Monique Joiner Siedlak
Download or read book Lucumi written by Monique Joiner Siedlak and published by Oshun Publications, LLC. This book was released on 2018-08-31 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Santeria, a religion whose origins can be traced back to the Yoruban tribes of West Africa. Brought into the United States and Latin American countries through the slave trade, it is now practiced in Cuba and the Latin American countries and has over 20,000 followers in the United States. Inside this book learn: The Practices of SanteriaThe Orisha of Truth Who Killed His Own MotherThe Reason Oshun Was Shunned After Giving Birth to TwinsThe Punishment Babalu Aye May Deliver Out As well as a few Santeria spells.
Do you want a new belief that will help you overcome life's difficulties and survive in the new society? Do you want to cultivate your own spiritual energy? Even if you know nothing about Santeria, with this book you will learn the basics and structure of the Lucumi religion, also known as Santería, Regla de Ocha or Regla de Ifá. Hundreds of years ago, the Yoruba people of Nigeria and West Africa were brought to America as slaves. Luckily, they successfully preserved their heritage and ancestral spirits by disguising their deities as Catholic saints. In secret, they worshipped. The result is the new-age religion known as Santería, a blend of Catholicism and African traditional beliefs. This book offers valuable and insightful information about the origins of the world, the birth of the Orishas, and their role in the life of every believer according to the practices of the syncretic Lucumí religion. In this book, you will: Learn how the Orishas came to be, starting with the source of all things - Olodumare The birth of the Orishas and their role in earthly life Discover which Orisha to call upon for specific circumstances The merits and defects of each Orisha And so much more! In this book, secrets and praises of the Orishas are laid bare - waiting for you to read, digest, and apply. You don't have to look far for divine answers. This book will show you how to find your answers with ease. This book will be the beginning of the path towards the discovery of your OrishaGet your copy now at its special price.
Book Synopsis Lucumi, Yoruba People by : Esther Fuente Alvarez
Download or read book Lucumi, Yoruba People written by Esther Fuente Alvarez and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do you want a new belief that will help you overcome life's difficulties and survive in the new society? Do you want to cultivate your own spiritual energy? Even if you know nothing about Santeria, with this book you will learn the basics and structure of the Lucumi religion, also known as Santería, Regla de Ocha or Regla de Ifá. Hundreds of years ago, the Yoruba people of Nigeria and West Africa were brought to America as slaves. Luckily, they successfully preserved their heritage and ancestral spirits by disguising their deities as Catholic saints. In secret, they worshipped. The result is the new-age religion known as Santería, a blend of Catholicism and African traditional beliefs. This book offers valuable and insightful information about the origins of the world, the birth of the Orishas, and their role in the life of every believer according to the practices of the syncretic Lucumí religion. In this book, you will: Learn how the Orishas came to be, starting with the source of all things - Olodumare The birth of the Orishas and their role in earthly life Discover which Orisha to call upon for specific circumstances The merits and defects of each Orisha And so much more! In this book, secrets and praises of the Orishas are laid bare - waiting for you to read, digest, and apply. You don't have to look far for divine answers. This book will show you how to find your answers with ease. This book will be the beginning of the path towards the discovery of your OrishaGet your copy now at its special price.
The recent explosion of social media has led to a huge amount of shared information regarding the path of Orisha. This has led to a rise in consciousness regarding Lucumi ( Aka; Santeria). This branch of Orisha practice has its roots in Cuba, but has travelled far beyond its birthplace. Consequently, there has been a shift in the access of information and scams and charlatans are commonplace. Fractured relationships are frequent. This book is a self-help book which explains the basics of our traditions and how to spot red flags. For those already practising the religion, there is a chapter on how to negotiate being a Godparent and how to create healthy communities. Caring for our planet and our mental health is also addressed. What are the new challenges we face as a community in this technological age? This book acknowledges the need to protect our traditions, safe-guarding secrets, whilst promoting a quest for knowledge. It is a call to reframe our traditions, born from slavery and trauma in a healthy way which acknowledges the unhealthy relationships that exist within the traditional hierarchical structure. This book is for all following the Lucumi way of life and those who aspire to do so.
Book Synopsis The Lucumi Practitioner’s Handbook by : Daniela R De Armas
Download or read book The Lucumi Practitioner’s Handbook written by Daniela R De Armas and published by Balboa Press. This book was released on 2024-05-19 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent explosion of social media has led to a huge amount of shared information regarding the path of Orisha. This has led to a rise in consciousness regarding Lucumi ( Aka; Santeria). This branch of Orisha practice has its roots in Cuba, but has travelled far beyond its birthplace. Consequently, there has been a shift in the access of information and scams and charlatans are commonplace. Fractured relationships are frequent. This book is a self-help book which explains the basics of our traditions and how to spot red flags. For those already practising the religion, there is a chapter on how to negotiate being a Godparent and how to create healthy communities. Caring for our planet and our mental health is also addressed. What are the new challenges we face as a community in this technological age? This book acknowledges the need to protect our traditions, safe-guarding secrets, whilst promoting a quest for knowledge. It is a call to reframe our traditions, born from slavery and trauma in a healthy way which acknowledges the unhealthy relationships that exist within the traditional hierarchical structure. This book is for all following the Lucumi way of life and those who aspire to do so.
This book Pataki of Orisa and other Essay's for Lucumi Santeria. Contains Pataki of Odu , Essays on Orisha written by Ota Omi. OTA OMI /(woofy), has been a diligent writer of Pataki on the internet for years and Highly respected in the Santeria Community. This is his first book published here on Lulu, and he promises to continue writing more volumes and other works. A must have for your santeria Libraryataki of Orisa and other Essay's for Lucumi Santeria. Contains Pataki of Odu , Essays on Orisha written by Ota Omi. OTA OMI /(woofy), has been a diligent writer of Pataki on the internet for years and Highly respected in the Santeria Community. This is his first book published here on Lulu, and he promises to continue writing more volumes and other works. A must have for your santeria LibraryISBN 978-0-557-08376-3
Book Synopsis Pataki of Orisa and Other Essay's for Lucumi Santeria by : O. T. A. Omi OLO oshun
Download or read book Pataki of Orisa and Other Essay's for Lucumi Santeria written by O. T. A. Omi OLO oshun and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2009-07-28 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book Pataki of Orisa and other Essay's for Lucumi Santeria. Contains Pataki of Odu , Essays on Orisha written by Ota Omi. OTA OMI /(woofy), has been a diligent writer of Pataki on the internet for years and Highly respected in the Santeria Community. This is his first book published here on Lulu, and he promises to continue writing more volumes and other works. A must have for your santeria Libraryataki of Orisa and other Essay's for Lucumi Santeria. Contains Pataki of Odu , Essays on Orisha written by Ota Omi. OTA OMI /(woofy), has been a diligent writer of Pataki on the internet for years and Highly respected in the Santeria Community. This is his first book published here on Lulu, and he promises to continue writing more volumes and other works. A must have for your santeria LibraryISBN 978-0-557-08376-3
Step into the enchanting world of Santería and embark on a soul-stirring journey that will ignite your spiritual power and connect you with the timeless wisdom of your ancestors. In this captivating guide, you'll unlock the secrets of Santería's sacred rituals, spells, and practices, empowering yourself to create positive change and manifest your deepest desires. Prepare to unleash the dormant potential within you as you delve into the fascinating history and cultural significance of Santería, tracing its roots back to the resilient Yoruba people of Africa. Discover how their enduring spirit during times of adversity led to the preservation of their traditions and the emergence of Santería in America. Explore the concept of Ashe, the life force energy that pulses through the universe, and learn how to harness it to cultivate balance, harmony, and personal fulfillment in your life. Dive into the mystical realm of the orishas, powerful deities who hold sway over different aspects of existence, and uncover their attributes and associated rituals. With practical guidance on performing spells, rituals, and divination, you'll enhance your spiritual practice and manifest your intentions with precision and purpose. Unlock techniques for cultivating and channeling spiritual energy to awaken your inner power and embrace your true potential. Nurture your well-being and shield yourself from negative energies with rituals of healing and protection, and forge a profound spiritual bond with your ancestors, drawing upon their guidance, wisdom, and sense of belonging. Whether you're new to the realm of spirituality or seeking to deepen your existing practice, "Santería: Mastering the Power of Lucumí Spells, Rituals, and Sacred Orishas for Spiritual Growth and Personal Empowerment" equips you with the tools, insights, and inspiration needed to awaken your spiritual power, embrace ancestral wisdom, and live a life filled with purpose, abundance, and spiritual fulfillment. Are you ready to unlock the transformative magic of Santería and connect with the divine forces that shape our world? Dive into this captivating guide and begin your adventure of spiritual discovery today. Click the "Buy Now" button and embark on your journey toward personal empowerment and spiritual enlightenment.
Book Synopsis Santería: Mastering the Power of Lucumí Spells, Rituals, and Sacred Orishas for Spiritual Growth and Personal Empowerment by : Elena Cruz
Download or read book Santería: Mastering the Power of Lucumí Spells, Rituals, and Sacred Orishas for Spiritual Growth and Personal Empowerment written by Elena Cruz and published by Elena Cruz. This book was released on 2024-04-24 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Step into the enchanting world of Santería and embark on a soul-stirring journey that will ignite your spiritual power and connect you with the timeless wisdom of your ancestors. In this captivating guide, you'll unlock the secrets of Santería's sacred rituals, spells, and practices, empowering yourself to create positive change and manifest your deepest desires. Prepare to unleash the dormant potential within you as you delve into the fascinating history and cultural significance of Santería, tracing its roots back to the resilient Yoruba people of Africa. Discover how their enduring spirit during times of adversity led to the preservation of their traditions and the emergence of Santería in America. Explore the concept of Ashe, the life force energy that pulses through the universe, and learn how to harness it to cultivate balance, harmony, and personal fulfillment in your life. Dive into the mystical realm of the orishas, powerful deities who hold sway over different aspects of existence, and uncover their attributes and associated rituals. With practical guidance on performing spells, rituals, and divination, you'll enhance your spiritual practice and manifest your intentions with precision and purpose. Unlock techniques for cultivating and channeling spiritual energy to awaken your inner power and embrace your true potential. Nurture your well-being and shield yourself from negative energies with rituals of healing and protection, and forge a profound spiritual bond with your ancestors, drawing upon their guidance, wisdom, and sense of belonging. Whether you're new to the realm of spirituality or seeking to deepen your existing practice, "Santería: Mastering the Power of Lucumí Spells, Rituals, and Sacred Orishas for Spiritual Growth and Personal Empowerment" equips you with the tools, insights, and inspiration needed to awaken your spiritual power, embrace ancestral wisdom, and live a life filled with purpose, abundance, and spiritual fulfillment. Are you ready to unlock the transformative magic of Santería and connect with the divine forces that shape our world? Dive into this captivating guide and begin your adventure of spiritual discovery today. Click the "Buy Now" button and embark on your journey toward personal empowerment and spiritual enlightenment.
In the Afro-Cuban Lukumi religious tradition—more commonly known in the United States as Santería—entrants into the priesthood undergo an extraordinary fifty-three-week initiation period. During this time, these novices—called iyawo—endure a host of prohibitions, including most notably wearing exclusively white clothing. In A Year in White, sociologist C. Lynn Carr, who underwent this initiation herself, opens a window on this remarkable year-long religious transformation. In her intimate investigation of the “year in white,” Carr draws on fifty-two in-depth interviews with other participants, an online survey of nearly two hundred others, and almost a decade of her own ethnographic fieldwork, gathering stories that allow us to see how cultural newcomers and natives thought, felt, and acted with regard to their initiation. She documents how, during the iyawo year, the ritual slowly transforms the initiate’s identity. For the first three months, for instance, the iyawo may not use a mirror, even to shave, and must eat all meals while seated on a mat on the floor using only a spoon and their own set of dishes. During the entire year, the iyawo loses their name and is simply addressed as “iyawo” by family and friends. Carr also shows that this year-long religious ritual—which is carried out even as the iyawo goes about daily life—offers new insight into religion in general, suggesting that the sacred is not separable from the profane and indeed that religion shares an ongoing dynamic relationship with the realities of everyday life. Religious expression happens at home, on the streets, at work and school. Offering insight not only into Santería but also into religion more generally, A Year in White makes an important contribution to our understanding of complex, dynamic religious landscapes in multicultural, pluralist societies and how they inhabit our daily lives.
Book Synopsis A Year in White by : C. Lynn Carr
Download or read book A Year in White written by C. Lynn Carr and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Afro-Cuban Lukumi religious tradition—more commonly known in the United States as Santería—entrants into the priesthood undergo an extraordinary fifty-three-week initiation period. During this time, these novices—called iyawo—endure a host of prohibitions, including most notably wearing exclusively white clothing. In A Year in White, sociologist C. Lynn Carr, who underwent this initiation herself, opens a window on this remarkable year-long religious transformation. In her intimate investigation of the “year in white,” Carr draws on fifty-two in-depth interviews with other participants, an online survey of nearly two hundred others, and almost a decade of her own ethnographic fieldwork, gathering stories that allow us to see how cultural newcomers and natives thought, felt, and acted with regard to their initiation. She documents how, during the iyawo year, the ritual slowly transforms the initiate’s identity. For the first three months, for instance, the iyawo may not use a mirror, even to shave, and must eat all meals while seated on a mat on the floor using only a spoon and their own set of dishes. During the entire year, the iyawo loses their name and is simply addressed as “iyawo” by family and friends. Carr also shows that this year-long religious ritual—which is carried out even as the iyawo goes about daily life—offers new insight into religion in general, suggesting that the sacred is not separable from the profane and indeed that religion shares an ongoing dynamic relationship with the realities of everyday life. Religious expression happens at home, on the streets, at work and school. Offering insight not only into Santería but also into religion more generally, A Year in White makes an important contribution to our understanding of complex, dynamic religious landscapes in multicultural, pluralist societies and how they inhabit our daily lives.
Many Buddhist practitioners and others are unaware of African-based traditions, or have negative mythology about these systems. Many practitioners of African-based traditions have limited exposure to various forms of Buddhism. Lucumi is an indigenous tradition evolved from the Yoruba people of West Africa. The community and its sister traditions have tens of millions of practitioners worldwide, are on five continents and include people of African, Latin American, Asian and European descent.OCHA DHARMA is offered to support expanded awareness of Lucumi and more forms of Buddhism. It hopes to deepen understanding, dispel mythology, and provide exposure for those interested in these beautiful systems of practice. By placing Lucumi and Buddhism in dialogue as wisdom traditions, the book supports greater positive visibility of African-based traditions, and provides broader access to Buddhism for communities practicing other traditions. This book can strengthen our collective learning including helping heal structural inequity, and increase the positive benefit that people and beings everywhere may experience.Petty, Sheryl. (2016). Ocha Dharma: The Relationship Between Lucumi, an African-based Tradition & Buddhist Practice. Movement Tapestries: NY.
Book Synopsis Ocha Dharma by : Sheryl Petty
Download or read book Ocha Dharma written by Sheryl Petty and published by . This book was released on 2016-12-08 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Buddhist practitioners and others are unaware of African-based traditions, or have negative mythology about these systems. Many practitioners of African-based traditions have limited exposure to various forms of Buddhism. Lucumi is an indigenous tradition evolved from the Yoruba people of West Africa. The community and its sister traditions have tens of millions of practitioners worldwide, are on five continents and include people of African, Latin American, Asian and European descent.OCHA DHARMA is offered to support expanded awareness of Lucumi and more forms of Buddhism. It hopes to deepen understanding, dispel mythology, and provide exposure for those interested in these beautiful systems of practice. By placing Lucumi and Buddhism in dialogue as wisdom traditions, the book supports greater positive visibility of African-based traditions, and provides broader access to Buddhism for communities practicing other traditions. This book can strengthen our collective learning including helping heal structural inequity, and increase the positive benefit that people and beings everywhere may experience.Petty, Sheryl. (2016). Ocha Dharma: The Relationship Between Lucumi, an African-based Tradition & Buddhist Practice. Movement Tapestries: NY.
Honorable Mention, 2019 Barbara T. Christian Literary Award, given by the Caribbean Studies Association Winner, 2017 Clifford Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion, presented by the Society for the Anthropology of Religion section of the American Anthropological Association Finalist, 2017 Albert J. Raboteau Prize for the Best Book in Africana Religions presented by the Journal of Africana Religions An examination of the religious importance of food among Caribbean and Latin American communities Before honey can be offered to the Afro-Cuban deity Ochún, it must be tasted, to prove to her that it is good. In African-inspired religions throughout the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States, such gestures instill the attitudes that turn participants into practitioners. Acquiring deep knowledge of the diets of the gods and ancestors constructs adherents’ identities; to learn to fix the gods’ favorite dishes is to be “seasoned” into their service. In this innovative work, Elizabeth Pérez reveals how seemingly trivial "micropractices" such as the preparation of sacred foods, are complex rituals in their own right. Drawing on years of ethnographic research in Chicago among practitioners of Lucumí, the transnational tradition popularly known as Santería, Pérez focuses on the behind-the-scenes work of the primarily women and gay men responsible for feeding the gods. She reveals how cooking and talking around the kitchen table have played vital socializing roles in Black Atlantic religions. Entering the world of divine desires and the varied flavors that speak to them, this volume takes a fresh approach to the anthropology of religion. Its richly textured portrait of a predominantly African-American Lucumí community reconceptualizes race, gender, sexuality, and affect in the formation of religious identity, proposing that every religion coalesces and sustains itself through its own secret recipe of micropractices.
Book Synopsis Religion in the Kitchen by : Elizabeth Pérez
Download or read book Religion in the Kitchen written by Elizabeth Pérez and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2016-02-16 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Honorable Mention, 2019 Barbara T. Christian Literary Award, given by the Caribbean Studies Association Winner, 2017 Clifford Geertz Prize in the Anthropology of Religion, presented by the Society for the Anthropology of Religion section of the American Anthropological Association Finalist, 2017 Albert J. Raboteau Prize for the Best Book in Africana Religions presented by the Journal of Africana Religions An examination of the religious importance of food among Caribbean and Latin American communities Before honey can be offered to the Afro-Cuban deity Ochún, it must be tasted, to prove to her that it is good. In African-inspired religions throughout the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States, such gestures instill the attitudes that turn participants into practitioners. Acquiring deep knowledge of the diets of the gods and ancestors constructs adherents’ identities; to learn to fix the gods’ favorite dishes is to be “seasoned” into their service. In this innovative work, Elizabeth Pérez reveals how seemingly trivial "micropractices" such as the preparation of sacred foods, are complex rituals in their own right. Drawing on years of ethnographic research in Chicago among practitioners of Lucumí, the transnational tradition popularly known as Santería, Pérez focuses on the behind-the-scenes work of the primarily women and gay men responsible for feeding the gods. She reveals how cooking and talking around the kitchen table have played vital socializing roles in Black Atlantic religions. Entering the world of divine desires and the varied flavors that speak to them, this volume takes a fresh approach to the anthropology of religion. Its richly textured portrait of a predominantly African-American Lucumí community reconceptualizes race, gender, sexuality, and affect in the formation of religious identity, proposing that every religion coalesces and sustains itself through its own secret recipe of micropractices.
Ever since its emergence in colonial-era Cuba, Afro-Cuban Santería (or Lucumí) has displayed a complex dynamic of continuity and change in its institutions, rituals, and iconography. Originally published in 2003 Santería Enthroned combines art, history, cultural anthropology, and ethnohistory to show how Africans and their descendants have developed novel forms of religious practice in the face of relentless oppression. Focusing on the royal throne as a potent metaphor in Santería belief and practice it shows how negotiations among ideologically competing interests have shaped the religion’s symbols, rituals, and institutions from the nineteenth century to the present. Rich case studies of change in Cuba and the United States, including a New Jersey temple and South Carolina’s Oyotunji Village, reveal patterns of innovation similar to those found among rival Yoruba kingdoms in Nigeria. Throughout, the book argues for a theoretical perspective on culture as a field of potential strategies and "usuable pasts" that actors draw upon to craft new forms and identities – a perspective that will be invaluable to all students of the African Diaspora.
Book Synopsis Santería Enthroned by : David H. Brown
Download or read book Santería Enthroned written by David H. Brown and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-10-24 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever since its emergence in colonial-era Cuba, Afro-Cuban Santería (or Lucumí) has displayed a complex dynamic of continuity and change in its institutions, rituals, and iconography. Originally published in 2003 Santería Enthroned combines art, history, cultural anthropology, and ethnohistory to show how Africans and their descendants have developed novel forms of religious practice in the face of relentless oppression. Focusing on the royal throne as a potent metaphor in Santería belief and practice it shows how negotiations among ideologically competing interests have shaped the religion’s symbols, rituals, and institutions from the nineteenth century to the present. Rich case studies of change in Cuba and the United States, including a New Jersey temple and South Carolina’s Oyotunji Village, reveal patterns of innovation similar to those found among rival Yoruba kingdoms in Nigeria. Throughout, the book argues for a theoretical perspective on culture as a field of potential strategies and "usuable pasts" that actors draw upon to craft new forms and identities – a perspective that will be invaluable to all students of the African Diaspora.
This Atlantic world history centers on the life of Juan Nepomuceno Prieto (c. 1773–c. 1835), a member of the West African Yoruba people enslaved and taken to Havana during the era of the Atlantic slave trade. Richly situating Prieto's story within the context of colonial Cuba, Henry B. Lovejoy illuminates the vast process by which thousands of Yoruba speakers were forced into life-and-death struggles in a strange land. In Havana, Prieto and most of the people of the Yoruba diaspora were identified by the colonial authorities as Lucumi. Prieto's evolving identity becomes the fascinating fulcrum of the book. Drafted as an enslaved soldier for Spain, Prieto achieved self-manumission while still in the military. Rising steadily in his dangerous new world, he became the religious leader of Havana's most famous Lucumi cabildo, where he contributed to the development of the Afro-Cuban religion of Santeria. Then he was arrested on suspicion of fomenting slave rebellion. Trial testimony shows that he fell ill, but his ultimate fate is unknown. Despite the silences and contradictions that will never be fully resolved, Prieto's life opens a window onto how Africans creatively developed multiple forms of identity and resistance in Cuba and in the Atlantic world more broadly.
Book Synopsis Prieto by : Henry B. Lovejoy
Download or read book Prieto written by Henry B. Lovejoy and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Atlantic world history centers on the life of Juan Nepomuceno Prieto (c. 1773–c. 1835), a member of the West African Yoruba people enslaved and taken to Havana during the era of the Atlantic slave trade. Richly situating Prieto's story within the context of colonial Cuba, Henry B. Lovejoy illuminates the vast process by which thousands of Yoruba speakers were forced into life-and-death struggles in a strange land. In Havana, Prieto and most of the people of the Yoruba diaspora were identified by the colonial authorities as Lucumi. Prieto's evolving identity becomes the fascinating fulcrum of the book. Drafted as an enslaved soldier for Spain, Prieto achieved self-manumission while still in the military. Rising steadily in his dangerous new world, he became the religious leader of Havana's most famous Lucumi cabildo, where he contributed to the development of the Afro-Cuban religion of Santeria. Then he was arrested on suspicion of fomenting slave rebellion. Trial testimony shows that he fell ill, but his ultimate fate is unknown. Despite the silences and contradictions that will never be fully resolved, Prieto's life opens a window onto how Africans creatively developed multiple forms of identity and resistance in Cuba and in the Atlantic world more broadly.
