Masculinity and Femininity

Masculinity and Femininity

Author: Janet T. Spence

Publisher: University of Texas Press

Published: 2014-11-06

Total Pages: 311

ISBN-13: 1477303111

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Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.


Book Synopsis Masculinity and Femininity by : Janet T. Spence

Download or read book Masculinity and Femininity written by Janet T. Spence and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.

Masculinity and Femininity

Masculinity and Femininity

Author: Geert Hofstede

Publisher: SAGE Publications

Published: 1998-05-13

Total Pages: 261

ISBN-13: 1506319475

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In 1980, Geert Hofstede published his monumental work CultureÆs Consequences, which laid out four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures could be understood: individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. Since then much research has been conducted and presented on individualism/collectivism but until now, no single volume has focused on the masculinity dimension of the model. In Masculinity and Femininity, Hofstede has expanded, sharpened, and deepened the discussion of masculinity and femininity. This new volume presents the first thoroughly developed discussion of this dimension and how it can help us understand the differences among cultures. It begins with a general explanation of masculinity and discusses how it illuminates broad features of different cultures. It then applies the dimension more specifically to gender, sexuality, and religion. Finally, the book examines how the masculinity dimension reveals a lot about a cultureÆs expressions of religious ideas, the importance its citizens attach to religion, and the way religious concepts are understood. Intended as a companion volume to KimÆs Individualism and Collectivism, this important volume will be of interest to those teaching courses such as cross-cultural psychology, international social welfare, international business, womenÆs studies, cultural studies, and the psychology of women.


Book Synopsis Masculinity and Femininity by : Geert Hofstede

Download or read book Masculinity and Femininity written by Geert Hofstede and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 1998-05-13 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1980, Geert Hofstede published his monumental work CultureÆs Consequences, which laid out four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures could be understood: individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. Since then much research has been conducted and presented on individualism/collectivism but until now, no single volume has focused on the masculinity dimension of the model. In Masculinity and Femininity, Hofstede has expanded, sharpened, and deepened the discussion of masculinity and femininity. This new volume presents the first thoroughly developed discussion of this dimension and how it can help us understand the differences among cultures. It begins with a general explanation of masculinity and discusses how it illuminates broad features of different cultures. It then applies the dimension more specifically to gender, sexuality, and religion. Finally, the book examines how the masculinity dimension reveals a lot about a cultureÆs expressions of religious ideas, the importance its citizens attach to religion, and the way religious concepts are understood. Intended as a companion volume to KimÆs Individualism and Collectivism, this important volume will be of interest to those teaching courses such as cross-cultural psychology, international social welfare, international business, womenÆs studies, cultural studies, and the psychology of women.

Female Masculinity

Female Masculinity

Author: Judith Halberstam

Publisher: Duke University Press

Published: 1998

Total Pages: 348

ISBN-13: 9780822322436

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Masculinity without men. In Female Masculinity Judith Halberstam takes aim at the protected status of male masculinity and shows that female masculinity has offered a distinct alternative to it for well over two hundred years. Providing the first full-length study on this subject, Halberstam catalogs the diversity of gender expressions among masculine women from nineteenth-century pre-lesbian practices to contemporary drag king performances. Through detailed textual readings as well as empirical research, Halberstam uncovers a hidden history of female masculinities while arguing for a more nuanced understanding of gender categories that would incorporate rather than pathologize them. She rereads Anne Lister's diaries and Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness as foundational assertions of female masculine identity. She considers the enigma of the stone butch and the politics surrounding butch/femme roles within lesbian communities. She also explores issues of transsexuality among "transgender dykes"--lesbians who pass as men--and female-to-male transsexuals who may find the label of "lesbian" a temporary refuge. Halberstam also tackles such topics as women and boxing, butches in Hollywood and independent cinema, and the phenomenon of male impersonators. Female Masculinity signals a new understanding of masculine behaviors and identities, and a new direction in interdisciplinary queer scholarship. Illustrated with nearly forty photographs, including portraits, film stills, and drag king performance shots, this book provides an extensive record of the wide range of female masculinities. And as Halberstam clearly demonstrates, female masculinity is not some bad imitation of virility, but a lively and dramatic staging of hybrid and minority genders.


Book Synopsis Female Masculinity by : Judith Halberstam

Download or read book Female Masculinity written by Judith Halberstam and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Masculinity without men. In Female Masculinity Judith Halberstam takes aim at the protected status of male masculinity and shows that female masculinity has offered a distinct alternative to it for well over two hundred years. Providing the first full-length study on this subject, Halberstam catalogs the diversity of gender expressions among masculine women from nineteenth-century pre-lesbian practices to contemporary drag king performances. Through detailed textual readings as well as empirical research, Halberstam uncovers a hidden history of female masculinities while arguing for a more nuanced understanding of gender categories that would incorporate rather than pathologize them. She rereads Anne Lister's diaries and Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness as foundational assertions of female masculine identity. She considers the enigma of the stone butch and the politics surrounding butch/femme roles within lesbian communities. She also explores issues of transsexuality among "transgender dykes"--lesbians who pass as men--and female-to-male transsexuals who may find the label of "lesbian" a temporary refuge. Halberstam also tackles such topics as women and boxing, butches in Hollywood and independent cinema, and the phenomenon of male impersonators. Female Masculinity signals a new understanding of masculine behaviors and identities, and a new direction in interdisciplinary queer scholarship. Illustrated with nearly forty photographs, including portraits, film stills, and drag king performance shots, this book provides an extensive record of the wide range of female masculinities. And as Halberstam clearly demonstrates, female masculinity is not some bad imitation of virility, but a lively and dramatic staging of hybrid and minority genders.

Masculinity, Femininity, and American Political Behavior

Masculinity, Femininity, and American Political Behavior

Author: Monika L. McDermott

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 257

ISBN-13: 0190462809

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This book presents a unique analysis of the effects of individuals' gendered personality traits on their political attitudes and behavior. The empirical analyses demonstrate that, regardless of biological sex, individuals' levels of masculine and feminine personality traits help to determine their party identification, vote choice, ideology, and political engagement.


Book Synopsis Masculinity, Femininity, and American Political Behavior by : Monika L. McDermott

Download or read book Masculinity, Femininity, and American Political Behavior written by Monika L. McDermott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unique analysis of the effects of individuals' gendered personality traits on their political attitudes and behavior. The empirical analyses demonstrate that, regardless of biological sex, individuals' levels of masculine and feminine personality traits help to determine their party identification, vote choice, ideology, and political engagement.

Femininity and Masculinity in Eighteenth-century Art and Culture

Femininity and Masculinity in Eighteenth-century Art and Culture

Author: Gillian Perry

Publisher: Manchester University Press

Published: 1994

Total Pages: 276

ISBN-13: 9780719042287

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Focusing on the visual arts and written texts, this book explores the nature of femininity and masculinity in 18th-century Britain and France. The activities and collective conditions of women as producers of art and culture are investigated, together with analysis of representation and the ways in which it might be gendered. This illustrated book should make an important contribution to debates on representation, constructions of sexuality and women as producers.


Book Synopsis Femininity and Masculinity in Eighteenth-century Art and Culture by : Gillian Perry

Download or read book Femininity and Masculinity in Eighteenth-century Art and Culture written by Gillian Perry and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the visual arts and written texts, this book explores the nature of femininity and masculinity in 18th-century Britain and France. The activities and collective conditions of women as producers of art and culture are investigated, together with analysis of representation and the ways in which it might be gendered. This illustrated book should make an important contribution to debates on representation, constructions of sexuality and women as producers.

Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships

Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships

Author: Pamela J. Kalbfleisch

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 1136480501

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This edited volume establishes a state-of-the-art perspective on theory and research on gender, power, and communication in human relationships. Both theoretical essays and review chapters address issues relevant to female and male differences in power, dominance, communication, equality, and expectations/beliefs. All chapter contributors share two commonalities. First, each provides a 1990s assessment of power and equality in female and male relationships. Second, each reviews respective programs of research and focuses attention on the relevance of this research to understanding the relationships of women and men. Unique because it incorporates a multidisciplinary approach to the study of gender and the communication of power in human relationships, this book includes the original work of intellectuals with national and international reputations in the social sciences. The volume provides both scholastic breadth and centralized treatment of issues that form the very foundation of social and personal relationships. It will appeal to scholars working in the disciplines of communication and psychology as well as other areas of social science research.


Book Synopsis Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships by : Pamela J. Kalbfleisch

Download or read book Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships written by Pamela J. Kalbfleisch and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume establishes a state-of-the-art perspective on theory and research on gender, power, and communication in human relationships. Both theoretical essays and review chapters address issues relevant to female and male differences in power, dominance, communication, equality, and expectations/beliefs. All chapter contributors share two commonalities. First, each provides a 1990s assessment of power and equality in female and male relationships. Second, each reviews respective programs of research and focuses attention on the relevance of this research to understanding the relationships of women and men. Unique because it incorporates a multidisciplinary approach to the study of gender and the communication of power in human relationships, this book includes the original work of intellectuals with national and international reputations in the social sciences. The volume provides both scholastic breadth and centralized treatment of issues that form the very foundation of social and personal relationships. It will appeal to scholars working in the disciplines of communication and psychology as well as other areas of social science research.

"Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny"

Author: Mary Vetterling-Braggin

Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield

Published: 1982

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 9780822603993

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To find more information about Rowman and Littlefield titles, please visit www.rowmanlittlefield.com.


Book Synopsis "Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny" by : Mary Vetterling-Braggin

Download or read book "Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny" written by Mary Vetterling-Braggin and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 1982 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To find more information about Rowman and Littlefield titles, please visit www.rowmanlittlefield.com.

Excluded

Excluded

Author: Julia Serano

Publisher: Seal Press

Published: 2013-10-01

Total Pages: 224

ISBN-13: 1580055052

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While many feminist and queer movements are designed to challenge sexism, they often simultaneously police gender and sexuality—sometimes just as fiercely as the straight, male-centric mainstream does. Among LGBTQ activists, there is a long history of lesbians and gay men dismissing bisexuals, transgender people, and other gender and sexual minorities. In each case, exclusion is based on the premise that certain ways of being gendered or sexual are more legitimate, natural, or righteous than others. As a trans woman, bisexual, and femme activist, Julia Serano has spent much of the last ten years challenging various forms of exclusion within feminist and queer/LGBTQ movements. In Excluded, she chronicles many of these instances of exclusion and argues that marginalizing others often stems from a handful of assumptions that are routinely made about gender and sexuality. These false assumptions infect theories, activism, organizations, and communities—and worse, they enable people to vigorously protest certain forms of sexism while simultaneously ignoring and even perpetuating others. Serano advocates for a new approach to fighting sexism that avoids these pitfalls and offers new ways of thinking about gender, sexuality, and sexism that foster inclusivity rather than exclusivity.


Book Synopsis Excluded by : Julia Serano

Download or read book Excluded written by Julia Serano and published by Seal Press. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While many feminist and queer movements are designed to challenge sexism, they often simultaneously police gender and sexuality—sometimes just as fiercely as the straight, male-centric mainstream does. Among LGBTQ activists, there is a long history of lesbians and gay men dismissing bisexuals, transgender people, and other gender and sexual minorities. In each case, exclusion is based on the premise that certain ways of being gendered or sexual are more legitimate, natural, or righteous than others. As a trans woman, bisexual, and femme activist, Julia Serano has spent much of the last ten years challenging various forms of exclusion within feminist and queer/LGBTQ movements. In Excluded, she chronicles many of these instances of exclusion and argues that marginalizing others often stems from a handful of assumptions that are routinely made about gender and sexuality. These false assumptions infect theories, activism, organizations, and communities—and worse, they enable people to vigorously protest certain forms of sexism while simultaneously ignoring and even perpetuating others. Serano advocates for a new approach to fighting sexism that avoids these pitfalls and offers new ways of thinking about gender, sexuality, and sexism that foster inclusivity rather than exclusivity.

Whipping Girl

Whipping Girl

Author: Julia Serano

Publisher: Hachette UK

Published: 2016-03-08

Total Pages: 367

ISBN-13: 1580056237

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This classic manifesto is “a foundational text for anyone hoping to understand transgender politics and culture in the U.S. today.” (NPR) *Named as one of 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of All Time by Ms. Magazine* In Whipping Girl, biologist and trans activist Julia Serano shares her experiences and insights—both pre- and post-transition—to reveal the ways in which fear, suspicion, and dismissiveness toward femininity shape our attitudes toward trans women, as well as gender and sexuality as a whole. Serano's well-honed arguments and pioneering advocacy stem from her ability to bridge the gap between the often-disparate biological and social perspectives on gender. In this provocative manifesto, she exposes how deep-rooted the cultural belief is that femininity is frivolous, weak, and passive. In addition to debunking popular misconceptions about being transgender, Serano makes the case that today's feminists and transgender activists must work to embrace and empower femininity—in all of its wondrous forms.


Book Synopsis Whipping Girl by : Julia Serano

Download or read book Whipping Girl written by Julia Serano and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2016-03-08 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic manifesto is “a foundational text for anyone hoping to understand transgender politics and culture in the U.S. today.” (NPR) *Named as one of 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of All Time by Ms. Magazine* In Whipping Girl, biologist and trans activist Julia Serano shares her experiences and insights—both pre- and post-transition—to reveal the ways in which fear, suspicion, and dismissiveness toward femininity shape our attitudes toward trans women, as well as gender and sexuality as a whole. Serano's well-honed arguments and pioneering advocacy stem from her ability to bridge the gap between the often-disparate biological and social perspectives on gender. In this provocative manifesto, she exposes how deep-rooted the cultural belief is that femininity is frivolous, weak, and passive. In addition to debunking popular misconceptions about being transgender, Serano makes the case that today's feminists and transgender activists must work to embrace and empower femininity—in all of its wondrous forms.

Masculinity and Femininity

Masculinity and Femininity

Author: Geert Hofstede

Publisher: SAGE

Published: 1998-05-13

Total Pages: 261

ISBN-13: 0761910298

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In 1980, Geert Hofstede published his monumental work CultureÆs Consequences, which laid out four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures could be understood: individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. Since then much research has been conducted and presented on individualism/collectivism but until now, no single volume has focused on the masculinity dimension of the model. In Masculinity and Femininity, Hofstede has expanded, sharpened, and deepened the discussion of masculinity and femininity. This new volume presents the first thoroughly developed discussion of this dimension and how it can help us understand the differences among cultures. It begins with a general explanation of masculinity and discusses how it illuminates broad features of different cultures. It then applies the dimension more specifically to gender, sexuality, and religion. Finally, the book examines how the masculinity dimension reveals a lot about a cultureÆs expressions of religious ideas, the importance its citizens attach to religion, and the way religious concepts are understood. Intended as a companion volume to KimÆs Individualism and Collectivism, this important volume will be of interest to those teaching courses such as cross-cultural psychology, international social welfare, international business, womenÆs studies, cultural studies, and the psychology of women.


Book Synopsis Masculinity and Femininity by : Geert Hofstede

Download or read book Masculinity and Femininity written by Geert Hofstede and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1998-05-13 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1980, Geert Hofstede published his monumental work CultureÆs Consequences, which laid out four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures could be understood: individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. Since then much research has been conducted and presented on individualism/collectivism but until now, no single volume has focused on the masculinity dimension of the model. In Masculinity and Femininity, Hofstede has expanded, sharpened, and deepened the discussion of masculinity and femininity. This new volume presents the first thoroughly developed discussion of this dimension and how it can help us understand the differences among cultures. It begins with a general explanation of masculinity and discusses how it illuminates broad features of different cultures. It then applies the dimension more specifically to gender, sexuality, and religion. Finally, the book examines how the masculinity dimension reveals a lot about a cultureÆs expressions of religious ideas, the importance its citizens attach to religion, and the way religious concepts are understood. Intended as a companion volume to KimÆs Individualism and Collectivism, this important volume will be of interest to those teaching courses such as cross-cultural psychology, international social welfare, international business, womenÆs studies, cultural studies, and the psychology of women.