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As in the study of transition metal complexes in solution, molecular spectroscopic methods - principally the infrared, ultraviolet/visible and electron spin resonance spectroscopies - have played key roles in establishing the concepts of coordination chemistry occurring at the surfaces of solids. This book describes the development of the principals of coordination chemistry of oxide surfaces using analyses of data obtained by these methods. The nature, properties, concentration of the surface adsorption centers and their influence on the character of interaction with different molecules are investigated. The book commences with an account of the basic theoretical principles and experimental techniques of the various spectroscopy methods, with special attention devoted to in situ measurements where the oxide or catalyst sample is in contact with the adsorbate or the reactant. A detailed account is presented of the methods for characterizing the oxidation state and degree of coordination of surface cations and oxygen anions by the adsorption of probe molecules. The complexation of many inorganic, organometallic and organic molecules with different oxide systems is critically examined, and a classification of formed surface compounds, based on the interaction with definite type of adsorption centers, is given. Possible mechanisms of numerous catalytic reactions, including the transformation of organic molecules over acidic catalysts via the carboionic mechanism, are discussed using the spectroscopic identifications of reaction intermediates. A comprehensive analysis of the literature on the interpretation of the spectra of surface compounds on oxides is presented. This highly illustrated and extensively referenced volume is intended for specialists working in the fields of surface physical chemistry, surface and materials sciences, and adsorption phenomena and is essential reading for those involved in the heterogeneous catalysis by transition metal-oxides.
Book Synopsis Molecular Spectroscopy of Oxide Catalyst Surfaces by : Anatoli Davydov
Download or read book Molecular Spectroscopy of Oxide Catalyst Surfaces written by Anatoli Davydov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-06-27 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As in the study of transition metal complexes in solution, molecular spectroscopic methods - principally the infrared, ultraviolet/visible and electron spin resonance spectroscopies - have played key roles in establishing the concepts of coordination chemistry occurring at the surfaces of solids. This book describes the development of the principals of coordination chemistry of oxide surfaces using analyses of data obtained by these methods. The nature, properties, concentration of the surface adsorption centers and their influence on the character of interaction with different molecules are investigated. The book commences with an account of the basic theoretical principles and experimental techniques of the various spectroscopy methods, with special attention devoted to in situ measurements where the oxide or catalyst sample is in contact with the adsorbate or the reactant. A detailed account is presented of the methods for characterizing the oxidation state and degree of coordination of surface cations and oxygen anions by the adsorption of probe molecules. The complexation of many inorganic, organometallic and organic molecules with different oxide systems is critically examined, and a classification of formed surface compounds, based on the interaction with definite type of adsorption centers, is given. Possible mechanisms of numerous catalytic reactions, including the transformation of organic molecules over acidic catalysts via the carboionic mechanism, are discussed using the spectroscopic identifications of reaction intermediates. A comprehensive analysis of the literature on the interpretation of the spectra of surface compounds on oxides is presented. This highly illustrated and extensively referenced volume is intended for specialists working in the fields of surface physical chemistry, surface and materials sciences, and adsorption phenomena and is essential reading for those involved in the heterogeneous catalysis by transition metal-oxides.
Chemical industries are based on catalytic processes as both bulk and fine chemicals are often produced with heterogeneous catalysts. Transition metal ions dispersed on high-surface area inorganic solids are very important catalysts and a full characterization of these materials requires a profound knowledge of the oxidation state, coordination environment and dispersion of the metal ions on the catalyst surface. Such information can only be obtained by using a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques. 'Spectroscopy of Transition metal ions on Surfaces' serves as an introduction to some of the most important spectroscopic techniques nowadays used for studying the chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal ions on surfaces. The basic principles and the strengths and weaknesses of continuous wave electron spin resonance, pulsed electron spin resonance, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are critically reviewed by internationally recognized experts. This gives the reader a solid background for judging literature results and for planning and conducting his/her own experiments. Each chapter closes with several relevant examples mainly from the recent literature. In addition, the use of in situ techniques and chemometrical techniques has been included because of its growing importance in catalyst characterization. As a consequence, the book has been written as a text not only for graduate students, but also for anyone else who is new in the field and wants a recent update. The following scientists have contributed to this textbook: Br.
Book Synopsis Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Ions on Surfaces by : Bert M. Weckhuysen
Download or read book Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Ions on Surfaces written by Bert M. Weckhuysen and published by Leuven University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical industries are based on catalytic processes as both bulk and fine chemicals are often produced with heterogeneous catalysts. Transition metal ions dispersed on high-surface area inorganic solids are very important catalysts and a full characterization of these materials requires a profound knowledge of the oxidation state, coordination environment and dispersion of the metal ions on the catalyst surface. Such information can only be obtained by using a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques. 'Spectroscopy of Transition metal ions on Surfaces' serves as an introduction to some of the most important spectroscopic techniques nowadays used for studying the chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal ions on surfaces. The basic principles and the strengths and weaknesses of continuous wave electron spin resonance, pulsed electron spin resonance, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are critically reviewed by internationally recognized experts. This gives the reader a solid background for judging literature results and for planning and conducting his/her own experiments. Each chapter closes with several relevant examples mainly from the recent literature. In addition, the use of in situ techniques and chemometrical techniques has been included because of its growing importance in catalyst characterization. As a consequence, the book has been written as a text not only for graduate students, but also for anyone else who is new in the field and wants a recent update. The following scientists have contributed to this textbook: Br.
This book reviews various aspects of molecular spectroscopy and its application in materials science, chemistry, physics, medicine, the arts and the earth sciences. Written by an international group of recognized experts, it examines how complementary applications of diverse spectroscopic methods can be used to study the structure and properties of different materials. The chapters cover the whole spectrum of topics related to theoretical and computational methods, as well as the practical application of spectroscopic techniques to study the structure and dynamics of molecular systems, solid-state crystalline and amorphous materials, surfaces and interfaces, and biological systems. As such, the book offers an invaluable resource for all researchers and postgraduate students interested in the latest developments in the theory, experimentation, measurement and application of various advanced spectroscopic methods for the study of materials.
Book Synopsis Molecular Spectroscopy—Experiment and Theory by : Andrzej Koleżyński
Download or read book Molecular Spectroscopy—Experiment and Theory written by Andrzej Koleżyński and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews various aspects of molecular spectroscopy and its application in materials science, chemistry, physics, medicine, the arts and the earth sciences. Written by an international group of recognized experts, it examines how complementary applications of diverse spectroscopic methods can be used to study the structure and properties of different materials. The chapters cover the whole spectrum of topics related to theoretical and computational methods, as well as the practical application of spectroscopic techniques to study the structure and dynamics of molecular systems, solid-state crystalline and amorphous materials, surfaces and interfaces, and biological systems. As such, the book offers an invaluable resource for all researchers and postgraduate students interested in the latest developments in the theory, experimentation, measurement and application of various advanced spectroscopic methods for the study of materials.
In this book the author presents an up-to-date summary of existing information on the structure, electronic properties, chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal oxides. The subjects covered in the book can be divided into three sections. The first (chapters 1 to 3) covers the structural, physical, magnetic, and electronic properties of transition metal oxides. Although the emphasis is on surface properties, relevant bulk properties are also discussed. The second section (chapters 4 to 7) covers surface chemical properties. It includes topics that describe the importance of surface coordinative unsaturation in adsorption, the formation of surface acidity and the role of acidity in determining surface chemical properties, the nature and reactivities of adsorbed oxygen, and the surface chemistry in the reduction of oxides. The third section (chapters 8 to 14) is on the catalytic properties. Various catalytic reactions including decomposition, hydrogenation, isomerization, metathesis, selective oxidation, and reactions involving carbon oxides are discussed. Emphasis is placed more on reaction mechanisms and the role of catalysts than on kinetics and processes. Chapters on the preparation of oxide catalysts and on photo-assisted processes are also included. Whenever appropriate, relationships between various topics are indicated. Written for surface physicists, chemists, and catalytic engineers, the book will serve as a useful source of information for investigators and as a comprehensive overview of the subject for graduate students.
Book Synopsis Transition Metal Oxides by : H.H. Kung
Download or read book Transition Metal Oxides written by H.H. Kung and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1989-04-01 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the author presents an up-to-date summary of existing information on the structure, electronic properties, chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal oxides. The subjects covered in the book can be divided into three sections. The first (chapters 1 to 3) covers the structural, physical, magnetic, and electronic properties of transition metal oxides. Although the emphasis is on surface properties, relevant bulk properties are also discussed. The second section (chapters 4 to 7) covers surface chemical properties. It includes topics that describe the importance of surface coordinative unsaturation in adsorption, the formation of surface acidity and the role of acidity in determining surface chemical properties, the nature and reactivities of adsorbed oxygen, and the surface chemistry in the reduction of oxides. The third section (chapters 8 to 14) is on the catalytic properties. Various catalytic reactions including decomposition, hydrogenation, isomerization, metathesis, selective oxidation, and reactions involving carbon oxides are discussed. Emphasis is placed more on reaction mechanisms and the role of catalysts than on kinetics and processes. Chapters on the preparation of oxide catalysts and on photo-assisted processes are also included. Whenever appropriate, relationships between various topics are indicated. Written for surface physicists, chemists, and catalytic engineers, the book will serve as a useful source of information for investigators and as a comprehensive overview of the subject for graduate students.
Included here is a summary of findings made by the author from infrared investigations of the surface chemistry of simple and complex oxide catalysts. The focus is on spectral characteristics of active sites on oxide surfaces, namely hydroxyl groups, coordinatively unsaturated cations, and surface oxygen. There is a detailed account of the method used for characterizing the oxidation state and coordination of cations on oxide surfaces by the adsorption of probe molecules. In addition, the role played by surface sites in surface-molecule adsorption is used to organize and classify data relating to the interaction of carbon, nitrogen, ammonia, and alkenes with surfaces of transition metal oxides and with supported or mixed oxides containing transition metal cations.
Book Synopsis Infrared Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Species on the Surface of Transition Metal Oxides by : Anatoli Davydov
Download or read book Infrared Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Species on the Surface of Transition Metal Oxides written by Anatoli Davydov and published by . This book was released on 1990-10-11 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Included here is a summary of findings made by the author from infrared investigations of the surface chemistry of simple and complex oxide catalysts. The focus is on spectral characteristics of active sites on oxide surfaces, namely hydroxyl groups, coordinatively unsaturated cations, and surface oxygen. There is a detailed account of the method used for characterizing the oxidation state and coordination of cations on oxide surfaces by the adsorption of probe molecules. In addition, the role played by surface sites in surface-molecule adsorption is used to organize and classify data relating to the interaction of carbon, nitrogen, ammonia, and alkenes with surfaces of transition metal oxides and with supported or mixed oxides containing transition metal cations.
Surface structure, mobility, and composition of transition metal catalysts were studied by high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) at high gas pressures. HP-STM makes it possible to determine the atomic or molecular rearrangement at catalyst surfaces, particularly at the low-coordinated active surface sites. AP-XPS monitors changes in elemental composition and chemical states of catalysts in response to variations in gas environments. Stepped Pt and Cu single crystals, the hexagonally reconstructed Pt(100) single crystal, and Pt-based bimetallic nanoparticles with controlled size, shape and composition, were employed as the model catalysts for experiments in this thesis. Surface reconstruction at low-coordinated step sites at high gas pressures was first explored on a stepped Pt(557) single crystal surface under O2. At 298 K, 1 Torr of O2 is able to create nanometer-sized clusters that are identified as surface Pt oxide by AP-XPS, which covers the entire Pt(557) surface. On the flat Pt(111) surface under 1 Torr of O2, Pt oxide clusters can form but are mostly accumulated within 2 nm from the steps. The hexagonal oxygen chemisorption pattern is observed on the terraces. At lower pressures such as 10−7 Torr, O2 only adsorbs at the step edges on Pt(557). The majority of the Pt oxide clusters disappear on both Pt(557) and Pt(111) surfaces after O2 is evacuated to the 10−8 Torr range. Quantitative XPS analysis with depth profiles indicates that the Pt oxide formed on Pt(557) is less than 0.6 nm thick and that the Pt oxide concentration at surface together with oxygen coverage varies reversibly with the O2 pressure. The disappearance of Pt oxide clusters upon O2 evacuation is ascribed to reactions of Pt oxide towards H2 and CO in the vacuum background gases. The structure and surface chemistry of the Pt(557) surface was therefore studied under H2-O2 and CO-O2 mixtures. After exposing Pt(557) to approximately 1 Torr of O2 to induce the formation of Pt oxide clusters, H2 was slowly added into the system. Both HP-STM and AP-XPS results show that the Pt oxide coverage decreases with the H2 partial pressure and that all the Pt oxide disappears at H2 partial pressures above 43 mTorr. Pt steps are restored with the removal of Pt oxide clusters. Water is produced in the gas-phase, which co-adsorbs with hydroxyl species on Pt(557). Detailed analysis shows that the consumption of surface Pt oxide is exclusively responsible for the decrease of oxygen coverage on Pt(557). In the coexistence of 1 Torr of CO and 1 Torr of O2, Pt oxide clusters are not observed like under the H2-O2 mixture. Instead, triangular Pt clusters and double-sized terraces induced by CO are observed. Influences of step configuration on the surface restructuring processes were studied on Pt(557) and Pt(332) that differ only in the step orientation. 500 mTorr of CO creates Pt clusters shaped as triangles and parallelograms on Pt(557) and Pt(332), respectively. When 500 mTorr of C2H4 was introduced afterwards, Pt clusters are removed on Pt(332) but preserved on Pt(557). The three-fold hollow sites at the (111) steps enable the Pt(332) surface to accommodate ethylidyne even covered by CO. As a result, kink Pt atoms at the cluster edges are driven to diffuse to form straight steps, so as to admit more ethylidyne at steps. In contrast, Pt(557) has (100) steps on which ethylidyne does not adsorb, therefore keeping the island structure after the introduction of C2H4. When 500 mTorr of C2H4 was added first into the high-pressure cell, a periodic pattern is resolved at step edges on Pt(332). In contrast, some bright species separated by more than 1 nm are observed on Pt(557). Further introducing 500 mTorr of CO does not facilitate the formation of Pt clusters. The structure and mobility under C2H4, H2, and CO were also studied on the Pt(100) surface, whose topmost layer is rearranged into a hexagonal overlayer in vacuum. Under 1 Torr of C2H4, the hexagonal reconstruction is preserved on Pt(100), which is covered by highly mobile adsorbates. Pt atoms on the hexagonal layer can also move as a result of the weakened interaction between the surface layer and the bulk. The mobility is enhanced under 1 Torr of 1:1 C2H4-H2 mixture because the Pt(100)-hex surface is active in ethylene hydrogenation. The surface mobility along with the catalytic reaction is quenched after introducing 3 mTorr of CO. Meanwhile, the hexagonal reconstruction is lifted by the adsorption of CO. At 5 × 10−6 Torr of C2H4, CO from background gases can also adsorb on Pt(100), creating Pt islands that do not revert to the hexagonal surface when the C2H4 pressure was further increased to 1 Torr. In order to understand the effect of substrates on surface reconstruction, the structure of the stepped Cu(557) surface was monitored in equilibrium with high pressures of gases. Cu generally binds to the reducing gases such as CO, H2, and C2H4 weaker than Pt, leading to a lower coverage on Cu than on Pt at the same gas pressure. Accordingly, 12 Torr of CO is required to induce clusters on Cu(557), because higher CO pressures are needed to keep a sufficient amount of CO that can stabilize clusters. At 1 Torr, large terraces with an average width of 23 nm are observed on Cu(557), because of the low diffusion barrier for Cu atoms both on terraces and along the steps. 500 mTorr of H2 results in step coalescence on Cu(557), giving rise to 6 nm wide terraces. C2H4 adsorption at 500 mTorr results in 5 nm large clusters. CO does not change the Cu(557) surface structure while adding into C2H4, but causes the appearance of large terraces while co-adsorbing with H2. Under oxidizing gases, for example 1 Torr of O2, the Cu(557) surface is significantly oxidized, forming thick layers of Cu oxide. Pt-based bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts were also investigated with AP-XPS under reaction conditions to study their surface chemistry. PtFe nanoparticles do not undergo any surface segregation at 298 K when the gas environment changes, but surface Fe atoms are partially reduced under the C2H4-H2 mixture and partially oxidized under O2. Neither does the surface composition of Pt9Co-Co core-shell nanoparticles change while heating under H2 even to 673 K nor do oxidation states. In Pt-Ni systems, at 393 K, Ni is oxidized under O2 and migrates to the surface because Ni is more susceptible to oxidation than Pt. In contrast, when the surface is reduced by H2, Pt segregates to the surface since the surface free energy of Pt is lower. Such segregation does not occur at 353 K owing to the low atomic mobility in lattice.
Book Synopsis Structure, Mobility, and Composition of Transition Metal Catalyst Surfaces by : Zhongwei Zhu
Download or read book Structure, Mobility, and Composition of Transition Metal Catalyst Surfaces written by Zhongwei Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface structure, mobility, and composition of transition metal catalysts were studied by high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) at high gas pressures. HP-STM makes it possible to determine the atomic or molecular rearrangement at catalyst surfaces, particularly at the low-coordinated active surface sites. AP-XPS monitors changes in elemental composition and chemical states of catalysts in response to variations in gas environments. Stepped Pt and Cu single crystals, the hexagonally reconstructed Pt(100) single crystal, and Pt-based bimetallic nanoparticles with controlled size, shape and composition, were employed as the model catalysts for experiments in this thesis. Surface reconstruction at low-coordinated step sites at high gas pressures was first explored on a stepped Pt(557) single crystal surface under O2. At 298 K, 1 Torr of O2 is able to create nanometer-sized clusters that are identified as surface Pt oxide by AP-XPS, which covers the entire Pt(557) surface. On the flat Pt(111) surface under 1 Torr of O2, Pt oxide clusters can form but are mostly accumulated within 2 nm from the steps. The hexagonal oxygen chemisorption pattern is observed on the terraces. At lower pressures such as 10−7 Torr, O2 only adsorbs at the step edges on Pt(557). The majority of the Pt oxide clusters disappear on both Pt(557) and Pt(111) surfaces after O2 is evacuated to the 10−8 Torr range. Quantitative XPS analysis with depth profiles indicates that the Pt oxide formed on Pt(557) is less than 0.6 nm thick and that the Pt oxide concentration at surface together with oxygen coverage varies reversibly with the O2 pressure. The disappearance of Pt oxide clusters upon O2 evacuation is ascribed to reactions of Pt oxide towards H2 and CO in the vacuum background gases. The structure and surface chemistry of the Pt(557) surface was therefore studied under H2-O2 and CO-O2 mixtures. After exposing Pt(557) to approximately 1 Torr of O2 to induce the formation of Pt oxide clusters, H2 was slowly added into the system. Both HP-STM and AP-XPS results show that the Pt oxide coverage decreases with the H2 partial pressure and that all the Pt oxide disappears at H2 partial pressures above 43 mTorr. Pt steps are restored with the removal of Pt oxide clusters. Water is produced in the gas-phase, which co-adsorbs with hydroxyl species on Pt(557). Detailed analysis shows that the consumption of surface Pt oxide is exclusively responsible for the decrease of oxygen coverage on Pt(557). In the coexistence of 1 Torr of CO and 1 Torr of O2, Pt oxide clusters are not observed like under the H2-O2 mixture. Instead, triangular Pt clusters and double-sized terraces induced by CO are observed. Influences of step configuration on the surface restructuring processes were studied on Pt(557) and Pt(332) that differ only in the step orientation. 500 mTorr of CO creates Pt clusters shaped as triangles and parallelograms on Pt(557) and Pt(332), respectively. When 500 mTorr of C2H4 was introduced afterwards, Pt clusters are removed on Pt(332) but preserved on Pt(557). The three-fold hollow sites at the (111) steps enable the Pt(332) surface to accommodate ethylidyne even covered by CO. As a result, kink Pt atoms at the cluster edges are driven to diffuse to form straight steps, so as to admit more ethylidyne at steps. In contrast, Pt(557) has (100) steps on which ethylidyne does not adsorb, therefore keeping the island structure after the introduction of C2H4. When 500 mTorr of C2H4 was added first into the high-pressure cell, a periodic pattern is resolved at step edges on Pt(332). In contrast, some bright species separated by more than 1 nm are observed on Pt(557). Further introducing 500 mTorr of CO does not facilitate the formation of Pt clusters. The structure and mobility under C2H4, H2, and CO were also studied on the Pt(100) surface, whose topmost layer is rearranged into a hexagonal overlayer in vacuum. Under 1 Torr of C2H4, the hexagonal reconstruction is preserved on Pt(100), which is covered by highly mobile adsorbates. Pt atoms on the hexagonal layer can also move as a result of the weakened interaction between the surface layer and the bulk. The mobility is enhanced under 1 Torr of 1:1 C2H4-H2 mixture because the Pt(100)-hex surface is active in ethylene hydrogenation. The surface mobility along with the catalytic reaction is quenched after introducing 3 mTorr of CO. Meanwhile, the hexagonal reconstruction is lifted by the adsorption of CO. At 5 × 10−6 Torr of C2H4, CO from background gases can also adsorb on Pt(100), creating Pt islands that do not revert to the hexagonal surface when the C2H4 pressure was further increased to 1 Torr. In order to understand the effect of substrates on surface reconstruction, the structure of the stepped Cu(557) surface was monitored in equilibrium with high pressures of gases. Cu generally binds to the reducing gases such as CO, H2, and C2H4 weaker than Pt, leading to a lower coverage on Cu than on Pt at the same gas pressure. Accordingly, 12 Torr of CO is required to induce clusters on Cu(557), because higher CO pressures are needed to keep a sufficient amount of CO that can stabilize clusters. At 1 Torr, large terraces with an average width of 23 nm are observed on Cu(557), because of the low diffusion barrier for Cu atoms both on terraces and along the steps. 500 mTorr of H2 results in step coalescence on Cu(557), giving rise to 6 nm wide terraces. C2H4 adsorption at 500 mTorr results in 5 nm large clusters. CO does not change the Cu(557) surface structure while adding into C2H4, but causes the appearance of large terraces while co-adsorbing with H2. Under oxidizing gases, for example 1 Torr of O2, the Cu(557) surface is significantly oxidized, forming thick layers of Cu oxide. Pt-based bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts were also investigated with AP-XPS under reaction conditions to study their surface chemistry. PtFe nanoparticles do not undergo any surface segregation at 298 K when the gas environment changes, but surface Fe atoms are partially reduced under the C2H4-H2 mixture and partially oxidized under O2. Neither does the surface composition of Pt9Co-Co core-shell nanoparticles change while heating under H2 even to 673 K nor do oxidation states. In Pt-Ni systems, at 393 K, Ni is oxidized under O2 and migrates to the surface because Ni is more susceptible to oxidation than Pt. In contrast, when the surface is reduced by H2, Pt segregates to the surface since the surface free energy of Pt is lower. Such segregation does not occur at 353 K owing to the low atomic mobility in lattice.
With its two-volume structure, this handbook and ready reference allows for comprehensive coverage of both characterization and applications, while uniform editing throughout ensures that the structure remains consistent. The result is an up-to-date review of metal oxides in catalysis. The first volume covers a range of techniques that are used to characterize oxides, with each chapter written by an expert in the field. Volume 2 goes on to cover the use of metal oxides in catalytic reactions. For all chemists and engineers working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.
Book Synopsis Metal Oxide Catalysis, 2 Volume Set by : S. David Jackson
Download or read book Metal Oxide Catalysis, 2 Volume Set written by S. David Jackson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-12-23 with total page 887 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With its two-volume structure, this handbook and ready reference allows for comprehensive coverage of both characterization and applications, while uniform editing throughout ensures that the structure remains consistent. The result is an up-to-date review of metal oxides in catalysis. The first volume covers a range of techniques that are used to characterize oxides, with each chapter written by an expert in the field. Volume 2 goes on to cover the use of metal oxides in catalytic reactions. For all chemists and engineers working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.
Surface organometallic chemistry is a new field bringing together researchers from organometallic, inorganic, and surface chemistry and catalysis. Topics ranging from reaction mechanisms to catalyst preparation are considered from a molecular basis, according to which the "active site" on a catalyst surface has a supra-molecular character. This. the first book on the subject, is the outcome of a NATO Workshop held in Le Rouret. France, in May. 1986. It is our hope that the following chapters and the concluding summary of recommendations for research may help to provide a definition of surface organometallic chemistry. Besides catalysis. the central theme of the Workshop, four main topics are considered: 1) Reactions of organometallics with surfaces of metal oxides, metals. and zeolites; 2) Molecular models of surfaces, metal oxides, and metals; 3) Molecular approaches to the mechanisms of surface reactions; 4) Synthesis and modification of zeolites and related microporous solids. Most surface organometallic chemistry has been carried out on amorphous high-surf ace-area metal oxides such as silica. alumina. magnesia, and titania. The first chapter. contributed by KNOZINGER. gives a short summary of the structure and reactivity of metal oxide surfaces. Most of our understanding of these surfaces is based on acid base and redox chemistry; this chemistry has developed from X-ray and spectroscopic data, and much has been inferred from the structures and reactivities of adsorbed organic probe molecules. There are major opportunities for extending this understanding by use of well-defined (single crystal) oxide surfaces and organometallic probe molecules.
Book Synopsis Surface Organometallic Chemistry: Molecular Approaches to Surface Catalysis by : Jean-Marie Basset
Download or read book Surface Organometallic Chemistry: Molecular Approaches to Surface Catalysis written by Jean-Marie Basset and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface organometallic chemistry is a new field bringing together researchers from organometallic, inorganic, and surface chemistry and catalysis. Topics ranging from reaction mechanisms to catalyst preparation are considered from a molecular basis, according to which the "active site" on a catalyst surface has a supra-molecular character. This. the first book on the subject, is the outcome of a NATO Workshop held in Le Rouret. France, in May. 1986. It is our hope that the following chapters and the concluding summary of recommendations for research may help to provide a definition of surface organometallic chemistry. Besides catalysis. the central theme of the Workshop, four main topics are considered: 1) Reactions of organometallics with surfaces of metal oxides, metals. and zeolites; 2) Molecular models of surfaces, metal oxides, and metals; 3) Molecular approaches to the mechanisms of surface reactions; 4) Synthesis and modification of zeolites and related microporous solids. Most surface organometallic chemistry has been carried out on amorphous high-surf ace-area metal oxides such as silica. alumina. magnesia, and titania. The first chapter. contributed by KNOZINGER. gives a short summary of the structure and reactivity of metal oxide surfaces. Most of our understanding of these surfaces is based on acid base and redox chemistry; this chemistry has developed from X-ray and spectroscopic data, and much has been inferred from the structures and reactivities of adsorbed organic probe molecules. There are major opportunities for extending this understanding by use of well-defined (single crystal) oxide surfaces and organometallic probe molecules.
Superbly organized and of great pedagogic value, 'Spectroscopy in Catalysis' describes the most important modern analytical techniques used to investigate catalytic surfaces. These include electron, ion, and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, temperature-programmed techniques, diffraction, and microscopy. With the focus on practical use, rather than theory, each chapter presents current applications to illustrate the type of information that the technique provides and evaluates its possibilities and limitations, allowing selection of the best catalyst and the correct technique to solve a given problem. This third edition includes significant new developments and case studies, with all the chapters updated by way of recent examples and relevant new literature. For students and for everyone who wants a digestible introduction to catalyst characterization. From reviews of the previous editions: 'This is a truly valuable book ... very useful for industrial practitioners who need to be aware of the type of information that can be obtained from modern surface spectroscopies .... The book has a superb pedagogic value...' Journal of Catalysis '... this is an excellent text on spectroscopies in catalysis and I highly recommend it for ... introductory courses on heterogeneous catalysis or as a general introductory monograph.' Journal of the American Chemical Society
Book Synopsis Spectroscopy in Catalysis by : J. W. Niemantsverdriet
Download or read book Spectroscopy in Catalysis written by J. W. Niemantsverdriet and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-09-24 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superbly organized and of great pedagogic value, 'Spectroscopy in Catalysis' describes the most important modern analytical techniques used to investigate catalytic surfaces. These include electron, ion, and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, temperature-programmed techniques, diffraction, and microscopy. With the focus on practical use, rather than theory, each chapter presents current applications to illustrate the type of information that the technique provides and evaluates its possibilities and limitations, allowing selection of the best catalyst and the correct technique to solve a given problem. This third edition includes significant new developments and case studies, with all the chapters updated by way of recent examples and relevant new literature. For students and for everyone who wants a digestible introduction to catalyst characterization. From reviews of the previous editions: 'This is a truly valuable book ... very useful for industrial practitioners who need to be aware of the type of information that can be obtained from modern surface spectroscopies .... The book has a superb pedagogic value...' Journal of Catalysis '... this is an excellent text on spectroscopies in catalysis and I highly recommend it for ... introductory courses on heterogeneous catalysis or as a general introductory monograph.' Journal of the American Chemical Society
The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources requires a clean, scalable means of converting and storing energy. Water electrolysis can sustainably achieve this goal by storing energy in the bonds of oxygen and hydrogen molecules. The efficiency of this storage-conversion process is largely determined by the kinetic overpotential required for the oxygen evolution and reduction reactions (OER and ORR), respectively. This thesis focuses on transition metal oxides as alternative oxygen catalysts to costly and scarce noble metals. In order to develop descriptors to improve catalytic activity, thus reducing material cost for commercial technologies, this work studies fundamental processes that occur on model catalyst systems. Electrochemical studies of epitaxial oxide thin films establish the intrinsic activity of oxide catalysts in a way that cannot be realized with polydisperse nanoparticle systems. This thesis has isolated the activity of the catalyst on a true surface-area basis, enabling an accurate comparison of catalyst chemistries, and also revealed how different terminations and structures affect the kinetics. These studies of epitaxial thin films are among the first to probe phenomena that are not straightforward to isolate in nanoparticles, such as the role of oxide band structure, interfacial charge transfer (the "ligand" effect), strain, and crystallographic orientation. In addition, these well-defined surfaces allow spectroscopic examinations of their chemical speciation in an aqueous environment by using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By quantifying the formation of hydroxyl groups, we compare the relative affinity of different surfaces for this key reaction intermediate in oxygen electrocatalysis. The strength of interaction with hydroxyls correlates inversely with activity, illustrating detrimental effects of strong water interactions at the catalyst surface. This fundamental insight brings molecular understanding to the wetting of oxide surfaces, as well as the role of hydrogen bonding in catalysis. Furthermore, understanding of the mechanisms of oxygen electrocatalysis guides the rational design of high-surface-area oxide catalysts for technical application.
Book Synopsis Understanding the Catalytic Activity of Oxides Through Their Electronic Structure and Surface Chemistry by : Kelsey Ann Stoerzinger
Download or read book Understanding the Catalytic Activity of Oxides Through Their Electronic Structure and Surface Chemistry written by Kelsey Ann Stoerzinger and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources requires a clean, scalable means of converting and storing energy. Water electrolysis can sustainably achieve this goal by storing energy in the bonds of oxygen and hydrogen molecules. The efficiency of this storage-conversion process is largely determined by the kinetic overpotential required for the oxygen evolution and reduction reactions (OER and ORR), respectively. This thesis focuses on transition metal oxides as alternative oxygen catalysts to costly and scarce noble metals. In order to develop descriptors to improve catalytic activity, thus reducing material cost for commercial technologies, this work studies fundamental processes that occur on model catalyst systems. Electrochemical studies of epitaxial oxide thin films establish the intrinsic activity of oxide catalysts in a way that cannot be realized with polydisperse nanoparticle systems. This thesis has isolated the activity of the catalyst on a true surface-area basis, enabling an accurate comparison of catalyst chemistries, and also revealed how different terminations and structures affect the kinetics. These studies of epitaxial thin films are among the first to probe phenomena that are not straightforward to isolate in nanoparticles, such as the role of oxide band structure, interfacial charge transfer (the "ligand" effect), strain, and crystallographic orientation. In addition, these well-defined surfaces allow spectroscopic examinations of their chemical speciation in an aqueous environment by using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By quantifying the formation of hydroxyl groups, we compare the relative affinity of different surfaces for this key reaction intermediate in oxygen electrocatalysis. The strength of interaction with hydroxyls correlates inversely with activity, illustrating detrimental effects of strong water interactions at the catalyst surface. This fundamental insight brings molecular understanding to the wetting of oxide surfaces, as well as the role of hydrogen bonding in catalysis. Furthermore, understanding of the mechanisms of oxygen electrocatalysis guides the rational design of high-surface-area oxide catalysts for technical application.
