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Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1996-11-11

Total Pages: 159

ISBN-13: 0309175178

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In 1946, approximately 40,000 U.S. military personnel participated in Operation CROSSROADS, an atmospheric nuclear test that took place at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Congress passed a law directing the Veterans Administration to determine whether there were any long-term adverse health effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation from the detonation of nuclear devices. This book contains the results of an extensive epidemiological study of the mortality of participants compared with a similar group of nonparticipants. Topics of discussion include a breakdown of the study rationale; an overview of other studies of veteran participants in nuclear tests; and descriptions of Operation CROSSROADS, data sources for the study, participant and comparison cohorts, exposure details, mortality ascertainment, and findings and conclusions.

Book Synopsis Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-11-11 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1946, approximately 40,000 U.S. military personnel participated in Operation CROSSROADS, an atmospheric nuclear test that took place at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Congress passed a law directing the Veterans Administration to determine whether there were any long-term adverse health effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation from the detonation of nuclear devices. This book contains the results of an extensive epidemiological study of the mortality of participants compared with a similar group of nonparticipants. Topics of discussion include a breakdown of the study rationale; an overview of other studies of veteran participants in nuclear tests; and descriptions of Operation CROSSROADS, data sources for the study, participant and comparison cohorts, exposure details, mortality ascertainment, and findings and conclusions.

The Five Series Study

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2000-04-02

Total Pages: 239

ISBN-13: 0309067812

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More than 200,000 U.S. military personnel participated in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests between 1945 and the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Questions persist, such as whether that test participation is associated with the timing and causes of death among those individuals. This is the report of a mortality study of the approximately 70,000 soldiers, sailors, and airmen who participated in at least one of five selected U.S. nuclear weapons test series1 in the 1950s and nearly 65,000 comparable nonparticipants, the referents. The investigation described in this report, based on more than 5 million person-years of mortality follow-up, represents one of the largest cohort studies of military veterans ever conducted.

Book Synopsis The Five Series Study by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Five Series Study written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-04-02 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 200,000 U.S. military personnel participated in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests between 1945 and the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Questions persist, such as whether that test participation is associated with the timing and causes of death among those individuals. This is the report of a mortality study of the approximately 70,000 soldiers, sailors, and airmen who participated in at least one of five selected U.S. nuclear weapons test series1 in the 1950s and nearly 65,000 comparable nonparticipants, the referents. The investigation described in this report, based on more than 5 million person-years of mortality follow-up, represents one of the largest cohort studies of military veterans ever conducted.

Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test

Author: Committee on the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1996-11-25

Total Pages: 160

ISBN-13: 0309589770

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Book Synopsis Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test by : Committee on the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test

Download or read book Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test written by Committee on the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-11-25 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1946, approximately 40,000 U.S. military personnel participated in Operation CROSSROADS, an atmospheric nuclear test that took place at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Congress passed a law directing the Veterans Administration to determine whether there were any long-term adverse health effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation from the detonation of nuclear devices. This book contains the results of an extensive epidemiological study of the mortality of participants compared with a similar group of nonparticipants. Topics of discussion include a breakdown of the study rationale; an overview of other studies of veteran participants in nuclear tests; and descriptions of Operation CROSSROADS, data sources for the study, participant and comparison cohorts, exposure details, mortality ascertainment, and findings and conclusions.

The Five Series Study

Author: Susan Thaul

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2000-03-16

Total Pages: 199

ISBN-13: 9780309073646

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Book Synopsis The Five Series Study by : Susan Thaul

Download or read book The Five Series Study written by Susan Thaul and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-03-16 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 200,000 U.S. military personnel participated in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests between 1945 and the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Questions persist, such as whether that test participation is associated with the timing and causes of death among those individuals. This is the report of a mortality study of the approximately 70,000 soldiers, sailors, and airmen who participated in at least one of five selected U.S. nuclear weapons test series1 in the 1950s and nearly 65,000 comparable nonparticipants, the referents. The investigation described in this report, based on more than 5 million person-years of mortality follow-up, represents one of the largest cohort studies of military veterans ever conducted.

Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-Making Process for Veterans

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2008-06-15

Total Pages: 813

ISBN-13: 030910730X

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The United States has long recognized and honored the service and sacrifices of its military and veterans. Veterans who have been injured by their service (whether their injury appears during service or afterwards) are owed appropriate health care and disability compensation. For some medical conditions that develop after military service, the scientific information needed to connect the health conditions to the circumstances of service may be incomplete. When information is incomplete, Congress or the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) may need to make a "presumption" of service connection so that a group of veterans can be appropriately compensated. The missing information may be about the specific exposures of the veterans, or there may be incomplete scientific evidence as to whether an exposure during service causes the health condition of concern. For example, when the exposures of military personnel in Vietnam to Agent Orange could not be clearly documented, a presumption was established that all those who set foot on Vietnam soil were exposed to Agent Orange. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee was charged with reviewing and describing how presumptions have been made in the past and, if needed, to make recommendations for an improved scientific framework that could be used in the future for determining if a presumption should be made. The Committee was asked to consider and describe the processes of all participants in the current presumptive disability decision-making process for veterans. The Committee was not asked to offer an opinion about past presumptive decisions or to suggest specific future presumptions. The Committee heard from a range of groups that figure into this decision-making process, including past and present staffers from Congress, the VA, the IOM, veterans service organizations, and individual veterans. The Department of Defense (DoD) briefed the Committee about its current activities and plans to better track the exposures and health conditions of military personnel. The Committee further documented the current process by developing case studies around exposures and health conditions for which presumptions had been made. Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-Making Process for Veterans explains recommendations made by the committee general methods by which scientists, as well as government and other organizations, evaluate scientific evidence in order to determine if a specific exposure causes a health condition.

Book Synopsis Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-Making Process for Veterans by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-Making Process for Veterans written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-06-15 with total page 813 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has long recognized and honored the service and sacrifices of its military and veterans. Veterans who have been injured by their service (whether their injury appears during service or afterwards) are owed appropriate health care and disability compensation. For some medical conditions that develop after military service, the scientific information needed to connect the health conditions to the circumstances of service may be incomplete. When information is incomplete, Congress or the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) may need to make a "presumption" of service connection so that a group of veterans can be appropriately compensated. The missing information may be about the specific exposures of the veterans, or there may be incomplete scientific evidence as to whether an exposure during service causes the health condition of concern. For example, when the exposures of military personnel in Vietnam to Agent Orange could not be clearly documented, a presumption was established that all those who set foot on Vietnam soil were exposed to Agent Orange. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee was charged with reviewing and describing how presumptions have been made in the past and, if needed, to make recommendations for an improved scientific framework that could be used in the future for determining if a presumption should be made. The Committee was asked to consider and describe the processes of all participants in the current presumptive disability decision-making process for veterans. The Committee was not asked to offer an opinion about past presumptive decisions or to suggest specific future presumptions. The Committee heard from a range of groups that figure into this decision-making process, including past and present staffers from Congress, the VA, the IOM, veterans service organizations, and individual veterans. The Department of Defense (DoD) briefed the Committee about its current activities and plans to better track the exposures and health conditions of military personnel. The Committee further documented the current process by developing case studies around exposures and health conditions for which presumptions had been made. Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-Making Process for Veterans explains recommendations made by the committee general methods by which scientists, as well as government and other organizations, evaluate scientific evidence in order to determine if a specific exposure causes a health condition.

Effects of A-bomb Radiation on the Human Body

Author: Itsuzō Shigematsu

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 1995

Total Pages: 440

ISBN-13:

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In recent years, radiation exposure has become a major issue in various parts of the world as the result of nuclear testing and accidents at nuclear power plants such as Chernobyl. In order to help the victims of such events, the "International Council for the" "Health Care of the Radiation-Exposed" was established. This study by the council provides a comprehensive 47-year review of the known radiation-induced health effects on the survivors of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima, Japan. Included are reports by 39 specialists in the field of radiation medicine encompassing studies on all diseases, cancers, growth and developmental effects associated with radiation exposure. This up-dated information on the medical problems of the A-bomb survivors contributes to a better understanding of radiation-induced disorders in humans.

Book Synopsis Effects of A-bomb Radiation on the Human Body by : Itsuzō Shigematsu

Download or read book Effects of A-bomb Radiation on the Human Body written by Itsuzō Shigematsu and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1995 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, radiation exposure has become a major issue in various parts of the world as the result of nuclear testing and accidents at nuclear power plants such as Chernobyl. In order to help the victims of such events, the "International Council for the" "Health Care of the Radiation-Exposed" was established. This study by the council provides a comprehensive 47-year review of the known radiation-induced health effects on the survivors of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima, Japan. Included are reports by 39 specialists in the field of radiation medicine encompassing studies on all diseases, cancers, growth and developmental effects associated with radiation exposure. This up-dated information on the medical problems of the A-bomb survivors contributes to a better understanding of radiation-induced disorders in humans.

Atomic Audit

Author: Stephen I. Schwartz

Publisher: Brookings Institution Press

Published: 2011-12-01

Total Pages: 750

ISBN-13: 9780815722946

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Since 1945, the United States has manufactured and deployed more than 70,000 nuclear weapons to deter and if necessary fight a nuclear war. Some observers believe the absence of a third world war confirms that these weapons were a prudent and cost-effective response to the uncertainty and fear surrounding the Soviet Union's military and political ambitions during the cold war. As early as 1950, nuclear weapons were considered relatively inexpensive— providing "a bigger bang for a buck"—and were thoroughly integrated into U.S. forces on that basis. Yet this assumption was never validated. Indeed, for more than fifty years scant attention has been paid to the enormous costs of this effort—more than $5 trillion thus far—and its short and long-term consequences for the nation. Based on four years of extensive research, Atomic Audit is the first book to document the comprehensive costs of U.S. nuclear weapons, assembling for the first time anywhere the actual and estimated expenditures for the program since its creation in 1940. The authors provide a unique perspective on U.S. nuclear policy and nuclear weapons, tracking their development from the Manhattan Project of World War II to the present day and assessing each aspect of the program, including research, development, testing, and production; deployment; command, control, communications, and intelligence; and defensive measures. They also examine the costs of dismantling nuclear weapons, the management and disposal of large quantities of toxic and radioactive wastes left over from their production, compensation for persons harmed by nuclear weapons activities, nuclear secrecy, and the economic implications of nuclear deterrence. Utilizing archival and newly declassified government documents and data, this richly documented book demonstrates how a variety of factors—the open-ended nature of nuclear deterrence, faulty assumptions about the cost-effectiveness of nuclear weapons, regular misrepresentati

Book Synopsis Atomic Audit by : Stephen I. Schwartz

Download or read book Atomic Audit written by Stephen I. Schwartz and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2011-12-01 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1945, the United States has manufactured and deployed more than 70,000 nuclear weapons to deter and if necessary fight a nuclear war. Some observers believe the absence of a third world war confirms that these weapons were a prudent and cost-effective response to the uncertainty and fear surrounding the Soviet Union's military and political ambitions during the cold war. As early as 1950, nuclear weapons were considered relatively inexpensive— providing "a bigger bang for a buck"—and were thoroughly integrated into U.S. forces on that basis. Yet this assumption was never validated. Indeed, for more than fifty years scant attention has been paid to the enormous costs of this effort—more than $5 trillion thus far—and its short and long-term consequences for the nation. Based on four years of extensive research, Atomic Audit is the first book to document the comprehensive costs of U.S. nuclear weapons, assembling for the first time anywhere the actual and estimated expenditures for the program since its creation in 1940. The authors provide a unique perspective on U.S. nuclear policy and nuclear weapons, tracking their development from the Manhattan Project of World War II to the present day and assessing each aspect of the program, including research, development, testing, and production; deployment; command, control, communications, and intelligence; and defensive measures. They also examine the costs of dismantling nuclear weapons, the management and disposal of large quantities of toxic and radioactive wastes left over from their production, compensation for persons harmed by nuclear weapons activities, nuclear secrecy, and the economic implications of nuclear deterrence. Utilizing archival and newly declassified government documents and data, this richly documented book demonstrates how a variety of factors—the open-ended nature of nuclear deterrence, faulty assumptions about the cost-effectiveness of nuclear weapons, regular misrepresentati

Footprints to a Legacy

Author: Robert L. Campbell

Publisher: Xlibris Corporation

Published: 2009-04-02

Total Pages: 645

ISBN-13: 1462820344

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In this sometimes disturbing and frightening memoir of experiences, interviews, and government documents, Robert Campbell seeks to level the playing field for many atomic veterans after he discovered how great a difference could exist between contemporaneous records and later-reconstructed versions of the same nuclear operations. Using the Freedom of Information Act, Robert tried to match real-time data with the footprints (experiences) of veterans who lived it and compare this information, when possible, to later versions postulated by officials who were not present at these operations. Very interesting reading.

Book Synopsis Footprints to a Legacy by : Robert L. Campbell

Download or read book Footprints to a Legacy written by Robert L. Campbell and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2009-04-02 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sometimes disturbing and frightening memoir of experiences, interviews, and government documents, Robert Campbell seeks to level the playing field for many atomic veterans after he discovered how great a difference could exist between contemporaneous records and later-reconstructed versions of the same nuclear operations. Using the Freedom of Information Act, Robert tried to match real-time data with the footprints (experiences) of veterans who lived it and compare this information, when possible, to later versions postulated by officials who were not present at these operations. Very interesting reading.

A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2003-09-21

Total Pages: 415

ISBN-13: 0309089026

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From 1945 through 1962, the US atmospheric nuclear weapons testing program involved hundreds of thousands of military and civilian personnel, and some of them were exposed to ionizing radiation. Veterans' groups have since been concerned that their members' health was affected by radiation exposure associated with participation in nuclear tests and have pressured Congress for disability compensation. Several pieces of legislation have been passed to compensate both military and civilian personnel for such health effects. Veterans' concerns about the accuracy of reconstructed doses prompted Congress to have the General Accounting Office (GAO) review the dose reconstruction program used to estimate exposure. The GAO study concluded that dose reconstruction is a valid method of estimating radiation dose and could be used as the basis of compensation. It also recommended an independent review of the dose reconstruction program. The result of that recommendation was a congressional mandate that the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), a part of the Department of Defense, ask the National Research Council to conduct an independent review of the dose reconstruction program. In response to that request, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency in the Board on Radiation Effects Research (BRER). The committee randomly selected sample records of doses that had been reconstructed by DTRA and carefully evaluated them. The committee's report describes its findings and provides responses to many of the questions that have been raised by the veterans.

Book Synopsis A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-09-21 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1945 through 1962, the US atmospheric nuclear weapons testing program involved hundreds of thousands of military and civilian personnel, and some of them were exposed to ionizing radiation. Veterans' groups have since been concerned that their members' health was affected by radiation exposure associated with participation in nuclear tests and have pressured Congress for disability compensation. Several pieces of legislation have been passed to compensate both military and civilian personnel for such health effects. Veterans' concerns about the accuracy of reconstructed doses prompted Congress to have the General Accounting Office (GAO) review the dose reconstruction program used to estimate exposure. The GAO study concluded that dose reconstruction is a valid method of estimating radiation dose and could be used as the basis of compensation. It also recommended an independent review of the dose reconstruction program. The result of that recommendation was a congressional mandate that the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), a part of the Department of Defense, ask the National Research Council to conduct an independent review of the dose reconstruction program. In response to that request, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency in the Board on Radiation Effects Research (BRER). The committee randomly selected sample records of doses that had been reconstructed by DTRA and carefully evaluated them. The committee's report describes its findings and provides responses to many of the questions that have been raised by the veterans.

Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR).

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1981

Total Pages: 16

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR). by :

Download or read book Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR). written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: