Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon

Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon

Author: Frans J.M. Rietmeijer

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-01-31

Total Pages: 311

ISBN-13: 1402041357

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Observational, experimental and analytical data show that C60, larger fullerenes, and related structures of elemental carbon exist in interstellar space, meteorites, and on Earth and are associated with meteorite in impact events and in carbon-rich environments such as coals (shungite) and bitumen. The existence of natural fullerenes is at best contested and incompletely documented; realistically it is still controversial. Their presence in astronomical environments can be experimentally constrained but observationally they remain elusive. Fullerenes formation in planetary environments is poorly understood. They survived for giga-years when the environmental conditions were exactly right but even then only a fraction of their original abundance survived. Natural fullerenes and related carbon structures are found in interstellar space, in carbonaceous meteorites associated with giant meteorite impacts (including at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary) as well as in soot, coal and natural bitumen. This book provides an up-to-date summary of the state of knowledge on natural fullerenes occurrences and the laboratory techniques used to determine their presence at low concentration in rock samples. It demonstrates that natural fullerenes exist and should be searched for in places not yet considered such as carbon-containing deep-seated crustal rocks. Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon is written for professional astronomers, meteoriticists, earth and planetary scientists, biologists and chemists interested in carbon and hydrocarbon vapor condensation. It is an invaluable resource for practicing research scientists and science teachers in Earth and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Carbon Science.


Book Synopsis Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon by : Frans J.M. Rietmeijer

Download or read book Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon written by Frans J.M. Rietmeijer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-31 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observational, experimental and analytical data show that C60, larger fullerenes, and related structures of elemental carbon exist in interstellar space, meteorites, and on Earth and are associated with meteorite in impact events and in carbon-rich environments such as coals (shungite) and bitumen. The existence of natural fullerenes is at best contested and incompletely documented; realistically it is still controversial. Their presence in astronomical environments can be experimentally constrained but observationally they remain elusive. Fullerenes formation in planetary environments is poorly understood. They survived for giga-years when the environmental conditions were exactly right but even then only a fraction of their original abundance survived. Natural fullerenes and related carbon structures are found in interstellar space, in carbonaceous meteorites associated with giant meteorite impacts (including at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary) as well as in soot, coal and natural bitumen. This book provides an up-to-date summary of the state of knowledge on natural fullerenes occurrences and the laboratory techniques used to determine their presence at low concentration in rock samples. It demonstrates that natural fullerenes exist and should be searched for in places not yet considered such as carbon-containing deep-seated crustal rocks. Natural Fullerenes and Related Structures of Elemental Carbon is written for professional astronomers, meteoriticists, earth and planetary scientists, biologists and chemists interested in carbon and hydrocarbon vapor condensation. It is an invaluable resource for practicing research scientists and science teachers in Earth and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Carbon Science.

Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamonds and Fullerenes

Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamonds and Fullerenes

Author: Hugh O. Pierson

Publisher: William Andrew

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 420

ISBN-13: 0815517394

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This book is a review of the science and technology of the element carbon and its allotropes: graphite, diamond and the fullerenes. This field has expanded greatly in the last three decades stimulated by many major discoveries such as carbon fibers, low-pressure diamond, and the fullerenes. The need for such a book has been felt for some time. These carbon materials are very different in structure and properties. Some are very old (charcoal), others brand new (the fullerenes). They have different applications and markets and are produced by different segments of the industry.Few studies are available that attempt to review the entire field of carbon as a whole discipline. Moreover these studies were written several decades ago and a generally outdated since the development of the technology is moving very rapidly and scope of applications is constantly expanding and reaching into new fields such as aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, optics, and electronics. In this book the author provides a valuable, up-to-date account of both the newer and traditional forms of carbon, both naturally occurring and man-made. This volume will be a valuable resource for both specialists in, and occasional users of carbon materials.


Book Synopsis Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamonds and Fullerenes by : Hugh O. Pierson

Download or read book Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamonds and Fullerenes written by Hugh O. Pierson and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a review of the science and technology of the element carbon and its allotropes: graphite, diamond and the fullerenes. This field has expanded greatly in the last three decades stimulated by many major discoveries such as carbon fibers, low-pressure diamond, and the fullerenes. The need for such a book has been felt for some time. These carbon materials are very different in structure and properties. Some are very old (charcoal), others brand new (the fullerenes). They have different applications and markets and are produced by different segments of the industry.Few studies are available that attempt to review the entire field of carbon as a whole discipline. Moreover these studies were written several decades ago and a generally outdated since the development of the technology is moving very rapidly and scope of applications is constantly expanding and reaching into new fields such as aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, optics, and electronics. In this book the author provides a valuable, up-to-date account of both the newer and traditional forms of carbon, both naturally occurring and man-made. This volume will be a valuable resource for both specialists in, and occasional users of carbon materials.

Advanced Nanocarbon Materials

Advanced Nanocarbon Materials

Author: Sarika Verma

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2022-05-05

Total Pages: 198

ISBN-13: 1000580873

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This book provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of the history and background of nanocarbon based materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes. It discusses their structure, synthesis, properties and modifications for making various advanced materials. The authors focus on their use in the health care sector as therapeutic agents in pharmacy and medicine, in diagnosis and analysis in pharmacy and medicine, as biosensors, gene and drug delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing and bioimaging, go-based antibacterial materials, and as a promising antioxidant and GO-based scaffold for cell culture. The authors also showcase the application potential of advanced nanocarbon based materials by examining the biomedical applications developed via novel advanced designing, in which the technologies will be adopted and the end users can be benefited. Finally the authors discuss the increasing research on carbon based materials, along with the challenges they are currently facing along with possible solutions that may result in the availability of the accessible, reliable and cost-efficient technology. The potential user for this book may be medical practitioners, biologists, pharmacists, and chemists.This book covers in-depth knowledge of processing parameters for making nanocarbon based material for high end applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.


Book Synopsis Advanced Nanocarbon Materials by : Sarika Verma

Download or read book Advanced Nanocarbon Materials written by Sarika Verma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of the history and background of nanocarbon based materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes. It discusses their structure, synthesis, properties and modifications for making various advanced materials. The authors focus on their use in the health care sector as therapeutic agents in pharmacy and medicine, in diagnosis and analysis in pharmacy and medicine, as biosensors, gene and drug delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing and bioimaging, go-based antibacterial materials, and as a promising antioxidant and GO-based scaffold for cell culture. The authors also showcase the application potential of advanced nanocarbon based materials by examining the biomedical applications developed via novel advanced designing, in which the technologies will be adopted and the end users can be benefited. Finally the authors discuss the increasing research on carbon based materials, along with the challenges they are currently facing along with possible solutions that may result in the availability of the accessible, reliable and cost-efficient technology. The potential user for this book may be medical practitioners, biologists, pharmacists, and chemists.This book covers in-depth knowledge of processing parameters for making nanocarbon based material for high end applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

Fragments of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes

Fragments of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes

Author: Marina A. Petrukhina

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2011-11-01

Total Pages: 432

ISBN-13: 9781118011256

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This book is the first of its kind to reflect upon the intense and rapidly growing interest in open geodesic polyaromatic molecules, specifically focusing on their synthesis and reactivity in metal binding reactions. The book broadly covers all aspects related to the fullerene fragment chemistry: current synthetic techniques, description of the available members of this new family (which has grown to more than two dozens members, with none being available commercially), molecular geometry and trends in the solid state packing, as well as extensions into physical properties and new buckybowl-based molecules and materials. It covers fundamental research related to a new class of hydrocarbons, namely open geodesic polyarenes that map onto the surfaces of fullerenes (and referred to as fullerene fragments or buckybowls.


Book Synopsis Fragments of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes by : Marina A. Petrukhina

Download or read book Fragments of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes written by Marina A. Petrukhina and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-01 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first of its kind to reflect upon the intense and rapidly growing interest in open geodesic polyaromatic molecules, specifically focusing on their synthesis and reactivity in metal binding reactions. The book broadly covers all aspects related to the fullerene fragment chemistry: current synthetic techniques, description of the available members of this new family (which has grown to more than two dozens members, with none being available commercially), molecular geometry and trends in the solid state packing, as well as extensions into physical properties and new buckybowl-based molecules and materials. It covers fundamental research related to a new class of hydrocarbons, namely open geodesic polyarenes that map onto the surfaces of fullerenes (and referred to as fullerene fragments or buckybowls.

Endofullerenes

Endofullerenes

Author: T. Akasaka

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 298

ISBN-13: 9401599386

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To the eyes of a chemist, carbon is certainly one of the most fascinating elements of the periodic table. Basically, the electronic structure and atomic size of carbon enables this element to form a variety of bonds with other elements and, most importantly, with other carbon atoms as weIl. These unique features lead to the amazingly complicated molecular structures we encounter e. g. in life sciences and organic chemistry. Of course, the technical importance of carbon is enormou- but I don't want to carry too many coals to Newcastle. Prom the viewpoint of an astrophysicist or chemist, the significance of carbon lies in the fact that it is the most abundant condensable element in space. Born in the interior of stars, and from there expelled into the interstellar medium, it initiates the formation of simple and complex molecules and of nanoscopic grains. These in turn form huge clouds in space - the birthplace of new stars and planetary systems. The decisive role of carbon in interstellar chemistry is widely accepted and the search for more and more families of interstellar carbon-bearing molecules is a topic of ongoing research. The interdisciplinary aspect of carbon also concerns its various solid forms, in which C and the other closed-cage fullerenes are certainly some of the most popular 60 newcomers.


Book Synopsis Endofullerenes by : T. Akasaka

Download or read book Endofullerenes written by T. Akasaka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To the eyes of a chemist, carbon is certainly one of the most fascinating elements of the periodic table. Basically, the electronic structure and atomic size of carbon enables this element to form a variety of bonds with other elements and, most importantly, with other carbon atoms as weIl. These unique features lead to the amazingly complicated molecular structures we encounter e. g. in life sciences and organic chemistry. Of course, the technical importance of carbon is enormou- but I don't want to carry too many coals to Newcastle. Prom the viewpoint of an astrophysicist or chemist, the significance of carbon lies in the fact that it is the most abundant condensable element in space. Born in the interior of stars, and from there expelled into the interstellar medium, it initiates the formation of simple and complex molecules and of nanoscopic grains. These in turn form huge clouds in space - the birthplace of new stars and planetary systems. The decisive role of carbon in interstellar chemistry is widely accepted and the search for more and more families of interstellar carbon-bearing molecules is a topic of ongoing research. The interdisciplinary aspect of carbon also concerns its various solid forms, in which C and the other closed-cage fullerenes are certainly some of the most popular 60 newcomers.

Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures

Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures

Author: Boris I. Kharisov

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2012-03-19

Total Pages: 867

ISBN-13: 1439853436

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As nanotechnology has developed over the last two decades, some nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles, have become very popular. However, recent research has led to the discovery of other, less-common nanoforms, which often serve as building blocks for more complex structures. In an effort to organize the field, the Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures presents an informal classification based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. A small nanotechnological encyclopedia, this book: Describes a range of little-known nanostructures Offers a unifying vision of the synthesis of nanostructures and the generalization of rare nanoforms Includes a CD-ROM with color versions of more than 100 nanostructures Explores the fabrication of rare nanostructures, including modern physical, chemical, and biological synthesis techniques The Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures discusses a classification system not directly related to the dimensionality and chemical composition of nanostructure-forming compounds or composite. Instead, it is based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. Possessing unusual shapes and high surface areas, these structures are potentially very useful for catalytic, medical, electronic, and many other applications.


Book Synopsis Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures by : Boris I. Kharisov

Download or read book Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures written by Boris I. Kharisov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-03-19 with total page 867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As nanotechnology has developed over the last two decades, some nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles, have become very popular. However, recent research has led to the discovery of other, less-common nanoforms, which often serve as building blocks for more complex structures. In an effort to organize the field, the Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures presents an informal classification based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. A small nanotechnological encyclopedia, this book: Describes a range of little-known nanostructures Offers a unifying vision of the synthesis of nanostructures and the generalization of rare nanoforms Includes a CD-ROM with color versions of more than 100 nanostructures Explores the fabrication of rare nanostructures, including modern physical, chemical, and biological synthesis techniques The Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures discusses a classification system not directly related to the dimensionality and chemical composition of nanostructure-forming compounds or composite. Instead, it is based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. Possessing unusual shapes and high surface areas, these structures are potentially very useful for catalytic, medical, electronic, and many other applications.

Encyclopedia of Astrobiology

Encyclopedia of Astrobiology

Author: Muriel Gargaud

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-05-26

Total Pages: 1890

ISBN-13: 3642112714

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Astrobiology is a remarkably interdisciplinary field. This reference serves as a key to understanding technical terms from the different subfields of astrobiology, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, the geosciences and the space sciences.


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Astrobiology by : Muriel Gargaud

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Astrobiology written by Muriel Gargaud and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-26 with total page 1890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Astrobiology is a remarkably interdisciplinary field. This reference serves as a key to understanding technical terms from the different subfields of astrobiology, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, the geosciences and the space sciences.

Purification of Laboratory Chemicals

Purification of Laboratory Chemicals

Author: W.L.F. Armarego

Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 1025

ISBN-13: 0123821614

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A best seller since 1966, Purification of Laboratory Chemicals keeps engineers, scientists, chemists, biochemists and students up to date with the purification of the chemical reagents with which they work, the processes for their purification, and guides readers on critical safety and hazards for the safe handling of chemicals and processes. The Seventh Edition is fully updated and provides expanded coverage of the latest commercially available chemical products and processing techniques, safety and hazards: over 200 pages of coverage of new commercially available chemicals since the previous edition. The only comprehensive chemical purification reference, a market leader since 1966, Amarego delivers essential information for research and industrial chemists, pharmacists and engineers: '... (it) will be the most commonly used reference book in any chemical or biochemical laboratory' (MDPI Journal) An essential lab practice and proceedures manual. Improves efficiency, results and safety by providing critical information for day-to-day lab and processing work. Improved, clear organization and new indexing delivers accurate, reliable information on processes and techniques of purification along with detailed physical properties The Sixth Edition has been reorganised and is fully indexed by CAS Registry Numbers; compounds are now grouped to make navigation easier; literature references for all substances and techniques have been added; ambiguous alternate names and cross references removed; new chemical products and processing techniques are covered; hazards and safety remain central to the book


Book Synopsis Purification of Laboratory Chemicals by : W.L.F. Armarego

Download or read book Purification of Laboratory Chemicals written by W.L.F. Armarego and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2013 with total page 1025 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A best seller since 1966, Purification of Laboratory Chemicals keeps engineers, scientists, chemists, biochemists and students up to date with the purification of the chemical reagents with which they work, the processes for their purification, and guides readers on critical safety and hazards for the safe handling of chemicals and processes. The Seventh Edition is fully updated and provides expanded coverage of the latest commercially available chemical products and processing techniques, safety and hazards: over 200 pages of coverage of new commercially available chemicals since the previous edition. The only comprehensive chemical purification reference, a market leader since 1966, Amarego delivers essential information for research and industrial chemists, pharmacists and engineers: '... (it) will be the most commonly used reference book in any chemical or biochemical laboratory' (MDPI Journal) An essential lab practice and proceedures manual. Improves efficiency, results and safety by providing critical information for day-to-day lab and processing work. Improved, clear organization and new indexing delivers accurate, reliable information on processes and techniques of purification along with detailed physical properties The Sixth Edition has been reorganised and is fully indexed by CAS Registry Numbers; compounds are now grouped to make navigation easier; literature references for all substances and techniques have been added; ambiguous alternate names and cross references removed; new chemical products and processing techniques are covered; hazards and safety remain central to the book

The Physics of Fullerene-Based and Fullerene-Related Materials

The Physics of Fullerene-Based and Fullerene-Related Materials

Author: W. Andreoni

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 457

ISBN-13: 9401140383

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Krätschmer and Huffman's revolutionary discovery of a new solid phase of carbon, solid C60, in 1990 opened the way to an entire new class of materials with physical properties so diverse that their richness has not yet been fully exploited. Moreover, as a by-product of fullerene research, carbon nanotubes were later identified, from which novel nanostructures originated that are currently fascinating materials scientists worldwide. Rivers of words have been written on both fullerenes and nanotubes, in the form of journal articles, conference proceedings and books. The present book offers, in a concise and self-contained manner, the basics of the science of these materials as well as detailed information on those aspects that have so far been better explored. Structural, electronic and dynamical properties are described as obtained from various measurements and state-of-the-art calculations. Their interrelation emerges as well as their possible dependence on, for example, preparation conditions or methods of investigation. By presenting and comparing data from different sources, experiment and theory, this book helps the reader to rapidly master the basic knowledge, to grasp important issues and critically discuss them. Ultimately, it aims to inspire him or her to find novel ways to approach still open questions. As such, this book is addressed to new researchers in the field as well as experts.


Book Synopsis The Physics of Fullerene-Based and Fullerene-Related Materials by : W. Andreoni

Download or read book The Physics of Fullerene-Based and Fullerene-Related Materials written by W. Andreoni and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Krätschmer and Huffman's revolutionary discovery of a new solid phase of carbon, solid C60, in 1990 opened the way to an entire new class of materials with physical properties so diverse that their richness has not yet been fully exploited. Moreover, as a by-product of fullerene research, carbon nanotubes were later identified, from which novel nanostructures originated that are currently fascinating materials scientists worldwide. Rivers of words have been written on both fullerenes and nanotubes, in the form of journal articles, conference proceedings and books. The present book offers, in a concise and self-contained manner, the basics of the science of these materials as well as detailed information on those aspects that have so far been better explored. Structural, electronic and dynamical properties are described as obtained from various measurements and state-of-the-art calculations. Their interrelation emerges as well as their possible dependence on, for example, preparation conditions or methods of investigation. By presenting and comparing data from different sources, experiment and theory, this book helps the reader to rapidly master the basic knowledge, to grasp important issues and critically discuss them. Ultimately, it aims to inspire him or her to find novel ways to approach still open questions. As such, this book is addressed to new researchers in the field as well as experts.

Handbook of Fullerene Science and Technology

Handbook of Fullerene Science and Technology

Author: Xing Lu

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-09-24

Total Pages: 1029

ISBN-13: 9811689946

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Nanocarbon chemistry and physics is a fast-developing, broad research area – the Nobel prizes in 1996 and 2010 awarded to two key discoveries in the field, and several other nanocarbon achievements of comparable importance. Owing to this rapid growth, the nanocarbon landscape fundamentally changes every few years, creating a need to survey the field on a regular basis to update the books that have become incomplete or even obsolete. As such, this book focuses on fullerenes and metallofullerenes and also on the related areas of nanotubes and graphenes. All the covered research topics provide important fundamental knowledge for the natural sciences, but also for applications in molecular electronics, superconductivity, catalysis, photovoltaics and medical diagnostics. The current nanocarbon research activities have particularly high application potential in the conversion of solar energy, future molecular memories, non-conventional materials for optoelectronics, and new treatments for civilization diseases. Offering a truly up-to-date critical survey of nanocarbon science, its concepts and highlights, it follows the concept of a handbook: it addresses key topics systematically, from historical background, methodological aspects, current important issues, and application potential, all supplied with extensive referencing. With individual chapters written by leading experts with extensive research experience, it is a comprehensive reference resource for graduate students and active researchers alike.


Book Synopsis Handbook of Fullerene Science and Technology by : Xing Lu

Download or read book Handbook of Fullerene Science and Technology written by Xing Lu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-24 with total page 1029 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocarbon chemistry and physics is a fast-developing, broad research area – the Nobel prizes in 1996 and 2010 awarded to two key discoveries in the field, and several other nanocarbon achievements of comparable importance. Owing to this rapid growth, the nanocarbon landscape fundamentally changes every few years, creating a need to survey the field on a regular basis to update the books that have become incomplete or even obsolete. As such, this book focuses on fullerenes and metallofullerenes and also on the related areas of nanotubes and graphenes. All the covered research topics provide important fundamental knowledge for the natural sciences, but also for applications in molecular electronics, superconductivity, catalysis, photovoltaics and medical diagnostics. The current nanocarbon research activities have particularly high application potential in the conversion of solar energy, future molecular memories, non-conventional materials for optoelectronics, and new treatments for civilization diseases. Offering a truly up-to-date critical survey of nanocarbon science, its concepts and highlights, it follows the concept of a handbook: it addresses key topics systematically, from historical background, methodological aspects, current important issues, and application potential, all supplied with extensive referencing. With individual chapters written by leading experts with extensive research experience, it is a comprehensive reference resource for graduate students and active researchers alike.