Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media

Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media

Author: Giacomo Carrea

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2008-04-09

Total Pages: 328

ISBN-13: 3527621733

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Closing a gap in the literature, this comprehensive book examines and discusses different non-aqueous systems from organic solvents to ionic liquids for synthetic applications, thus opening the door to new successful methods for biocatalytic reactions. It gathers into one handy source the information otherwise widely spread throughout the literature, combining useful background information with a number of synthetic examples, including industrial scale processes for pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Extremely well structured, the text introduces the fundamentals of non-aqueous enzymology, before going on to new reaction media and synthetic applications using hydrolases and non-hydrolytic enzymes. The one-stop reference for everyone working in this hot field.


Book Synopsis Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media by : Giacomo Carrea

Download or read book Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media written by Giacomo Carrea and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-09 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closing a gap in the literature, this comprehensive book examines and discusses different non-aqueous systems from organic solvents to ionic liquids for synthetic applications, thus opening the door to new successful methods for biocatalytic reactions. It gathers into one handy source the information otherwise widely spread throughout the literature, combining useful background information with a number of synthetic examples, including industrial scale processes for pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Extremely well structured, the text introduces the fundamentals of non-aqueous enzymology, before going on to new reaction media and synthetic applications using hydrolases and non-hydrolytic enzymes. The one-stop reference for everyone working in this hot field.

Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology

Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology

Author: Munishwar N. Gupta

Publisher: Birkhäuser

Published: 2013-12-01

Total Pages: 229

ISBN-13: 3034884729

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Extending the range of enzymatic catalysis by using non-aqueous media has now developed into a powerful approach in biochemistry and biotechnology. One peculiar feature which distinguishes it from the conventional enzymology (carried out in aqueous buffers) is that the awareness of different parameters that control and influence the behaviour of enzymes in such environments has emerged rather slowly. Science is about being able to repeat what somebody else has done. Absence of knowledge about such well-defined parameters/fac tors has sometimes made some workers rather cautious and diffident about using this approach in their laboratories. But for this, non-aqueous enzymol ogy would be more widely practised. It is these thoughts that made me feel that the availability of some well-defined protocols for various applications invol ving enzymes in non-aqueous environments would further catalyze the growth of this area. Hence this book, in which each chapter has some protocols in a specific area. The protocols are preceded by brief background material. The early chapters, which are of general importance, concern control of water ac tivity and stabilization via immobilization. Some subsequent chapters provide the protocols for transformations involving lipids and carbohydrates, peptide synthesis, and preparation of chiral compounds. The disproportionate focus on lipases is not a coincidence; this class of enzymes has been used more often than others in non-aqueous enzymology.


Book Synopsis Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology by : Munishwar N. Gupta

Download or read book Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology written by Munishwar N. Gupta and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extending the range of enzymatic catalysis by using non-aqueous media has now developed into a powerful approach in biochemistry and biotechnology. One peculiar feature which distinguishes it from the conventional enzymology (carried out in aqueous buffers) is that the awareness of different parameters that control and influence the behaviour of enzymes in such environments has emerged rather slowly. Science is about being able to repeat what somebody else has done. Absence of knowledge about such well-defined parameters/fac tors has sometimes made some workers rather cautious and diffident about using this approach in their laboratories. But for this, non-aqueous enzymol ogy would be more widely practised. It is these thoughts that made me feel that the availability of some well-defined protocols for various applications invol ving enzymes in non-aqueous environments would further catalyze the growth of this area. Hence this book, in which each chapter has some protocols in a specific area. The protocols are preceded by brief background material. The early chapters, which are of general importance, concern control of water ac tivity and stabilization via immobilization. Some subsequent chapters provide the protocols for transformations involving lipids and carbohydrates, peptide synthesis, and preparation of chiral compounds. The disproportionate focus on lipases is not a coincidence; this class of enzymes has been used more often than others in non-aqueous enzymology.

Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents

Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents

Author: Evgeny N. Vulfson

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2008-02-05

Total Pages: 677

ISBN-13: 1592591124

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Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the “reversal” of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.


Book Synopsis Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents by : Evgeny N. Vulfson

Download or read book Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents written by Evgeny N. Vulfson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the “reversal” of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.

Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media

Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media

Author: A. Koskinen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 327

ISBN-13: 9401106118

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The outlook of organic synthesis has changed many times during its tractable history. The initial focus on the synthesis of substances typical of living matter, exemplified by the first examples of organic chemistry through the synthesis of urea from inorganic substances by Liebig, was accepted as the birth of organic chemistry, and thus also of organic synthesis. Although the early developments in organic synthesis closely followed the pursuit of molecules typical in nature, towards the end of the 19th century, societal pressures placed higher demands on chemical methods appropriate for the emerging age of industrialization. This led to vast amounts of information being generated through the discovery of synthetic reactions, spectroscopic techniques and reaction mechanisms. The basic organic functional group transformations were discovered and improved during the early part of this century. Reaction mechanisms were elucidated at a growing pace, and extremely powerful spectroscopic tools, such as infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry were introduced as everyday tools for a practising organic chemist. By the 1950s, many practitioners were ready to agree that almost every molecule could be syn thesized. Some difficult stereochemical problems were exceptions; for example Woodward concluded that erythromycin was a "hopelessly complex target". This frustration led to a hectic phase of development of new and increasingly more ingenious protecting group strategies and functional group transformations, and also saw the emergence of asymmetric synthesis.


Book Synopsis Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media by : A. Koskinen

Download or read book Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media written by A. Koskinen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The outlook of organic synthesis has changed many times during its tractable history. The initial focus on the synthesis of substances typical of living matter, exemplified by the first examples of organic chemistry through the synthesis of urea from inorganic substances by Liebig, was accepted as the birth of organic chemistry, and thus also of organic synthesis. Although the early developments in organic synthesis closely followed the pursuit of molecules typical in nature, towards the end of the 19th century, societal pressures placed higher demands on chemical methods appropriate for the emerging age of industrialization. This led to vast amounts of information being generated through the discovery of synthetic reactions, spectroscopic techniques and reaction mechanisms. The basic organic functional group transformations were discovered and improved during the early part of this century. Reaction mechanisms were elucidated at a growing pace, and extremely powerful spectroscopic tools, such as infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry were introduced as everyday tools for a practising organic chemist. By the 1950s, many practitioners were ready to agree that almost every molecule could be syn thesized. Some difficult stereochemical problems were exceptions; for example Woodward concluded that erythromycin was a "hopelessly complex target". This frustration led to a hectic phase of development of new and increasingly more ingenious protecting group strategies and functional group transformations, and also saw the emergence of asymmetric synthesis.

Biocatalysis for Practitioners

Biocatalysis for Practitioners

Author: Gonzalo de Gonzalo

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-07-19

Total Pages: 54

ISBN-13: 352734683X

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This reference book originates from the interdisciplinary research cooperation between academia and industry. In three distinct parts, latest results from basic research on stable enzymes are explained and brought into context with possible industrial applications. Downstream processing technology as well as biocatalytic and biotechnological production processes from global players display the enormous potential of biocatalysts. Application of "extreme" reaction conditions (i.e. unconventional, such as high temperature, pressure, and pH value) - biocatalysts are normally used within a well defined process window - leads to novel synthetic effects. Both novel enzyme systems and the synthetic routes in which they can be applied are made accessible to the reader. In addition, the complementary innovative process technology under unconventional conditions is highlighted by latest examples from biotech industry.


Book Synopsis Biocatalysis for Practitioners by : Gonzalo de Gonzalo

Download or read book Biocatalysis for Practitioners written by Gonzalo de Gonzalo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-19 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference book originates from the interdisciplinary research cooperation between academia and industry. In three distinct parts, latest results from basic research on stable enzymes are explained and brought into context with possible industrial applications. Downstream processing technology as well as biocatalytic and biotechnological production processes from global players display the enormous potential of biocatalysts. Application of "extreme" reaction conditions (i.e. unconventional, such as high temperature, pressure, and pH value) - biocatalysts are normally used within a well defined process window - leads to novel synthetic effects. Both novel enzyme systems and the synthetic routes in which they can be applied are made accessible to the reader. In addition, the complementary innovative process technology under unconventional conditions is highlighted by latest examples from biotech industry.

Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

Author: Manfred P. Schneider

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 422

ISBN-13: 9400946864

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Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Reisensburg/Ulm, Donau, Germany, June 16-22, 1985


Book Synopsis Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis by : Manfred P. Schneider

Download or read book Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis written by Manfred P. Schneider and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Reisensburg/Ulm, Donau, Germany, June 16-22, 1985

Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry

Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry

Author: Kurt Faber

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 466

ISBN-13: 3642980716

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The use of natural catalysts - enzymes - for the transformation of non-natural man-made organic compounds is not at all new: they have been used for more than one hundred years, employed either as whole cells, cell organelles or isolated enzymes [1,2]. Certainly, the object of most of the early research was totally different from that of the present day. Thus the elucidation of biochemical pathways and enzyme mechanisms was the main reason for research some decades ago. It was mainly during the 1980s that the enormous potential of applying natural catalysts to transform non-natural organic compounds was recognized. What started as a trend in the late 1970s could almost be called a fashion in synthetic organic chemistry in the 1990s. Although the early euphoria during the 'gold rush' in this field seems to have eased somewhat, there is still no limit to be seen for the future development of such methods. As a result of this extensive, recent research, there have been an estimated 13 000 papers published on the subject. To collate these data as a kind of 'super-review' would clearly be an impossible task and, furthermore, such a hypothetical book would be unpalatable for the non-expert [3-7].


Book Synopsis Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry by : Kurt Faber

Download or read book Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry written by Kurt Faber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of natural catalysts - enzymes - for the transformation of non-natural man-made organic compounds is not at all new: they have been used for more than one hundred years, employed either as whole cells, cell organelles or isolated enzymes [1,2]. Certainly, the object of most of the early research was totally different from that of the present day. Thus the elucidation of biochemical pathways and enzyme mechanisms was the main reason for research some decades ago. It was mainly during the 1980s that the enormous potential of applying natural catalysts to transform non-natural organic compounds was recognized. What started as a trend in the late 1970s could almost be called a fashion in synthetic organic chemistry in the 1990s. Although the early euphoria during the 'gold rush' in this field seems to have eased somewhat, there is still no limit to be seen for the future development of such methods. As a result of this extensive, recent research, there have been an estimated 13 000 papers published on the subject. To collate these data as a kind of 'super-review' would clearly be an impossible task and, furthermore, such a hypothetical book would be unpalatable for the non-expert [3-7].

Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes

Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes

Author: Vicente Gotor

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2008-03-31

Total Pages: 348

ISBN-13: 9783527318254

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Perfect for biochemists, synthetic and organic chemists, this book covers all important reactions, including C-C coupling reactions, oxidation reactions and many more. Divided into two parts, the first section on methodology presents new innovative methods for enzymatic catalysis optimization, including such new trends as medium engineering, directed evolution and computer-aided prediction of enantioselectivity. The second and main section deals with applications to synthesis, showing important reaction types and their applications. Only those reactions with very high selectivity are presented, allowing readers to improve their own reaction yields.


Book Synopsis Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes by : Vicente Gotor

Download or read book Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes written by Vicente Gotor and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-31 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perfect for biochemists, synthetic and organic chemists, this book covers all important reactions, including C-C coupling reactions, oxidation reactions and many more. Divided into two parts, the first section on methodology presents new innovative methods for enzymatic catalysis optimization, including such new trends as medium engineering, directed evolution and computer-aided prediction of enantioselectivity. The second and main section deals with applications to synthesis, showing important reaction types and their applications. Only those reactions with very high selectivity are presented, allowing readers to improve their own reaction yields.

Enzymes in Organic Synthesis

Enzymes in Organic Synthesis

Author: Ruth Porter

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2009-09-14

Total Pages: 192

ISBN-13: 0470718625

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The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.


Book Synopsis Enzymes in Organic Synthesis by : Ruth Porter

Download or read book Enzymes in Organic Synthesis written by Ruth Porter and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.

Modification of Polymers

Modification of Polymers

Author: Charles E. Carraher

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 414

ISBN-13: 1461337488

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The sheer volume of topics which could have been included under our general title prompted us to make some rather arbitrary decisions about content. Modification by irradiation is not included because the activity in this area is being treated elsewhere. We have chosen to emphasize chemical routes to modification and have striven to pre sent as balanced a representation of current activity as time and page count permit. Industrial applications, both real and potential, are included. Where appropriate, we have encouraged the contributors to include review material to help provide the reader with adequate context. The initial chapter is a review from a historical perspective of polymer modification and contains an extensive bibliography. The remainder of the book is divided into four general areas: Reactions and Preparation of Copolymers Reactions and Preparation of Block and Graft Copolymers Modification Through Condensation Reactions Applications The chemical modification of homopolymers such as polyvinylchlo ride, polyethylene, poly(chloroalkylene sulfides), polysulfones, poly chloromethylstyrene, polyisobutylene, polysodium acrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloroformate, sulfonated polystyrene; block and graft copolymers such as poly(styrene-block-ethylene-co-butylene block-styrene), poly(I,4-polybutadiene-block ethylene oxide), star chlorine-telechelic polyisobutylene, poly(isobutylene-co-2,3-dimethyl- 1,3-butadiene), poly(styrene-co-N-butylmethacrylate); cellulose, dex tran and inulin, is described.


Book Synopsis Modification of Polymers by : Charles E. Carraher

Download or read book Modification of Polymers written by Charles E. Carraher and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sheer volume of topics which could have been included under our general title prompted us to make some rather arbitrary decisions about content. Modification by irradiation is not included because the activity in this area is being treated elsewhere. We have chosen to emphasize chemical routes to modification and have striven to pre sent as balanced a representation of current activity as time and page count permit. Industrial applications, both real and potential, are included. Where appropriate, we have encouraged the contributors to include review material to help provide the reader with adequate context. The initial chapter is a review from a historical perspective of polymer modification and contains an extensive bibliography. The remainder of the book is divided into four general areas: Reactions and Preparation of Copolymers Reactions and Preparation of Block and Graft Copolymers Modification Through Condensation Reactions Applications The chemical modification of homopolymers such as polyvinylchlo ride, polyethylene, poly(chloroalkylene sulfides), polysulfones, poly chloromethylstyrene, polyisobutylene, polysodium acrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloroformate, sulfonated polystyrene; block and graft copolymers such as poly(styrene-block-ethylene-co-butylene block-styrene), poly(I,4-polybutadiene-block ethylene oxide), star chlorine-telechelic polyisobutylene, poly(isobutylene-co-2,3-dimethyl- 1,3-butadiene), poly(styrene-co-N-butylmethacrylate); cellulose, dex tran and inulin, is described.