Out Of Order Parallel Discrete Event Simulation For Electronic System Level Design eBook Download PDF

Download Out Of Order Parallel Discrete Event Simulation For Electronic System Level Design full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Out Of Order Parallel Discrete Event Simulation For Electronic System Level Design ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Out-of-order Parallel Discrete Event Simulation for Electronic System-level Design

Author: Weiwei Chen

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-07-24

Total Pages: 158

ISBN-13: 3319087533

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This book offers readers a set of new approaches and tools a set of tools and techniques for facing challenges in parallelization with design of embedded systems. It provides an advanced parallel simulation infrastructure for efficient and effective system-level model validation and development so as to build better products in less time. Since parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) has the potential to exploit the underlying parallel computational capability in today’s multi-core simulation hosts, the author begins by reviewing the parallelization of discrete event simulation, identifying problems and solutions. She then describes out-of-order parallel discrete event simulation (OoO PDES), a novel approach for efficient validation of system-level designs by aggressively exploiting the parallel capabilities of todays’ multi-core PCs. This approach enables readers to design simulators that can fully exploit the parallel processing capability of the multi-core system to achieve fast speed simulation, without loss of simulation and timing accuracy. Based on this parallel simulation infrastructure, the author further describes automatic approaches that help the designer quickly to narrow down the debugging targets in faulty ESL models with parallelism.

Book Synopsis Out-of-order Parallel Discrete Event Simulation for Electronic System-level Design by : Weiwei Chen

Download or read book Out-of-order Parallel Discrete Event Simulation for Electronic System-level Design written by Weiwei Chen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-24 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers readers a set of new approaches and tools a set of tools and techniques for facing challenges in parallelization with design of embedded systems. It provides an advanced parallel simulation infrastructure for efficient and effective system-level model validation and development so as to build better products in less time. Since parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) has the potential to exploit the underlying parallel computational capability in today’s multi-core simulation hosts, the author begins by reviewing the parallelization of discrete event simulation, identifying problems and solutions. She then describes out-of-order parallel discrete event simulation (OoO PDES), a novel approach for efficient validation of system-level designs by aggressively exploiting the parallel capabilities of todays’ multi-core PCs. This approach enables readers to design simulators that can fully exploit the parallel processing capability of the multi-core system to achieve fast speed simulation, without loss of simulation and timing accuracy. Based on this parallel simulation infrastructure, the author further describes automatic approaches that help the designer quickly to narrow down the debugging targets in faulty ESL models with parallelism.

Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design

Author: Tom J. Kazmierski

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2019-12-20

Total Pages: 197

ISBN-13: 3030315851

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the twenty-first edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which took place on September 10-12, 2018, in Munich, Germany. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems, and mixed-technology systems. Covers Assertion Based Design, Verification & Debug; Includes language-based modeling and design techniques for embedded systems; Covers design, modeling and verification of mixed physical domain and mixed signal systems that include significant analog parts in electrical and non-electrical domains; Includes formal and semi-formal system level design methods for complex embedded systems based on the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and Model Driven Engineering (MDE).

Book Synopsis Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design by : Tom J. Kazmierski

Download or read book Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design written by Tom J. Kazmierski and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-20 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the twenty-first edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which took place on September 10-12, 2018, in Munich, Germany. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems, and mixed-technology systems. Covers Assertion Based Design, Verification & Debug; Includes language-based modeling and design techniques for embedded systems; Covers design, modeling and verification of mixed physical domain and mixed signal systems that include significant analog parts in electrical and non-electrical domains; Includes formal and semi-formal system level design methods for complex embedded systems based on the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and Model Driven Engineering (MDE).

Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing

Author: Luciano Lavagno

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-12-19

Total Pages: 644

ISBN-13: 1482254638

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The first of two volumes in the Electronic Design Automation for Integrated Circuits Handbook, Second Edition, Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing thoroughly examines system-level design, microarchitectural design, logic verification, and testing. Chapters contributed by leading experts authoritatively discuss processor modeling and design tools, using performance metrics to select microprocessor cores for integrated circuit (IC) designs, design and verification languages, digital simulation, hardware acceleration and emulation, and much more. New to This Edition: Major updates appearing in the initial phases of the design flow, where the level of abstraction keeps rising to support more functionality with lower non-recurring engineering (NRE) costs Significant revisions reflected in the final phases of the design flow, where the complexity due to smaller and smaller geometries is compounded by the slow progress of shorter wavelength lithography New coverage of cutting-edge applications and approaches realized in the decade since publication of the previous edition—these are illustrated by new chapters on high-level synthesis, system-on-chip (SoC) block-based design, and back-annotating system-level models Offering improved depth and modernity, Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing provides a valuable, state-of-the-art reference for electronic design automation (EDA) students, researchers, and professionals.

Book Synopsis Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing by : Luciano Lavagno

Download or read book Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing written by Luciano Lavagno and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first of two volumes in the Electronic Design Automation for Integrated Circuits Handbook, Second Edition, Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing thoroughly examines system-level design, microarchitectural design, logic verification, and testing. Chapters contributed by leading experts authoritatively discuss processor modeling and design tools, using performance metrics to select microprocessor cores for integrated circuit (IC) designs, design and verification languages, digital simulation, hardware acceleration and emulation, and much more. New to This Edition: Major updates appearing in the initial phases of the design flow, where the level of abstraction keeps rising to support more functionality with lower non-recurring engineering (NRE) costs Significant revisions reflected in the final phases of the design flow, where the complexity due to smaller and smaller geometries is compounded by the slow progress of shorter wavelength lithography New coverage of cutting-edge applications and approaches realized in the decade since publication of the previous edition—these are illustrated by new chapters on high-level synthesis, system-on-chip (SoC) block-based design, and back-annotating system-level models Offering improved depth and modernity, Electronic Design Automation for IC System Design, Verification, and Testing provides a valuable, state-of-the-art reference for electronic design automation (EDA) students, researchers, and professionals.

A Journey of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems

Author: Jian-Jia Chen

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-07-30

Total Pages: 181

ISBN-13: 3030474879

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This Open Access book celebrates Professor Peter Marwedel's outstanding achievements in compilers, embedded systems, and cyber-physical systems. The contributions in the book summarize the content of invited lectures given at the workshop “Embedded Systems” held at the Technical University Dortmund in early July 2019 in honor of Professor Marwedel's seventieth birthday. Provides a comprehensive view from leading researchers with respect to the past, present, and future of the design of embedded and cyber-physical systems; Discusses challenges and (potential) solutions from theoreticians and practitioners on modeling, design, analysis, and optimization for embedded and cyber-physical systems; Includes coverage of model verification, communication, software runtime systems, operating systems and real-time computing.

Book Synopsis A Journey of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems by : Jian-Jia Chen

Download or read book A Journey of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems written by Jian-Jia Chen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-30 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Open Access book celebrates Professor Peter Marwedel's outstanding achievements in compilers, embedded systems, and cyber-physical systems. The contributions in the book summarize the content of invited lectures given at the workshop “Embedded Systems” held at the Technical University Dortmund in early July 2019 in honor of Professor Marwedel's seventieth birthday. Provides a comprehensive view from leading researchers with respect to the past, present, and future of the design of embedded and cyber-physical systems; Discusses challenges and (potential) solutions from theoreticians and practitioners on modeling, design, analysis, and optimization for embedded and cyber-physical systems; Includes coverage of model verification, communication, software runtime systems, operating systems and real-time computing.

Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design

Author: Marie-Minerve Louërat

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-08-21

Total Pages: 305

ISBN-13: 3319063170

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the sixteenth edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which was held in September 2013 in Paris, France. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems and mixed-technology systems.

Book Synopsis Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design by : Marie-Minerve Louërat

Download or read book Languages, Design Methods, and Tools for Electronic System Design written by Marie-Minerve Louërat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-21 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the sixteenth edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which was held in September 2013 in Paris, France. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems and mixed-technology systems.

Introduction to Discrete Event Systems

Author: Christos G. Cassandras

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-11-11

Total Pages: 821

ISBN-13: 3030722740

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This unique textbook comprehensively introduces the field of discrete event systems, offering a breadth of coverage that makes the material accessible to readers of varied backgrounds. The book emphasizes a unified modeling framework that transcends specific application areas, linking the following topics in a coherent manner: language and automata theory, supervisory control, Petri net theory, Markov chains and queueing theory, discrete-event simulation, and concurrent estimation techniques. Topics and features: detailed treatment of automata and language theory in the context of discrete event systems, including application to state estimation and diagnosis comprehensive coverage of centralized and decentralized supervisory control of partially-observed systems timed models, including timed automata and hybrid automata stochastic models for discrete event systems and controlled Markov chains discrete event simulation an introduction to stochastic hybrid systems sensitivity analysis and optimization of discrete event and hybrid systems new in the third edition: opacity properties, enhanced coverage of supervisory control, overview of latest software tools This proven textbook is essential to advanced-level students and researchers in a variety of disciplines where the study of discrete event systems is relevant: control, communications, computer engineering, computer science, manufacturing engineering, transportation networks, operations research, and industrial engineering. Christos G. Cassandras is Distinguished Professor of Engineering, Professor of Systems Engineering, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Boston University. Stéphane Lafortune is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Book Synopsis Introduction to Discrete Event Systems by : Christos G. Cassandras

Download or read book Introduction to Discrete Event Systems written by Christos G. Cassandras and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-11 with total page 821 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique textbook comprehensively introduces the field of discrete event systems, offering a breadth of coverage that makes the material accessible to readers of varied backgrounds. The book emphasizes a unified modeling framework that transcends specific application areas, linking the following topics in a coherent manner: language and automata theory, supervisory control, Petri net theory, Markov chains and queueing theory, discrete-event simulation, and concurrent estimation techniques. Topics and features: detailed treatment of automata and language theory in the context of discrete event systems, including application to state estimation and diagnosis comprehensive coverage of centralized and decentralized supervisory control of partially-observed systems timed models, including timed automata and hybrid automata stochastic models for discrete event systems and controlled Markov chains discrete event simulation an introduction to stochastic hybrid systems sensitivity analysis and optimization of discrete event and hybrid systems new in the third edition: opacity properties, enhanced coverage of supervisory control, overview of latest software tools This proven textbook is essential to advanced-level students and researchers in a variety of disciplines where the study of discrete event systems is relevant: control, communications, computer engineering, computer science, manufacturing engineering, transportation networks, operations research, and industrial engineering. Christos G. Cassandras is Distinguished Professor of Engineering, Professor of Systems Engineering, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Boston University. Stéphane Lafortune is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Handbook of Hardware/Software Codesign

Author: Soonhoi Ha

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-10-11

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789401772662

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This handbook presents fundamental knowledge on the hardware/software (HW/SW) codesign methodology. Contributing expert authors look at key techniques in the design flow as well as selected codesign tools and design environments, building on basic knowledge to consider the latest techniques. The book enables readers to gain real benefits from the HW/SW codesign methodology through explanations and case studies which demonstrate its usefulness. Readers are invited to follow the progress of design techniques through this work, which assists readers in following current research directions and learning about state-of-the-art techniques. Students and researchers will appreciate the wide spectrum of subjects that belong to the design methodology from this handbook.

Book Synopsis Handbook of Hardware/Software Codesign by : Soonhoi Ha

Download or read book Handbook of Hardware/Software Codesign written by Soonhoi Ha and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook presents fundamental knowledge on the hardware/software (HW/SW) codesign methodology. Contributing expert authors look at key techniques in the design flow as well as selected codesign tools and design environments, building on basic knowledge to consider the latest techniques. The book enables readers to gain real benefits from the HW/SW codesign methodology through explanations and case studies which demonstrate its usefulness. Readers are invited to follow the progress of design techniques through this work, which assists readers in following current research directions and learning about state-of-the-art techniques. Students and researchers will appreciate the wide spectrum of subjects that belong to the design methodology from this handbook.

Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies

Author: Xingming Zhou

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2003-09-09

Total Pages: 677

ISBN-13: 3540200541

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies, APPT 2003, held in Xiamen, China in September 2003. The 57 revised full papers and 21 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 191 full paper submissions. All current aspects in parallel and distributed computing are addressed ranging from hardware and software issues to algorithmic aspects and advanced applications. The papers are organized in topical sections on architecture, software and theory, grid and network, and applied technologies.

Book Synopsis Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies by : Xingming Zhou

Download or read book Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies written by Xingming Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-09-09 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies, APPT 2003, held in Xiamen, China in September 2003. The 57 revised full papers and 21 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 191 full paper submissions. All current aspects in parallel and distributed computing are addressed ranging from hardware and software issues to algorithmic aspects and advanced applications. The papers are organized in topical sections on architecture, software and theory, grid and network, and applied technologies.

Over 40 Publications / Studies Combined: UAS / UAV / Drone Swarm Technology Research

Author:

Publisher: Jeffrey Frank Jones

Published:

Total Pages: 3840

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Over 3,800 total pages ... Just a sample of the studies / publications included: Drone Swarms Terrorist and Insurgent Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Use, Potentials, and Military Implications Countering A2/AD with Swarming Stunning Swarms: An Airpower Alternative to Collateral Damage Ideal Directed-Energy System To Defeat Small Unmanned Aircraft System Swarms Break the Kill Chain, not the Budget: How to Avoid U.S. Strategic Retrenchment Gyges Effect: An Ethical Critique of Lethal Remotely Piloted Aircraft Human Robotic Swarm Interaction Using an Artificial Physics Approach Swarming UAS II Swarming Unmanned Aircraft Systems Communication Free Robot Swarming UAV Swarm Attack: Protection System Alternatives for Destroyers Confidential and Authenticated Communications in a Large Fixed-Wing UAV Swarm UAV Swarm Behavior Modeling for Early Exposure of Failure Modes Optimized Landing of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarms Mini, Micro, and Swarming Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Baseline Study UAV Swarm Operational Risk Assessment System SmartSwarms: Distributed UAVs that Think Command and Control Autonomous UxV's UAV Swarm Tactics: An Agent-Based Simulation and Markov Process Analysis A Novel Communications Protocol Using Geographic Routing for Swarming UAVs Performing a Search Mission Accelerating the Kill Chain via Future Unmanned Aircraft Evolution of Control Programs for a Swarm of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles AFIT UAV Swarm Mission Planning and Simulation System A Genetic Algorithm for UAV Routing Integrated with a Parallel Swarm Simulation Applying Cooperative Localization to Swarm UAVS Using an Extended Kalman Filter A Secure Group Communication Architecture for a Swarm of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Braving the Swarm: Lowering Anticipated Group Bias in Integrated Fire/Police Units Facing Paramilitary Terrorism Distributed Beamforming in a Swarm UAV Network Integrating UAS Flocking Operations with Formation Drag Reduction Tracking with a Cooperatively Controlled Swarm of GMTI Equipped UAVS Using Agent-Based Modeling to Evaluate UAS Behaviors in a Target-Rich Environment Experimental Analysis of Integration of Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Naval Special Warfare Operations Forces Target Acquisition Involving Multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles: Interfaces for Small Unmanned Air Systems (ISUS) Program Tools for the Conceptual Design and Engineering Analysis of Micro Air Vehicles Architectural Considerations for Single Operator Management of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Book Synopsis Over 40 Publications / Studies Combined: UAS / UAV / Drone Swarm Technology Research by :

Download or read book Over 40 Publications / Studies Combined: UAS / UAV / Drone Swarm Technology Research written by and published by Jeffrey Frank Jones. This book was released on with total page 3840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over 3,800 total pages ... Just a sample of the studies / publications included: Drone Swarms Terrorist and Insurgent Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Use, Potentials, and Military Implications Countering A2/AD with Swarming Stunning Swarms: An Airpower Alternative to Collateral Damage Ideal Directed-Energy System To Defeat Small Unmanned Aircraft System Swarms Break the Kill Chain, not the Budget: How to Avoid U.S. Strategic Retrenchment Gyges Effect: An Ethical Critique of Lethal Remotely Piloted Aircraft Human Robotic Swarm Interaction Using an Artificial Physics Approach Swarming UAS II Swarming Unmanned Aircraft Systems Communication Free Robot Swarming UAV Swarm Attack: Protection System Alternatives for Destroyers Confidential and Authenticated Communications in a Large Fixed-Wing UAV Swarm UAV Swarm Behavior Modeling for Early Exposure of Failure Modes Optimized Landing of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarms Mini, Micro, and Swarming Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Baseline Study UAV Swarm Operational Risk Assessment System SmartSwarms: Distributed UAVs that Think Command and Control Autonomous UxV's UAV Swarm Tactics: An Agent-Based Simulation and Markov Process Analysis A Novel Communications Protocol Using Geographic Routing for Swarming UAVs Performing a Search Mission Accelerating the Kill Chain via Future Unmanned Aircraft Evolution of Control Programs for a Swarm of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles AFIT UAV Swarm Mission Planning and Simulation System A Genetic Algorithm for UAV Routing Integrated with a Parallel Swarm Simulation Applying Cooperative Localization to Swarm UAVS Using an Extended Kalman Filter A Secure Group Communication Architecture for a Swarm of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Braving the Swarm: Lowering Anticipated Group Bias in Integrated Fire/Police Units Facing Paramilitary Terrorism Distributed Beamforming in a Swarm UAV Network Integrating UAS Flocking Operations with Formation Drag Reduction Tracking with a Cooperatively Controlled Swarm of GMTI Equipped UAVS Using Agent-Based Modeling to Evaluate UAS Behaviors in a Target-Rich Environment Experimental Analysis of Integration of Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Naval Special Warfare Operations Forces Target Acquisition Involving Multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles: Interfaces for Small Unmanned Air Systems (ISUS) Program Tools for the Conceptual Design and Engineering Analysis of Micro Air Vehicles Architectural Considerations for Single Operator Management of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

SOC Design Methodologies

Author: Michel Robert

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2013-03-15

Total Pages: 480

ISBN-13: 0387355979

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The 11 th IFIP International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, in Montpellier, France, December 3-5,2001, was a great success. The main focus was about IP Cores, Circuits and System Designs & Applications as well as SOC Design Methods and CAD. This book contains the best papers (39 among 70) that have been presented during the conference. Those papers deal with all aspects of importance for the design of the current and future integrated systems. System on Chip (SOC) design is today a big challenge for designers, as a SOC may contain very different blocks, such as microcontrollers, DSPs, memories including embedded DRAM, analog, FPGA, RF front-ends for wireless communications and integrated sensors. The complete design of such chips, in very deep submicron technologies down to 0.13 mm, with several hundreds of millions of transistors, supplied at less than 1 Volt, is a very challenging task if design, verification, debug and industrial test are considered. The microelectronic revolution is fascinating; 55 years ago, in late 1947, the transistor was invented, and everybody knows that it was by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattein, Bell Telephone Laboratories, which received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. Probably, everybody thinks that it was recognized immediately as a major invention.

Book Synopsis SOC Design Methodologies by : Michel Robert

Download or read book SOC Design Methodologies written by Michel Robert and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 11 th IFIP International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, in Montpellier, France, December 3-5,2001, was a great success. The main focus was about IP Cores, Circuits and System Designs & Applications as well as SOC Design Methods and CAD. This book contains the best papers (39 among 70) that have been presented during the conference. Those papers deal with all aspects of importance for the design of the current and future integrated systems. System on Chip (SOC) design is today a big challenge for designers, as a SOC may contain very different blocks, such as microcontrollers, DSPs, memories including embedded DRAM, analog, FPGA, RF front-ends for wireless communications and integrated sensors. The complete design of such chips, in very deep submicron technologies down to 0.13 mm, with several hundreds of millions of transistors, supplied at less than 1 Volt, is a very challenging task if design, verification, debug and industrial test are considered. The microelectronic revolution is fascinating; 55 years ago, in late 1947, the transistor was invented, and everybody knows that it was by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattein, Bell Telephone Laboratories, which received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. Probably, everybody thinks that it was recognized immediately as a major invention.