Physical Acoustics V18

Physical Acoustics V18

Author: Warren P. Mason

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 525

ISBN-13: 0323147267

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Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods reviews the principles and methods of physical acoustics, with emphasis on applications of the thermal and acoustic response to light. Measurements in which a beam of light (or electrons) excites a system are presented, and information is obtained from the resulting thermal or acoustic waves. Comprised of seven chapters, this volume begins with a description of the use of number theory to design phase gratings and arrays with low directivity, followed by a comprehensive account of ultrasonic generation by pulsed lasers in gases, vapors, liquids, and solids. Thermoelastic generation at a free surface is considered, along with the effect of material ablation and the effect of surface modification by a thin liquid coating or constraining solid layer. Subsequent chapters focus on electron-acoustic imaging of solids; the theory of photothermal and photoacoustic effects in condensed matter; the use of photoacoustics to study the vibrational relaxation of molecules; and analytical applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy to condensed phase substances. The final chapter describes imaging with optically generated thermal waves. This book will be of interest to physicists.


Book Synopsis Physical Acoustics V18 by : Warren P. Mason

Download or read book Physical Acoustics V18 written by Warren P. Mason and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods reviews the principles and methods of physical acoustics, with emphasis on applications of the thermal and acoustic response to light. Measurements in which a beam of light (or electrons) excites a system are presented, and information is obtained from the resulting thermal or acoustic waves. Comprised of seven chapters, this volume begins with a description of the use of number theory to design phase gratings and arrays with low directivity, followed by a comprehensive account of ultrasonic generation by pulsed lasers in gases, vapors, liquids, and solids. Thermoelastic generation at a free surface is considered, along with the effect of material ablation and the effect of surface modification by a thin liquid coating or constraining solid layer. Subsequent chapters focus on electron-acoustic imaging of solids; the theory of photothermal and photoacoustic effects in condensed matter; the use of photoacoustics to study the vibrational relaxation of molecules; and analytical applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy to condensed phase substances. The final chapter describes imaging with optically generated thermal waves. This book will be of interest to physicists.


Physical Acoustics

Physical Acoustics

Author: M.A. Breazeale

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 699

ISBN-13: 1461595738

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This book contains 17 invited papers and 80 communicated papers presented at the International Symposium on Physical Acoustics, held at the University Campus of Kortrijk, Belgium, from 19-22 June 1990. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Campus was celebrated with special activi ties such as concerts, exhibitions and scientific meetings. This symposium was a part of the celebration. The 120 participants came from 18 different countries. Among the largest groups we mention 32 French contributions and 19 contributions from the U.S.S.R. We especially thank Prof. V.V. Proklov from Moscow and Prof. S.V. Kulakov from Leningrad who helped us with the distribution of invitations in the U.S.S.R. We also thank Prof. G. Quentin and Ir B. Poiree from Paris who endeav oured to inform all French acousticians. We thank all the lecturers for their effort in producing the material for the book in time. The invited lectures have been collected and retyped by Prof. M. Breazeale (U.S.A.), while the contributed papers were collec ted by Prof. O. Leroy and retyped in Belgium. The first 200 pages of the book comprise the invited lectures, not classified by topic, but are in alphabetical order with reference to the first author. The second part of the book contains the contributed papers and posters also classified in alphabetical order according to the first author.


Book Synopsis Physical Acoustics by : M.A. Breazeale

Download or read book Physical Acoustics written by M.A. Breazeale and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 699 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains 17 invited papers and 80 communicated papers presented at the International Symposium on Physical Acoustics, held at the University Campus of Kortrijk, Belgium, from 19-22 June 1990. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Campus was celebrated with special activi ties such as concerts, exhibitions and scientific meetings. This symposium was a part of the celebration. The 120 participants came from 18 different countries. Among the largest groups we mention 32 French contributions and 19 contributions from the U.S.S.R. We especially thank Prof. V.V. Proklov from Moscow and Prof. S.V. Kulakov from Leningrad who helped us with the distribution of invitations in the U.S.S.R. We also thank Prof. G. Quentin and Ir B. Poiree from Paris who endeav oured to inform all French acousticians. We thank all the lecturers for their effort in producing the material for the book in time. The invited lectures have been collected and retyped by Prof. M. Breazeale (U.S.A.), while the contributed papers were collec ted by Prof. O. Leroy and retyped in Belgium. The first 200 pages of the book comprise the invited lectures, not classified by topic, but are in alphabetical order with reference to the first author. The second part of the book contains the contributed papers and posters also classified in alphabetical order according to the first author.


From Instrumentation to Nanotechnology

From Instrumentation to Nanotechnology

Author: J.W. Gardner

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 1992-01-30

Total Pages: 356

ISBN-13: 9782881247941

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Addressed to physical and chemical scientists and engineers, this book provides information on the design, manufacture, and assessment of components with critical dimensions or critical tolerances in the 0.1-100 nanometer range. Such tiny parts are now used in automobile engines, cassette players, and other common products. The 16 lectures presented are from an advanced vacation school on instrumentation and nanotechnology in Warwick, England, September 1990. Among the topics are signal processing, ultrasonic sensors, and nanoactuators for controlled displacements. .


Book Synopsis From Instrumentation to Nanotechnology by : J.W. Gardner

Download or read book From Instrumentation to Nanotechnology written by J.W. Gardner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-01-30 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressed to physical and chemical scientists and engineers, this book provides information on the design, manufacture, and assessment of components with critical dimensions or critical tolerances in the 0.1-100 nanometer range. Such tiny parts are now used in automobile engines, cassette players, and other common products. The 16 lectures presented are from an advanced vacation school on instrumentation and nanotechnology in Warwick, England, September 1990. Among the topics are signal processing, ultrasonic sensors, and nanoactuators for controlled displacements. .


Physical Acoustics V11

Physical Acoustics V11

Author: Warren P. Mason

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 378

ISBN-13: 0323153283

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Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods reviews the principles and methods of physical acoustics and covers topics ranging from third sound in superfluid helium films to the method of matched asymptotic expansions (MAE). Ultrasonic diffraction from single apertures and its application to pulse measurements and crystal physics are also discussed, together with elastic surface wave devices, acoustic emission, and nonlinear effects in piezoelectric quartz crystals. Comprised of six chapters, this volume begins with a detailed treatment of the theory of third sound in superfluid helium films, third sound resonators, and many other properties. The second chapter is devoted to the MAE method, with emphasis on its ability to produce results in acoustics and to provide insight into classical problems. Subsequent chapters deal with bulk and surface waves; phase coded signals and their generation and detection by interdigital grid structures; elastic surface wave devices such as pulse compression filters; and nonlinear effects in quartz crystals. The final chapter describes acoustic emission and the noise produced in materials when they are strained. This book will be of interest to physicists.


Book Synopsis Physical Acoustics V11 by : Warren P. Mason

Download or read book Physical Acoustics V11 written by Warren P. Mason and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods reviews the principles and methods of physical acoustics and covers topics ranging from third sound in superfluid helium films to the method of matched asymptotic expansions (MAE). Ultrasonic diffraction from single apertures and its application to pulse measurements and crystal physics are also discussed, together with elastic surface wave devices, acoustic emission, and nonlinear effects in piezoelectric quartz crystals. Comprised of six chapters, this volume begins with a detailed treatment of the theory of third sound in superfluid helium films, third sound resonators, and many other properties. The second chapter is devoted to the MAE method, with emphasis on its ability to produce results in acoustics and to provide insight into classical problems. Subsequent chapters deal with bulk and surface waves; phase coded signals and their generation and detection by interdigital grid structures; elastic surface wave devices such as pulse compression filters; and nonlinear effects in quartz crystals. The final chapter describes acoustic emission and the noise produced in materials when they are strained. This book will be of interest to physicists.


Applied Mechanics Reviews

Applied Mechanics Reviews

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1974

Total Pages: 620

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Applied Mechanics Reviews by :

Download or read book Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Fundamentals of Picoscience

Fundamentals of Picoscience

Author: Klaus D. Sattler

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2013-09-26

Total Pages: 766

ISBN-13: 1466505095

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Now ubiquitous in public discussions about cutting-edge science and technology, nanoscience has generated many advances and inventions, from the development of new quantum mechanical methods to far-reaching applications in electronics and medical diagnostics. Ushering in the next technological era, Fundamentals of Picoscience focuses on the instrumentation and experiments emerging at the picometer scale. One picometer is the length of a trillionth of a meter. Compared to a human cell of typically ten microns, this is roughly ten million times smaller. In this state-of-the-art book, international scientists and researchers at the forefront of the field present the materials and methods used at the picoscale. They address the key challenges in developing new instrumentation and techniques to visualize and measure structures at this sub-nanometer level. With numerous figures, the book will help you: Understand how picoscience is an extension of nanoscience Determine which experimental technique to use in your research Connect basic studies to the development of next-generation picoelectronic devices The book covers various approaches for detecting, characterizing, and imaging at the picoscale. It then presents picoscale methods ranging from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to spectroscopic approaches at sub-nanometer spatial and energy resolutions. It also covers novel picoscale structures and picometer positioning systems. The book concludes with picoscale device applications, including single molecule electronics and optical computers. Introductions in each chapter explain basic concepts, define technical terms, and give context to the main material.


Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Picoscience by : Klaus D. Sattler

Download or read book Fundamentals of Picoscience written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-09-26 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now ubiquitous in public discussions about cutting-edge science and technology, nanoscience has generated many advances and inventions, from the development of new quantum mechanical methods to far-reaching applications in electronics and medical diagnostics. Ushering in the next technological era, Fundamentals of Picoscience focuses on the instrumentation and experiments emerging at the picometer scale. One picometer is the length of a trillionth of a meter. Compared to a human cell of typically ten microns, this is roughly ten million times smaller. In this state-of-the-art book, international scientists and researchers at the forefront of the field present the materials and methods used at the picoscale. They address the key challenges in developing new instrumentation and techniques to visualize and measure structures at this sub-nanometer level. With numerous figures, the book will help you: Understand how picoscience is an extension of nanoscience Determine which experimental technique to use in your research Connect basic studies to the development of next-generation picoelectronic devices The book covers various approaches for detecting, characterizing, and imaging at the picoscale. It then presents picoscale methods ranging from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to spectroscopic approaches at sub-nanometer spatial and energy resolutions. It also covers novel picoscale structures and picometer positioning systems. The book concludes with picoscale device applications, including single molecule electronics and optical computers. Introductions in each chapter explain basic concepts, define technical terms, and give context to the main material.


Springer Handbook of Acoustics

Springer Handbook of Acoustics

Author: Thomas Rossing

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-01-15

Total Pages: 1280

ISBN-13: 1493907557

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Acoustics, the science of sound, has developed into a broad interdisciplinary field encompassing the academic disciplines of physics, engineering, psychology, speech, audiology, music, architecture, physiology, neuroscience and others. Here is an unparalleled modern handbook reflecting this richly interdisciplinary nature edited by one of the acknowledged masters in the field, Thomas Rossing. Researchers and students benefit from the comprehensive contents spanning: animal acoustics including infrasound and ultrasound, environmental noise control, music and human speech and singing, physiological and psychological acoustics, architectural acoustics, physical and engineering acoustics, medical acoustics and ocean acoustics. The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography. This new edition of the Handbook features over 11 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations and two new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission. These improvements will make the handbook even more useful as a reference and a guide for researchers and students in every branch of acoustics. Praise for the first edition: "This treatise is a successful attempt to cover in one book the diverse field of acoustics, which ranges from physics to music and from formal mathematics to technological applications. ... It is this reviewer's opinion that a handbook like Rossing's, which covers the whole field of acoustics, serves a real purpose because it not only gives one a chance to see how one's specialty is covered but it also permits one to make a quick survey of other acoustical areas." (Leo Beranek, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 77 (12), December, 2009) "The Springer Handbook of Acoustics falls into that exceptional list. ...every physics department should have a copy available." (John L. Hubisz, The Physics Teacher, Vol. 48, March, 2010) "This handbook is an excellent addition to the acoustics literature. ... The handbook nicely covers both basics and advances in several areas of acoustics. Several chapters provide good mathematical depth, making the handbook useful as a research and technical resource. ...Overall, a very useful educational and research resource. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (M. G. Prasad, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (5), January, 2008) "This book covers a wide range of topics and the inclusion of musical acoustics, computer and electronic music appeal to me (singer, song-writer, performer and recording studio co-owner). This handbook is probably well suited for an undergraduate-level introduction to an acoustics course. ... The wide range of topics, inclusion of music-related chapters, eye-pleasing presentations and other useful features make this a very good book to have on your shelf." (Tim Casey, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 13 (1), 2008) "The Springer Handbook of Acoustics comprises 28 chapters written by 33 authors. The Handbook of Acoustics is useful as a source book for anyone who needs or wants to become familiar with the jargon and issues related to a specific subfield of acoustics ... ." (Robert I. Odom, Siam Review, Vol. 50 (3), 2008) The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography. This new edition of the Handbook features over 13 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations and 3 new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission. These improvements will make the handbook even more useful as a reference and a guide for researchers and students in every branch of acoustics.


Book Synopsis Springer Handbook of Acoustics by : Thomas Rossing

Download or read book Springer Handbook of Acoustics written by Thomas Rossing and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-15 with total page 1280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acoustics, the science of sound, has developed into a broad interdisciplinary field encompassing the academic disciplines of physics, engineering, psychology, speech, audiology, music, architecture, physiology, neuroscience and others. Here is an unparalleled modern handbook reflecting this richly interdisciplinary nature edited by one of the acknowledged masters in the field, Thomas Rossing. Researchers and students benefit from the comprehensive contents spanning: animal acoustics including infrasound and ultrasound, environmental noise control, music and human speech and singing, physiological and psychological acoustics, architectural acoustics, physical and engineering acoustics, medical acoustics and ocean acoustics. The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography. This new edition of the Handbook features over 11 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations and two new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission. These improvements will make the handbook even more useful as a reference and a guide for researchers and students in every branch of acoustics. Praise for the first edition: "This treatise is a successful attempt to cover in one book the diverse field of acoustics, which ranges from physics to music and from formal mathematics to technological applications. ... It is this reviewer's opinion that a handbook like Rossing's, which covers the whole field of acoustics, serves a real purpose because it not only gives one a chance to see how one's specialty is covered but it also permits one to make a quick survey of other acoustical areas." (Leo Beranek, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 77 (12), December, 2009) "The Springer Handbook of Acoustics falls into that exceptional list. ...every physics department should have a copy available." (John L. Hubisz, The Physics Teacher, Vol. 48, March, 2010) "This handbook is an excellent addition to the acoustics literature. ... The handbook nicely covers both basics and advances in several areas of acoustics. Several chapters provide good mathematical depth, making the handbook useful as a research and technical resource. ...Overall, a very useful educational and research resource. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (M. G. Prasad, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (5), January, 2008) "This book covers a wide range of topics and the inclusion of musical acoustics, computer and electronic music appeal to me (singer, song-writer, performer and recording studio co-owner). This handbook is probably well suited for an undergraduate-level introduction to an acoustics course. ... The wide range of topics, inclusion of music-related chapters, eye-pleasing presentations and other useful features make this a very good book to have on your shelf." (Tim Casey, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 13 (1), 2008) "The Springer Handbook of Acoustics comprises 28 chapters written by 33 authors. The Handbook of Acoustics is useful as a source book for anyone who needs or wants to become familiar with the jargon and issues related to a specific subfield of acoustics ... ." (Robert I. Odom, Siam Review, Vol. 50 (3), 2008) The Springer Handbook of Acoustics reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. The authors of the various chapters are all experts in their fields. Each chapter is richly illustrated with figures and tables. The latest research and applications are incorporated throughout, e.g. computer recognition and synthesis of speech, physiological acoustics, psychological acoustics, thermoacoustics, diagnostic imaging and therapeutic applications and acoustical oceanography. This new edition of the Handbook features over 13 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations and 3 new chapters covering microphone arrays, acoustic metamaterials and acoustic emission. These improvements will make the handbook even more useful as a reference and a guide for researchers and students in every branch of acoustics.


Physical Acoustics V15

Physical Acoustics V15

Author: Warren P. Mason

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 393

ISBN-13: 0323152511

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Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Volume XV is a four-chapter text that covers the history of ultrasonics, interdigital transducers, theory of resonance scattering, and acoustic emission. Chapter 1 provides the history of ultrasonics and the developments of its application in crystal transducers, oscillators, selective wave filters, underwater sound, dentistry, and medicine. Chapter 2 is a comprehensive account of the use of circuit model analysis to design interdigital transducers (IDTs) for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. This chapter also looks into the total filter design problem for the important case of SAW filters composed solely of IDTs and matching circuits. Chapter 3 discusses the resonance scattering theory, its application to acoustic-and elastic-wave scattering, and the relevant experiments. Chapter 4 deals with the optical detection of acoustic emissions, acoustic emissions during various transformations, and dislocation effects. Researchers in the fields of electronics technology and applied and engineering mechanics will find this book invaluable.


Book Synopsis Physical Acoustics V15 by : Warren P. Mason

Download or read book Physical Acoustics V15 written by Warren P. Mason and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Volume XV is a four-chapter text that covers the history of ultrasonics, interdigital transducers, theory of resonance scattering, and acoustic emission. Chapter 1 provides the history of ultrasonics and the developments of its application in crystal transducers, oscillators, selective wave filters, underwater sound, dentistry, and medicine. Chapter 2 is a comprehensive account of the use of circuit model analysis to design interdigital transducers (IDTs) for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. This chapter also looks into the total filter design problem for the important case of SAW filters composed solely of IDTs and matching circuits. Chapter 3 discusses the resonance scattering theory, its application to acoustic-and elastic-wave scattering, and the relevant experiments. Chapter 4 deals with the optical detection of acoustic emissions, acoustic emissions during various transformations, and dislocation effects. Researchers in the fields of electronics technology and applied and engineering mechanics will find this book invaluable.


46th Conference on Glass Problems, Volume 7, Issue 3/4

46th Conference on Glass Problems, Volume 7, Issue 3/4

Author: William J. Smothers

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2009-09-28

Total Pages: 238

ISBN-13: 0470320672

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This volume is part of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceeding (CESP) series. This series contains a collection of papers dealing with issues in both traditional ceramics (i.e., glass, whitewares, refractories, and porcelain enamel) and advanced ceramics. Topics covered in the area of advanced ceramic include bioceramics, nanomaterials, composites, solid oxide fuel cells, mechanical properties and structural design, advanced ceramic coatings, ceramic armor, porous ceramics, and more.


Book Synopsis 46th Conference on Glass Problems, Volume 7, Issue 3/4 by : William J. Smothers

Download or read book 46th Conference on Glass Problems, Volume 7, Issue 3/4 written by William J. Smothers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-28 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is part of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceeding (CESP) series. This series contains a collection of papers dealing with issues in both traditional ceramics (i.e., glass, whitewares, refractories, and porcelain enamel) and advanced ceramics. Topics covered in the area of advanced ceramic include bioceramics, nanomaterials, composites, solid oxide fuel cells, mechanical properties and structural design, advanced ceramic coatings, ceramic armor, porous ceramics, and more.


Physical Acoustics V10

Physical Acoustics V10

Author: Warren P. Mason

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 416

ISBN-13: 0323151272

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Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Volume X, is a five-chapter text that covers the principles and methods of generation of physical acoustics. The first chapter provides the essential results obtained concerning acoustic surface waves on curved surfaces and relates them to the corresponding plane surface waves. This chapter also presents a classification of surface and lateral waves on flat surfaces along with their properties. The second chapter describes a group of acoustic wave problems that are particularly suitable for study by means of Schlieren visualization. The third chapter deals with the production of ultrasonic waves by direct electromagnetic generation, while type II superconductors, which are useful for superconducting magnets with strong magnetic fields and with high current densities, are investigated in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter discusses the principles of hologram and its application to very short length electromagnetic waves known as microwaves and to acoustic waves of various wavelengths.


Book Synopsis Physical Acoustics V10 by : Warren P. Mason

Download or read book Physical Acoustics V10 written by Warren P. Mason and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, Volume X, is a five-chapter text that covers the principles and methods of generation of physical acoustics. The first chapter provides the essential results obtained concerning acoustic surface waves on curved surfaces and relates them to the corresponding plane surface waves. This chapter also presents a classification of surface and lateral waves on flat surfaces along with their properties. The second chapter describes a group of acoustic wave problems that are particularly suitable for study by means of Schlieren visualization. The third chapter deals with the production of ultrasonic waves by direct electromagnetic generation, while type II superconductors, which are useful for superconducting magnets with strong magnetic fields and with high current densities, are investigated in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter discusses the principles of hologram and its application to very short length electromagnetic waves known as microwaves and to acoustic waves of various wavelengths.