Politics and Policy Knowledge in Federal Education

Politics and Policy Knowledge in Federal Education

Author: Steven Putansu

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-02-27

Total Pages: 215

ISBN-13: 3030383954

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Policy knowledge derived from data, information, and evidence is a powerful tool for contributing to policy discussions and debates, and for understanding and improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of government action. For decades, politicians, advocates, reformers, and researchers have simultaneously espoused this value, while also paradoxically lamenting the lack of impact of policy knowledge on decision making, and the failure of related reforms. This text explores this paradox, identifying the reliance on a proverb of using policy knowledge to supplant politics as a primary culprit for these perceived failures. The evidence in this book suggests that any consideration of the role of policy knowledge in decision making must be considered alongside, rather than in place of, considerations of the ideologies, interests, and institutional factors that shape political decisions. This contextually rich approach offers practical insights to understand the role of policy knowledge, and to better leverage it to support good governance decisions.


Book Synopsis Politics and Policy Knowledge in Federal Education by : Steven Putansu

Download or read book Politics and Policy Knowledge in Federal Education written by Steven Putansu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-27 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policy knowledge derived from data, information, and evidence is a powerful tool for contributing to policy discussions and debates, and for understanding and improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of government action. For decades, politicians, advocates, reformers, and researchers have simultaneously espoused this value, while also paradoxically lamenting the lack of impact of policy knowledge on decision making, and the failure of related reforms. This text explores this paradox, identifying the reliance on a proverb of using policy knowledge to supplant politics as a primary culprit for these perceived failures. The evidence in this book suggests that any consideration of the role of policy knowledge in decision making must be considered alongside, rather than in place of, considerations of the ideologies, interests, and institutional factors that shape political decisions. This contextually rich approach offers practical insights to understand the role of policy knowledge, and to better leverage it to support good governance decisions.


Funding Public Schools

Funding Public Schools

Author: Kenneth K. Wong

Publisher:

Published: 1999

Total Pages: 232

ISBN-13:

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This book examines the fundamental role of politics in funding our public schools and fills a conceptual imbalance in the current literature in school finance and educational policy. Unlike those who are primarily concerned about cost efficiency, Kenneth Wong specifies how resources are allocated for what purposes at different levels of the government. In contrast to those who focus on litigation as a way to reduce funding gaps, he underscores institutional stalemate and the lack of political will to act as important factors that affect legislative deadlock in school finance reform. Wong defines how politics has sustained various types of "rules" that affect the allocation of resources at the federal, state, and local level. While these rules have been remarkably stable over the past twenty to thirty years, they have often worked at cross-purposes by fragmenting policy and constraining the education process at schools with the greatest needs. Wong's examination is shaped by several questions. How do these rules come about? What role does politics play in retention of the rules? Do the federal, state, and local governments espouse different policies? In what ways do these policies operate at cross-purposes? How do they affect educational opportunities? Do the policies cohere in ways that promote better and more equitable student outcomes? Wong concludes that the five types of entrenched rules for resource allocation are rooted in existing governance arrangements and seemingly impervious to partisan shifts, interest group pressures, and constitutional challenge. And because these rules foster policy fragmentation and embody initiatives out of step with the performance-based reform agenda of the 1990s, the outlook for positive change in public education is uncertain unless fairly radical approaches are employed. Wong also analyzes four allocative reform models, two based on the assumption that existing political structures are unlikely to change and two that seek to empower actors at the school level. The two models for systemwide restructuring, aimed at intergovernmental coordination and/or integrated governance, would seek to clarify responsibilities for public education among federal, state, and local authorities-above all, integrating political and educational accountability. The other two models identified by Wong shift control from state and district to the school, one based on local leadership and the other based on market forces. In discussing the guiding principles of the four models, Wong takes care to identify both the potential and limitations of each. Written with a broad policy audience in mind, Wong's book should appeal to professionals interested in the politics of educational reform and to teachers of courses dealing with educational policy and administration and intergovernmental relations.


Book Synopsis Funding Public Schools by : Kenneth K. Wong

Download or read book Funding Public Schools written by Kenneth K. Wong and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the fundamental role of politics in funding our public schools and fills a conceptual imbalance in the current literature in school finance and educational policy. Unlike those who are primarily concerned about cost efficiency, Kenneth Wong specifies how resources are allocated for what purposes at different levels of the government. In contrast to those who focus on litigation as a way to reduce funding gaps, he underscores institutional stalemate and the lack of political will to act as important factors that affect legislative deadlock in school finance reform. Wong defines how politics has sustained various types of "rules" that affect the allocation of resources at the federal, state, and local level. While these rules have been remarkably stable over the past twenty to thirty years, they have often worked at cross-purposes by fragmenting policy and constraining the education process at schools with the greatest needs. Wong's examination is shaped by several questions. How do these rules come about? What role does politics play in retention of the rules? Do the federal, state, and local governments espouse different policies? In what ways do these policies operate at cross-purposes? How do they affect educational opportunities? Do the policies cohere in ways that promote better and more equitable student outcomes? Wong concludes that the five types of entrenched rules for resource allocation are rooted in existing governance arrangements and seemingly impervious to partisan shifts, interest group pressures, and constitutional challenge. And because these rules foster policy fragmentation and embody initiatives out of step with the performance-based reform agenda of the 1990s, the outlook for positive change in public education is uncertain unless fairly radical approaches are employed. Wong also analyzes four allocative reform models, two based on the assumption that existing political structures are unlikely to change and two that seek to empower actors at the school level. The two models for systemwide restructuring, aimed at intergovernmental coordination and/or integrated governance, would seek to clarify responsibilities for public education among federal, state, and local authorities-above all, integrating political and educational accountability. The other two models identified by Wong shift control from state and district to the school, one based on local leadership and the other based on market forces. In discussing the guiding principles of the four models, Wong takes care to identify both the potential and limitations of each. Written with a broad policy audience in mind, Wong's book should appeal to professionals interested in the politics of educational reform and to teachers of courses dealing with educational policy and administration and intergovernmental relations.


Political Education

Political Education

Author: Christopher T. Cross

Publisher: Teachers College Press

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 225

ISBN-13: 0807773301

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In this volume, political insider Christopher Cross updates his critically acclaimed bestseller with new chapters and important new insights into future education policy. Cross draws on his own experience in Washington, along with research and interviews, to present a highly readable history of federal education policy, from WWII to the Obama administration. The book highlights the key players who helped shape federal policy because, as Cross writes in his introduction, “policy development is woven of personalities, events, and timing.” This fascinating chronicle demonstrates, among other things, how federal policy has been a constant influence on what states and local districts do, especially with respect to students most at-risk. “As we enter the next chapter in the education policy debate, it is important to understand how we have arrived at the policies in place today and to consider the lessons learned. As Political Education so clearly documents, we need to engage in a dialogue that is about our expectations and our commitment to education as a national priority.” —From the Foreword by Governor Brian Sandoval, 2013–2015 chair, Education Commission of the States, and Jeremy Anderson, president, Education Commission of the States “[This book] comes at a crucial time. Now that some states are withdrawing from Common Core Standards because policymakers are characterizing a multi-state initiative as federal intrusion, that Courts are viewed as the refuge for parents fighting teacher tenure, and inequities within education and more generally are sharper than ever, we need Cross’ clear analysis of our complicated system more than ever.” —Susan Fuhrman, president, Teachers College, Columbia University “An incisive update of this comprehensive analysis of the evolving historic and future federal role. Cross provides the politics, personalities, and underlying ethos that shape trends and eras of federal policymaking.” —Mike Kirst, president, California State Board of Education, and professor emeritus, Stanford University Critical Acclaim for Political Education— “Concise but illuminating...chock-full of historical nuggets.” —Education Week “The book is clearly written, informative, and generally well-balanced.” —Harvard Educational Review “Rarely does one find a book on educational policy as accessible and as fact-filled as this volume by Christopher Cross.... It will help educators of all stripes to better understand the how, why, and who of federal education policy.” —Book Review Digest


Book Synopsis Political Education by : Christopher T. Cross

Download or read book Political Education written by Christopher T. Cross and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, political insider Christopher Cross updates his critically acclaimed bestseller with new chapters and important new insights into future education policy. Cross draws on his own experience in Washington, along with research and interviews, to present a highly readable history of federal education policy, from WWII to the Obama administration. The book highlights the key players who helped shape federal policy because, as Cross writes in his introduction, “policy development is woven of personalities, events, and timing.” This fascinating chronicle demonstrates, among other things, how federal policy has been a constant influence on what states and local districts do, especially with respect to students most at-risk. “As we enter the next chapter in the education policy debate, it is important to understand how we have arrived at the policies in place today and to consider the lessons learned. As Political Education so clearly documents, we need to engage in a dialogue that is about our expectations and our commitment to education as a national priority.” —From the Foreword by Governor Brian Sandoval, 2013–2015 chair, Education Commission of the States, and Jeremy Anderson, president, Education Commission of the States “[This book] comes at a crucial time. Now that some states are withdrawing from Common Core Standards because policymakers are characterizing a multi-state initiative as federal intrusion, that Courts are viewed as the refuge for parents fighting teacher tenure, and inequities within education and more generally are sharper than ever, we need Cross’ clear analysis of our complicated system more than ever.” —Susan Fuhrman, president, Teachers College, Columbia University “An incisive update of this comprehensive analysis of the evolving historic and future federal role. Cross provides the politics, personalities, and underlying ethos that shape trends and eras of federal policymaking.” —Mike Kirst, president, California State Board of Education, and professor emeritus, Stanford University Critical Acclaim for Political Education— “Concise but illuminating...chock-full of historical nuggets.” —Education Week “The book is clearly written, informative, and generally well-balanced.” —Harvard Educational Review “Rarely does one find a book on educational policy as accessible and as fact-filled as this volume by Christopher Cross.... It will help educators of all stripes to better understand the how, why, and who of federal education policy.” —Book Review Digest


Presidents, Congress, and the Public Schools

Presidents, Congress, and the Public Schools

Author: Jack Jennings

Publisher: Harvard Education Press

Published: 2015-03-01

Total Pages: 272

ISBN-13: 1612507980

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April 2015 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the landmark legislation that has provided the foundation of federal education policy in the United States. In Presidents, Congress, and the Public Schools, longtime policy analyst Jack Jennings examines the evolution of federal education policy and outlines a bold and controversial vision for its future. Jennings brings an insider’s knowledge to this account, offering a vivid analysis of federal efforts in the education arena and revealing some of the factors that shaped their enactment. His rich descriptions and lively anecdotes provide pointed lessons about the partisan climate that stymies much federal policy making today. After assessing the impacts of Title I and NCLB, and exploring the variety of ways that the federal government has intervened in education, Jennings sets forth an ambitious agenda for reframing education as a federal civil right and ensuring that every child has the opportunity to learn.


Book Synopsis Presidents, Congress, and the Public Schools by : Jack Jennings

Download or read book Presidents, Congress, and the Public Schools written by Jack Jennings and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: April 2015 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the landmark legislation that has provided the foundation of federal education policy in the United States. In Presidents, Congress, and the Public Schools, longtime policy analyst Jack Jennings examines the evolution of federal education policy and outlines a bold and controversial vision for its future. Jennings brings an insider’s knowledge to this account, offering a vivid analysis of federal efforts in the education arena and revealing some of the factors that shaped their enactment. His rich descriptions and lively anecdotes provide pointed lessons about the partisan climate that stymies much federal policy making today. After assessing the impacts of Title I and NCLB, and exploring the variety of ways that the federal government has intervened in education, Jennings sets forth an ambitious agenda for reframing education as a federal civil right and ensuring that every child has the opportunity to learn.


Handbook of Education Politics and Policy

Handbook of Education Politics and Policy

Author: Bruce S. Cooper

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2008-06-30

Total Pages: 571

ISBN-13: 1135595577

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Written by a mix of established and rising stars in school politics, policy, law, finance, and reform this comprehensive Handbook provides a three part framework that helps organize this relatively new and loosely organized field of study. A central theme running through the book is how to harness politics to school equity and improvement. Key features include: Thematic Discussions – detailed discussions of key topics in educational politics are organized by themes and competing perspectives. The overarching themes are 1) the goals of the U.S. political system (justice, equity, opportunity, efficiency and choice); 2) the means and resources for reaching these goals; and 3) the political behaviors and compromises that seek to mitigate ideological differences and conflicts of interest. Research Oriented – in addition to summarizing the latest research connected to key topics, each chapter exemplifies and reports on the methods and techniques for further exploration of these topics. Reform Oriented – throughout the book and especially in the summarizing chapter, authors provide suggestions for improving the political behaviors of key educational groups and individuals: unions, superintendents, politicians, school boards, teachers, and parents.


Book Synopsis Handbook of Education Politics and Policy by : Bruce S. Cooper

Download or read book Handbook of Education Politics and Policy written by Bruce S. Cooper and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-06-30 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by a mix of established and rising stars in school politics, policy, law, finance, and reform this comprehensive Handbook provides a three part framework that helps organize this relatively new and loosely organized field of study. A central theme running through the book is how to harness politics to school equity and improvement. Key features include: Thematic Discussions – detailed discussions of key topics in educational politics are organized by themes and competing perspectives. The overarching themes are 1) the goals of the U.S. political system (justice, equity, opportunity, efficiency and choice); 2) the means and resources for reaching these goals; and 3) the political behaviors and compromises that seek to mitigate ideological differences and conflicts of interest. Research Oriented – in addition to summarizing the latest research connected to key topics, each chapter exemplifies and reports on the methods and techniques for further exploration of these topics. Reform Oriented – throughout the book and especially in the summarizing chapter, authors provide suggestions for improving the political behaviors of key educational groups and individuals: unions, superintendents, politicians, school boards, teachers, and parents.


New Foundations for Knowledge in Educational Administration, Policy, and Politics

New Foundations for Knowledge in Educational Administration, Policy, and Politics

Author: Douglas E. Mitchell

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2013-04-03

Total Pages: 314

ISBN-13: 1136501711

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This book probes the intellectual foundations of scholarly inquiry into educational administration, policy, and politics. The question of whether, and if so how, social science theories and methods contribute to an understanding of these issues is hotly debated today. Is there really a scientific basis for evaluating and/or improving educational administration, politics and policy? The contributors—all recognized scholars in the fields of educational organization, administration, policy and politics—tackle the question of epistemology directly, addressing anew what rules of scholarly conduct should guide research and practice in the field, and how those rules of inquiry should guide the training of scholars and education professionals. The Introduction places the chapters in a common intellectual framework for rebuilding confidence in social science inquiry and of the legitimacy of the university as an arbiter of scientific knowledge claims. New Foundations for Knowledge in Educational Administration, Policy, and Politics: Science and Sensationalism is directed to research scholars, faculty, graduate students, and policy agency staffers in the fields of educational policy, politics, and administration; educational evaluation; and educational foundations. It is well suited as a text for graduate courses in these areas.


Book Synopsis New Foundations for Knowledge in Educational Administration, Policy, and Politics by : Douglas E. Mitchell

Download or read book New Foundations for Knowledge in Educational Administration, Policy, and Politics written by Douglas E. Mitchell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book probes the intellectual foundations of scholarly inquiry into educational administration, policy, and politics. The question of whether, and if so how, social science theories and methods contribute to an understanding of these issues is hotly debated today. Is there really a scientific basis for evaluating and/or improving educational administration, politics and policy? The contributors—all recognized scholars in the fields of educational organization, administration, policy and politics—tackle the question of epistemology directly, addressing anew what rules of scholarly conduct should guide research and practice in the field, and how those rules of inquiry should guide the training of scholars and education professionals. The Introduction places the chapters in a common intellectual framework for rebuilding confidence in social science inquiry and of the legitimacy of the university as an arbiter of scientific knowledge claims. New Foundations for Knowledge in Educational Administration, Policy, and Politics: Science and Sensationalism is directed to research scholars, faculty, graduate students, and policy agency staffers in the fields of educational policy, politics, and administration; educational evaluation; and educational foundations. It is well suited as a text for graduate courses in these areas.


Critical Approaches to Education Policy Analysis

Critical Approaches to Education Policy Analysis

Author: Michelle D. Young

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-11-18

Total Pages: 290

ISBN-13: 3319396439

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This volume informs the growing number of educational policy scholars on the use of critical theoretical frameworks in their analyses. It offers insights on which theories are appropriate within the area of critical educational policy research and how theory and method interact and are applied in critical policy analyses. Highlighting how different critical theoretical frameworks are used in educational policy research to reshape and redefine the way scholars approach the field, the volume offers work by emerging and senior scholars in the field of educational policy who apply critical frameworks to their research. The chapters examine a wide range of current educational policy topics through different critical theoretical lenses, including critical race theory, critical discourse analysis, postmodernism, feminist poststructuralism, critical theories related to LGBTQ issues, and advocacy approaches.


Book Synopsis Critical Approaches to Education Policy Analysis by : Michelle D. Young

Download or read book Critical Approaches to Education Policy Analysis written by Michelle D. Young and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume informs the growing number of educational policy scholars on the use of critical theoretical frameworks in their analyses. It offers insights on which theories are appropriate within the area of critical educational policy research and how theory and method interact and are applied in critical policy analyses. Highlighting how different critical theoretical frameworks are used in educational policy research to reshape and redefine the way scholars approach the field, the volume offers work by emerging and senior scholars in the field of educational policy who apply critical frameworks to their research. The chapters examine a wide range of current educational policy topics through different critical theoretical lenses, including critical race theory, critical discourse analysis, postmodernism, feminist poststructuralism, critical theories related to LGBTQ issues, and advocacy approaches.


Political Education

Political Education

Author: Christopher Cross

Publisher: Teachers College Press

Published:

Total Pages: 364

ISBN-13: 0807771295

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Political insider Christopher Cross has updated his critically acclaimed book to reflect recent education policy developments, including the impact of the Obama administration and "Race to the Top" as well as the controversy over NCLB's reauthorization. Featuring a new introduction and the addition of postscripts for key chapters, this important book traces the evolution of federal education policy during the latter half of the 20th century. Cross draws on his 32 years of experience in Washington, research he has conducted in several presidential libraries and interviews with more than 20 people who held key positions during that time. What emerges is a highly readable chronicle of how the federal role in education has been transformed, including a look at: (1) The major organizations, interest groups, and policymakers who influenced federal policy, including Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Elliot Richardson, Al Quie, John Brademas, Adam Clayton Powell, Walter Mondale, Abraham Ribicoff, Ted Bell, Bill Bennett, Carl Perkins, and Ted Kennedy; (2) How and why the U.S. Department of Education came into existence; (3) How the Title I program came to emphasize whole school reform; (4) The history behind the development of the federal government's special education policy; and (5) The justification for the federal role in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. [Foreword by Richard Riley and Ted Sanders.].


Book Synopsis Political Education by : Christopher Cross

Download or read book Political Education written by Christopher Cross and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Political insider Christopher Cross has updated his critically acclaimed book to reflect recent education policy developments, including the impact of the Obama administration and "Race to the Top" as well as the controversy over NCLB's reauthorization. Featuring a new introduction and the addition of postscripts for key chapters, this important book traces the evolution of federal education policy during the latter half of the 20th century. Cross draws on his 32 years of experience in Washington, research he has conducted in several presidential libraries and interviews with more than 20 people who held key positions during that time. What emerges is a highly readable chronicle of how the federal role in education has been transformed, including a look at: (1) The major organizations, interest groups, and policymakers who influenced federal policy, including Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Elliot Richardson, Al Quie, John Brademas, Adam Clayton Powell, Walter Mondale, Abraham Ribicoff, Ted Bell, Bill Bennett, Carl Perkins, and Ted Kennedy; (2) How and why the U.S. Department of Education came into existence; (3) How the Title I program came to emphasize whole school reform; (4) The history behind the development of the federal government's special education policy; and (5) The justification for the federal role in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. [Foreword by Richard Riley and Ted Sanders.].


Conflict of Interests

Conflict of Interests

Author: Joel H. Spring

Publisher: Longman Publishing Group

Published: 1993

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13:

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Providing a critical understanding of the political and social forces shaping educational politics in the United States, this concise text describes and analyzes how policy is made for American schools and its effect on all of our lives and thinking. Joel Spring argues that the politics of Education is driven by a complex interrelationship between politicians, private foundations and think tanks, teachers'unions, special-interest groups, educational politicians, school administrators, boards of education, courts, and the knowledge industry. The text uses many current examples to illustrate conflicts over educational policies.


Book Synopsis Conflict of Interests by : Joel H. Spring

Download or read book Conflict of Interests written by Joel H. Spring and published by Longman Publishing Group. This book was released on 1993 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a critical understanding of the political and social forces shaping educational politics in the United States, this concise text describes and analyzes how policy is made for American schools and its effect on all of our lives and thinking. Joel Spring argues that the politics of Education is driven by a complex interrelationship between politicians, private foundations and think tanks, teachers'unions, special-interest groups, educational politicians, school administrators, boards of education, courts, and the knowledge industry. The text uses many current examples to illustrate conflicts over educational policies.


The Federal Government and Education; an Examination of the Federalization Movement in the Light of the Educational Demands of a Democracy

The Federal Government and Education; an Examination of the Federalization Movement in the Light of the Educational Demands of a Democracy

Author: Robert Hugh 1895- Mahoney

Publisher: Legare Street Press

Published: 2023-07-18

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781019766149

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This work provides a critical examination of the federalization of education in the United States. The author examines the history of federal involvement in education, analyzing the impact of federal policies on local schools and communities. Through a detailed analysis of the educational needs of a democracy, the author argues for a more localized and community-driven approach to education policy. This book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the history and politics of American education. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.


Book Synopsis The Federal Government and Education; an Examination of the Federalization Movement in the Light of the Educational Demands of a Democracy by : Robert Hugh 1895- Mahoney

Download or read book The Federal Government and Education; an Examination of the Federalization Movement in the Light of the Educational Demands of a Democracy written by Robert Hugh 1895- Mahoney and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work provides a critical examination of the federalization of education in the United States. The author examines the history of federal involvement in education, analyzing the impact of federal policies on local schools and communities. Through a detailed analysis of the educational needs of a democracy, the author argues for a more localized and community-driven approach to education policy. This book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the history and politics of American education. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.