Polymer Grafting and Crosslinking

Polymer Grafting and Crosslinking

Author: Amit Bhattacharya

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2008-12-01

Total Pages: 353

ISBN-13: 0470414804

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Rapid advances in technology require materials with improved property profiles. Polymer modification using grafting and crosslinking are key ways to achieve this in an economical way and without the need for developing new materials. Often widely disparate and in a number of references, practical information on polymer grafting and crosslinking is now available in one volume. Researchers seeking information that bridges the knowledge gap between the scientific principles and industrial applications of polymer crosslinking and grafting will find coverage on the basic science, the methodologies, and a focus on the specific techniques used in a variety of industrial applications such as automotive, laminates, paints, adhesives, and cable. Coverage also includes potential biomedical applications. Descriptions of analytical tools that can be used to evaluate the results are also included.


Book Synopsis Polymer Grafting and Crosslinking by : Amit Bhattacharya

Download or read book Polymer Grafting and Crosslinking written by Amit Bhattacharya and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-12-01 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapid advances in technology require materials with improved property profiles. Polymer modification using grafting and crosslinking are key ways to achieve this in an economical way and without the need for developing new materials. Often widely disparate and in a number of references, practical information on polymer grafting and crosslinking is now available in one volume. Researchers seeking information that bridges the knowledge gap between the scientific principles and industrial applications of polymer crosslinking and grafting will find coverage on the basic science, the methodologies, and a focus on the specific techniques used in a variety of industrial applications such as automotive, laminates, paints, adhesives, and cable. Coverage also includes potential biomedical applications. Descriptions of analytical tools that can be used to evaluate the results are also included.

Recent Advances in Polymer Blends, Grafts, and Blocks

Recent Advances in Polymer Blends, Grafts, and Blocks

Author: L. Sperling

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-09

Total Pages: 438

ISBN-13: 1468428748

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Polymer blends, grafts, and blocks, broadly defined, encompass all of the ways in which two or more kinds of poly mer molecules can be mixed and/or joined. Because these mate rials exhibit non-linear and often synergistic properties, they have found increasing application in our technology. Their multifarious uses have, in turn, spurred new research efforts, to find yet different ways of joining two kinds of polymer molecules, with novel physical and/or mechanical behavior patterns. In August, 1973, the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society sponsored a symposium at its meeting in Chi cago on Polymer Blends, Grafts, and Blocks. This book collects the papers presented at that symposium. Yet, it is more than just a collection of papers, for we here display the thinking and efforts of a number of top-ranking American and foreign scientists in one of the world's more active research areas. The symposium emphasized the interrelationships among synthetic detail, morphology, and physical and mechanical properties. Several novel syntheses were presented. These include oxidation resistant thermoplastic elastomers (Holden), a graft copolymer based thermoplastic elastomer (Kennedy and Smith), a cationic graft copolymer (Kennedy, Charles, and Davidson), an AB crosslinked copolymer (Bamford and Eastmond), an interpenetrating polymer network (Donatelli, Thomas, and Sperling), and simultaneous interpenetrating networks (Frisch, Klempner, Frisch, and Ghiradella). Most polymer blends, grafts, and blocks exhibit two phases. The theory of microdomain structure was discussed (Helfand). The different ways that the two molecules can be joined together was examined (Kenney), and their topology was explored (Sperling).


Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Polymer Blends, Grafts, and Blocks by : L. Sperling

Download or read book Recent Advances in Polymer Blends, Grafts, and Blocks written by L. Sperling and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer blends, grafts, and blocks, broadly defined, encompass all of the ways in which two or more kinds of poly mer molecules can be mixed and/or joined. Because these mate rials exhibit non-linear and often synergistic properties, they have found increasing application in our technology. Their multifarious uses have, in turn, spurred new research efforts, to find yet different ways of joining two kinds of polymer molecules, with novel physical and/or mechanical behavior patterns. In August, 1973, the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society sponsored a symposium at its meeting in Chi cago on Polymer Blends, Grafts, and Blocks. This book collects the papers presented at that symposium. Yet, it is more than just a collection of papers, for we here display the thinking and efforts of a number of top-ranking American and foreign scientists in one of the world's more active research areas. The symposium emphasized the interrelationships among synthetic detail, morphology, and physical and mechanical properties. Several novel syntheses were presented. These include oxidation resistant thermoplastic elastomers (Holden), a graft copolymer based thermoplastic elastomer (Kennedy and Smith), a cationic graft copolymer (Kennedy, Charles, and Davidson), an AB crosslinked copolymer (Bamford and Eastmond), an interpenetrating polymer network (Donatelli, Thomas, and Sperling), and simultaneous interpenetrating networks (Frisch, Klempner, Frisch, and Ghiradella). Most polymer blends, grafts, and blocks exhibit two phases. The theory of microdomain structure was discussed (Helfand). The different ways that the two molecules can be joined together was examined (Kenney), and their topology was explored (Sperling).

Innovative Polymeric Adsorbents

Innovative Polymeric Adsorbents

Author: Kyoichi Saito

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-04-05

Total Pages: 185

ISBN-13: 9811085633

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This book presents the reader with a story-based narrative of discovery and development of radiation-induced graft polymerization. The report presented here accomplishes this by relating the inspiring account of research and development based on long-term collaboration among a professor, an engineer, and an entrepreneur. Their goal, ultimately successful, was to come up with a method for grafting functional polymer chains onto existing trunk polymers. The desired outcome was to produce feasible forms for practical use as adsorbents such as porous hollow-fiber membranes, porous sheets, nonwoven fabrics, and fibers. Adsorbents that specifically and efficiently bind to target ions and molecules are essential for capturing uranium species in seawater and antibody drugs in biological fluids and for removing metal ions from ultrapure water and radioactive cesium ions from contaminated water. This unique volume, with its clearly written text and many illustrative figures and diagrams, demonstrates the advantages of the high-adsorption capacity and rate and the easy handling of new polymeric adsorbents over conventional adsorbents. The dynamic behavior of graft chains as described here is certain to appeal especially to chemists, physicists, and material scientists as well as to other readers with an interest in this valuable subject.


Book Synopsis Innovative Polymeric Adsorbents by : Kyoichi Saito

Download or read book Innovative Polymeric Adsorbents written by Kyoichi Saito and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-05 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the reader with a story-based narrative of discovery and development of radiation-induced graft polymerization. The report presented here accomplishes this by relating the inspiring account of research and development based on long-term collaboration among a professor, an engineer, and an entrepreneur. Their goal, ultimately successful, was to come up with a method for grafting functional polymer chains onto existing trunk polymers. The desired outcome was to produce feasible forms for practical use as adsorbents such as porous hollow-fiber membranes, porous sheets, nonwoven fabrics, and fibers. Adsorbents that specifically and efficiently bind to target ions and molecules are essential for capturing uranium species in seawater and antibody drugs in biological fluids and for removing metal ions from ultrapure water and radioactive cesium ions from contaminated water. This unique volume, with its clearly written text and many illustrative figures and diagrams, demonstrates the advantages of the high-adsorption capacity and rate and the easy handling of new polymeric adsorbents over conventional adsorbents. The dynamic behavior of graft chains as described here is certain to appeal especially to chemists, physicists, and material scientists as well as to other readers with an interest in this valuable subject.

Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers

Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers

Author: Susheel Kalia

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-05-23

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 3642365663

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Renowned experts give all essential aspects of the techniques and applications of graft copolymers based on polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the most abundant natural organic materials and polysaccharide based graft copolymers are of great importance and widely used in various fields. Natural polysaccharides have recently received more attention due to their advantages over synthetic polymers by being non-toxic, biodegradable and available at low cost. Modification of polysaccharides through graft copolymerization improves the properties of polysaccharides. Grafting is known to improve the characteristic properties of the backbones. Such properties include water repellency, thermal stability, flame resistance, dye-ability and resistance towards acid-base attack and abrasion. Polysaccharides and their graft copolymers find extensive applications in diversified fields. Applications of modified polysaccharides include drug delivery devices, controlled release of fungicides, selective water absorption from oil-water emulsions, purification of water etc.


Book Synopsis Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers by : Susheel Kalia

Download or read book Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers written by Susheel Kalia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renowned experts give all essential aspects of the techniques and applications of graft copolymers based on polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the most abundant natural organic materials and polysaccharide based graft copolymers are of great importance and widely used in various fields. Natural polysaccharides have recently received more attention due to their advantages over synthetic polymers by being non-toxic, biodegradable and available at low cost. Modification of polysaccharides through graft copolymerization improves the properties of polysaccharides. Grafting is known to improve the characteristic properties of the backbones. Such properties include water repellency, thermal stability, flame resistance, dye-ability and resistance towards acid-base attack and abrasion. Polysaccharides and their graft copolymers find extensive applications in diversified fields. Applications of modified polysaccharides include drug delivery devices, controlled release of fungicides, selective water absorption from oil-water emulsions, purification of water etc.

Polymer Grafting of Unsaturated Polymers to Provide New Material Properties

Polymer Grafting of Unsaturated Polymers to Provide New Material Properties

Author: Vincent Torres

Publisher:

Published: 2023

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Polymer materials are prevalent in society for a number of reasons such as a wide range of properties that have found uses in a many applications. Furthermore, polymer materials are much cheaper to synthesize and process into materials as compared to inorganic materials. However, the issues associated with plastic pollution are an ever-growing problem. To this end, to combat the current global waste disposal issues, new solutions are necessary to convert plastic waste into desirable and useful materials. Post-polymerization functionalization is an important set of chemistry techniques to modify as-synthesized polymers to find uses in different applications. The primary scope of this dissertation work is to investigate methods of post-polymerization functionalization of unsaturated polymers, utilizing their allylic carbons, with the goal of finding new and effective methods of valorization for commercially available polymers. This dissertation starts with two studies on using in-situ polymerization to graft poly(styrene) (PS) from the midblock of poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS). The highlighted chemistry uses benzoyl peroxide as an allylic hydrogen abstractor, forming an allylic radical on the backbone of SBS, which then polymerizes styrene monomer. For the samples in this study, the SBS was dissolved in styrene monomer at various volume fractions of SBS ([phi]SBS), ranging from 50% SBS / 50% styrene monomer ([phi]SBS = 50%) down to 10% SBS / 90% styrene monomer ([phi]SBS = 10%). It was first shown that after the polymerization, a nanostructural transition was observed from disordered spheres of the neat SBS to lamellar and coexisting lamellar/disordered spheres after grafting. The samples were then subjected to tensile analysis where it was found that all grafted samples outperformed the neat SBS, with the sample with an initial volume fraction of SBS being 30% ([phi]SBS = 30%) achieving the highest tensile strength and yield strength. It was hypothesized that these changes in mechanical properties were due to polymer grafting and not the increase of PS wt% within the samples. The PS grafted SBS samples were then further analyzed via in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) during uniaxial extension. For the neat SBS, there was minimal change in the SAXS pattern during deformation until ~140% strain, at which the sample began to disorder until failure. It is hypothesized that the SBS, with an initial disordered spheres morphology, experiences a simple chain pull-out mechanism during deformation, which leads it to failure. For [phi]SBS = 30%, which initially had a lamellar morphology, the deformation was more complex. It was determined that during strain, the randomly oriented lamellae underwent a preferred deformation -- the lamellae grains oriented parallel to the strain direction experienced a decrease in domain spacing while the grains oriented perpendicular experienced higher domain spacings. At a certain point, the perpendicularly oriented lamellar are torn apart, leading to formation of micro-fibrils, similar to poly(ethylene). Furthermore, it is believed that due to the polymer grafting, the PS grafts act as anchor points which help to strengthen the material from chain pull-out, despite the nanostructure being lamellar. Due to the limitations of the in-situ polymerization chemistry, such as being unable to control any aspect of the polymer grafting (graft density and graft Mn¬) as well as crosslinking of the final product due to the free radical chemistry, a new method of allylic bromination and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was developed. This method offers a new way to control graft density and graft Mn. In this study, three polymers were investigated: poly(cyclooctadiene) (PCOD), poly(butadiene), and SBS. It was shown in this study that the graft density can effectively be tuned by changing the molar ratio of N-bromosuccinimide to the unsaturated polymer. Furthermore, it was also shown that the graft Mn was tuned by changing the reaction time, where longer times allowed for higher Mn values. This chemistry is being tested for uses such as changing mechanical properties of polymers as well as the surface chemistry properties of films. Overall, the methods shown in this dissertation provide insight into various methods of post-polymerization functionalization to repurpose commercially available unsaturated polymers for potential valorization.


Book Synopsis Polymer Grafting of Unsaturated Polymers to Provide New Material Properties by : Vincent Torres

Download or read book Polymer Grafting of Unsaturated Polymers to Provide New Material Properties written by Vincent Torres and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer materials are prevalent in society for a number of reasons such as a wide range of properties that have found uses in a many applications. Furthermore, polymer materials are much cheaper to synthesize and process into materials as compared to inorganic materials. However, the issues associated with plastic pollution are an ever-growing problem. To this end, to combat the current global waste disposal issues, new solutions are necessary to convert plastic waste into desirable and useful materials. Post-polymerization functionalization is an important set of chemistry techniques to modify as-synthesized polymers to find uses in different applications. The primary scope of this dissertation work is to investigate methods of post-polymerization functionalization of unsaturated polymers, utilizing their allylic carbons, with the goal of finding new and effective methods of valorization for commercially available polymers. This dissertation starts with two studies on using in-situ polymerization to graft poly(styrene) (PS) from the midblock of poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS). The highlighted chemistry uses benzoyl peroxide as an allylic hydrogen abstractor, forming an allylic radical on the backbone of SBS, which then polymerizes styrene monomer. For the samples in this study, the SBS was dissolved in styrene monomer at various volume fractions of SBS ([phi]SBS), ranging from 50% SBS / 50% styrene monomer ([phi]SBS = 50%) down to 10% SBS / 90% styrene monomer ([phi]SBS = 10%). It was first shown that after the polymerization, a nanostructural transition was observed from disordered spheres of the neat SBS to lamellar and coexisting lamellar/disordered spheres after grafting. The samples were then subjected to tensile analysis where it was found that all grafted samples outperformed the neat SBS, with the sample with an initial volume fraction of SBS being 30% ([phi]SBS = 30%) achieving the highest tensile strength and yield strength. It was hypothesized that these changes in mechanical properties were due to polymer grafting and not the increase of PS wt% within the samples. The PS grafted SBS samples were then further analyzed via in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) during uniaxial extension. For the neat SBS, there was minimal change in the SAXS pattern during deformation until ~140% strain, at which the sample began to disorder until failure. It is hypothesized that the SBS, with an initial disordered spheres morphology, experiences a simple chain pull-out mechanism during deformation, which leads it to failure. For [phi]SBS = 30%, which initially had a lamellar morphology, the deformation was more complex. It was determined that during strain, the randomly oriented lamellae underwent a preferred deformation -- the lamellae grains oriented parallel to the strain direction experienced a decrease in domain spacing while the grains oriented perpendicular experienced higher domain spacings. At a certain point, the perpendicularly oriented lamellar are torn apart, leading to formation of micro-fibrils, similar to poly(ethylene). Furthermore, it is believed that due to the polymer grafting, the PS grafts act as anchor points which help to strengthen the material from chain pull-out, despite the nanostructure being lamellar. Due to the limitations of the in-situ polymerization chemistry, such as being unable to control any aspect of the polymer grafting (graft density and graft Mn¬) as well as crosslinking of the final product due to the free radical chemistry, a new method of allylic bromination and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was developed. This method offers a new way to control graft density and graft Mn. In this study, three polymers were investigated: poly(cyclooctadiene) (PCOD), poly(butadiene), and SBS. It was shown in this study that the graft density can effectively be tuned by changing the molar ratio of N-bromosuccinimide to the unsaturated polymer. Furthermore, it was also shown that the graft Mn was tuned by changing the reaction time, where longer times allowed for higher Mn values. This chemistry is being tested for uses such as changing mechanical properties of polymers as well as the surface chemistry properties of films. Overall, the methods shown in this dissertation provide insight into various methods of post-polymerization functionalization to repurpose commercially available unsaturated polymers for potential valorization.

Encyclopedia of Membranes

Encyclopedia of Membranes

Author: Enrico Drioli

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-07-14

Total Pages: 1100

ISBN-13: 9783662443231

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A landmark work covering the major aspects of the science, technology and application of membrane operations and related fields, from basic phenomena to the most advanced applications and future perspectives. Over 1500 concise entries in an A-Z format cover a vibrant field with a multitude of applications in diverse disciplines such as biotechnology, medicine, agro-food and petrochemical industries, environmental protection, as well as drinking water supply. Coverage includes membrane reactors and catalytic design (catalytic membrane reactors). Practically all unit operations of process engineering can be redesigned as membrane unit operations (e. g. membrane distillation, membrane crystallization, membrane stripping, membrane scrubbing). Entries are provided by an international team of experts from academia, research institutions as well as from industry.


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Membranes by : Enrico Drioli

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Membranes written by Enrico Drioli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-14 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A landmark work covering the major aspects of the science, technology and application of membrane operations and related fields, from basic phenomena to the most advanced applications and future perspectives. Over 1500 concise entries in an A-Z format cover a vibrant field with a multitude of applications in diverse disciplines such as biotechnology, medicine, agro-food and petrochemical industries, environmental protection, as well as drinking water supply. Coverage includes membrane reactors and catalytic design (catalytic membrane reactors). Practically all unit operations of process engineering can be redesigned as membrane unit operations (e. g. membrane distillation, membrane crystallization, membrane stripping, membrane scrubbing). Entries are provided by an international team of experts from academia, research institutions as well as from industry.

Crosslinking in Materials Science

Crosslinking in Materials Science

Author: Akihiro Abe

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2005-09-01

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 9783540258315

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This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and materials science. It is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered. Impact Factor Ranking: Always number one in Polymer Science. More information as well as the electronic version of the whole content available at: www.springerlink.com


Book Synopsis Crosslinking in Materials Science by : Akihiro Abe

Download or read book Crosslinking in Materials Science written by Akihiro Abe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-09-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and materials science. It is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered. Impact Factor Ranking: Always number one in Polymer Science. More information as well as the electronic version of the whole content available at: www.springerlink.com

The Global Cable Industry

The Global Cable Industry

Author: Günter Beyer

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-04-13

Total Pages: 418

ISBN-13: 3527822275

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A comprehensive guide to cable materials, markets, and products The Global Cable Industry presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in automotive cables, nuclear power station cables, undersea cables, coaxial cables, optical wires, medium- and high-voltage cables. With contributions from noted researchers and developers in the field, the book includes information on material developments for polymers, crosslinked elastomers and flame retardant non-halogen cable compounds. The contributors provide information on technologies to crosslink polymers, an overview of foam polymers, and field experiences of the new cable fire test within the Construction Product Regulation framework. In addition, this comprehensive resource contains the most relevant economic questions related to the cable industry that highlights materials, market segments, and countries. This important book: Includes contributions from researchers and developers of key companies in the cable industry Presents information on the most recent developments in the field Covers the most industry-relevant cable types such as automotive, nuclear power cables, undersea, coaxial, optical, medium- and high-voltage cables Written for power engineers, materials scientists, chemists and engineering scientists in industry, The Global Cable Industry is an up-to-date guide to the multi-billion-dollar cable enterprise.


Book Synopsis The Global Cable Industry by : Günter Beyer

Download or read book The Global Cable Industry written by Günter Beyer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to cable materials, markets, and products The Global Cable Industry presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in automotive cables, nuclear power station cables, undersea cables, coaxial cables, optical wires, medium- and high-voltage cables. With contributions from noted researchers and developers in the field, the book includes information on material developments for polymers, crosslinked elastomers and flame retardant non-halogen cable compounds. The contributors provide information on technologies to crosslink polymers, an overview of foam polymers, and field experiences of the new cable fire test within the Construction Product Regulation framework. In addition, this comprehensive resource contains the most relevant economic questions related to the cable industry that highlights materials, market segments, and countries. This important book: Includes contributions from researchers and developers of key companies in the cable industry Presents information on the most recent developments in the field Covers the most industry-relevant cable types such as automotive, nuclear power cables, undersea, coaxial, optical, medium- and high-voltage cables Written for power engineers, materials scientists, chemists and engineering scientists in industry, The Global Cable Industry is an up-to-date guide to the multi-billion-dollar cable enterprise.

Crosslinking and Scission in Polymers

Crosslinking and Scission in Polymers

Author: O. Güven

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 259

ISBN-13: 9400919247

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MOLECULAR WEIGHr CHANGES AND NE1WORK FORMATION BY SCISSION AND CROSSUNKING A. Charlesby 1 Introduction Main Chain Scission of Polymers ____________________________ _ ________________________ _ 1 Crosslinking ______ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . ___ . . _. __ . . . . _. _. _____ . _____ . _ 4 5 Random Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhanced Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Other Forms of Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Combined Crosslinking and Scission ___________ _________________ ______ _ ______________ . _. _. 11 Antioxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . 12 Crosslinking of Polymers in Solution ________________________________ . . ______________ . . . . __ 12 References _. __ _ 13 HIGH ENERGY RADIATION-AND UV UGHr-INDUCED CROSSLINKING AND CHAIN SCISSION w. Schnabel Introduction 15 Importance of Radiation-Induced Crosslinking and Main-Chain Scission in Linear Polymers ___________________________ _________________ 15 TYPes of Radiation and Radiation Sources _. ___________________________ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . _. _. _ . . __ . . . 16 Absorption of Radiation . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . _ . . __ . _ . . . . . . . . ____ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . _____ . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . 16 General Aspects Concerning XL and CS in Linear Polymers ______________________ . _________ . _____ . _____ 22 Random and Specific Site Attacks . . . . . . . _. ____ . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . __ . ___ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . _ 22 Detection of XL and CS . . . _. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. __ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . . . . . __ . . . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _. _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . 22 Simultaneous XL and CS Mechanisms 25 Ion Beam-Induced Radiation Effects In Linear Polymers ____________________________________________________ .


Book Synopsis Crosslinking and Scission in Polymers by : O. Güven

Download or read book Crosslinking and Scission in Polymers written by O. Güven and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MOLECULAR WEIGHr CHANGES AND NE1WORK FORMATION BY SCISSION AND CROSSUNKING A. Charlesby 1 Introduction Main Chain Scission of Polymers ____________________________ _ ________________________ _ 1 Crosslinking ______ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . ___ . . _. __ . . . . _. _. _____ . _____ . _ 4 5 Random Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhanced Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Other Forms of Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Combined Crosslinking and Scission ___________ _________________ ______ _ ______________ . _. _. 11 Antioxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . 12 Crosslinking of Polymers in Solution ________________________________ . . ______________ . . . . __ 12 References _. __ _ 13 HIGH ENERGY RADIATION-AND UV UGHr-INDUCED CROSSLINKING AND CHAIN SCISSION w. Schnabel Introduction 15 Importance of Radiation-Induced Crosslinking and Main-Chain Scission in Linear Polymers ___________________________ _________________ 15 TYPes of Radiation and Radiation Sources _. ___________________________ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . _. _. _ . . __ . . . 16 Absorption of Radiation . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . _ . . __ . _ . . . . . . . . ____ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . _____ . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . 16 General Aspects Concerning XL and CS in Linear Polymers ______________________ . _________ . _____ . _____ 22 Random and Specific Site Attacks . . . . . . . _. ____ . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . __ . ___ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . _ 22 Detection of XL and CS . . . _. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. __ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . . . . . __ . . . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _. _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . 22 Simultaneous XL and CS Mechanisms 25 Ion Beam-Induced Radiation Effects In Linear Polymers ____________________________________________________ .

Radiation Effects in Crosslinking in Polymeric Systems

Radiation Effects in Crosslinking in Polymeric Systems

Author: George Odian

Publisher:

Published: 1974

Total Pages: 8

ISBN-13:

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The paper outlines research findings on a project involving the elucidation of the process of radiation-induced graft polymerization of monomer to polymer. The quantitative interrelationships of the initiation rate, the k(p)/(k(+) to the 1/2 power) ratio for the monomer, the equilibrium solubility of the monomer in the polymer, the polymer film thickness, the reaction time, and the diffusivity of the monomer in the polymer were investigated. Work on the project has given a mathematic analysis of the grafting reaction and its exact dependence on these factors. Equations show quantitatively how the various parameters in any grafting system interact to lead to diffusion-controlled graft polymerization.


Book Synopsis Radiation Effects in Crosslinking in Polymeric Systems by : George Odian

Download or read book Radiation Effects in Crosslinking in Polymeric Systems written by George Odian and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper outlines research findings on a project involving the elucidation of the process of radiation-induced graft polymerization of monomer to polymer. The quantitative interrelationships of the initiation rate, the k(p)/(k(+) to the 1/2 power) ratio for the monomer, the equilibrium solubility of the monomer in the polymer, the polymer film thickness, the reaction time, and the diffusivity of the monomer in the polymer were investigated. Work on the project has given a mathematic analysis of the grafting reaction and its exact dependence on these factors. Equations show quantitatively how the various parameters in any grafting system interact to lead to diffusion-controlled graft polymerization.