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Sexual exploitation and abuse by United Nations peacekeeping forces first came to international attention more than a quarter century ago. Despite numerous U.N. policy responses, the problem persists, harming individuals, jeopardizing missions, and undermining the credibility and legitimacy of U.N. peacekeeping operations. This report addresses the question of why more progress has not been made in preventing these violations and draws attention to ways in which prevention efforts can be strengthened and made more effective.
Book Synopsis Preventing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Male Peacekeepers by : Jessica Anania
Download or read book Preventing Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Male Peacekeepers written by Jessica Anania and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual exploitation and abuse by United Nations peacekeeping forces first came to international attention more than a quarter century ago. Despite numerous U.N. policy responses, the problem persists, harming individuals, jeopardizing missions, and undermining the credibility and legitimacy of U.N. peacekeeping operations. This report addresses the question of why more progress has not been made in preventing these violations and draws attention to ways in which prevention efforts can be strengthened and made more effective.
While serving in United Nations peacekeeping missions, some peacekeepers sexually exploit and abuse the local population, a fact which erupted into a scandal published by many media outlets in 2005 and 2006. This book analyzes factors which may increase the risk of such behavior as well as measures the UN has taken which may have decreased the number of incidents. Using a mixed methods design, the book argues that previous analyses have been largely undertheorized—with the exception of gender theories—and turns to criminology to look at the phenomenon of so-called “Sexual Exploitation and Abuse” (SEA) in a new light. The three risk factors found to increase the likelihood of SEAs are an environment of sexual violence in the mission’s host country, the presence of internally displaced persons close to the mission, and a lack of supervised or regulated contact with the local population. In turn, the presence of an office whose purpose is to collect reports and investigate allegations, training on preventing SEAs for the incoming peacekeepers, and campaigns to empower the local population on these issues all seem to reduce the risk of sexual exploitation and abuse occurring. By using a statistical analysis followed by case studies of the UN peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, and the Golan Heights, the author demonstrates the importance these factors have in the peacekeepers’ behavior on the mission, providing a solid basis upon which future policy recommendations can be made.
Book Synopsis Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peacekeeping by : Kelly Neudorfer
Download or read book Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peacekeeping written by Kelly Neudorfer and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2014-12-31 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While serving in United Nations peacekeeping missions, some peacekeepers sexually exploit and abuse the local population, a fact which erupted into a scandal published by many media outlets in 2005 and 2006. This book analyzes factors which may increase the risk of such behavior as well as measures the UN has taken which may have decreased the number of incidents. Using a mixed methods design, the book argues that previous analyses have been largely undertheorized—with the exception of gender theories—and turns to criminology to look at the phenomenon of so-called “Sexual Exploitation and Abuse” (SEA) in a new light. The three risk factors found to increase the likelihood of SEAs are an environment of sexual violence in the mission’s host country, the presence of internally displaced persons close to the mission, and a lack of supervised or regulated contact with the local population. In turn, the presence of an office whose purpose is to collect reports and investigate allegations, training on preventing SEAs for the incoming peacekeepers, and campaigns to empower the local population on these issues all seem to reduce the risk of sexual exploitation and abuse occurring. By using a statistical analysis followed by case studies of the UN peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, and the Golan Heights, the author demonstrates the importance these factors have in the peacekeepers’ behavior on the mission, providing a solid basis upon which future policy recommendations can be made.
Sexual exploitation and abuse by United Nations (UN) peacekeepers is not an isolated or recent problem, but it has been present in almost every peacekeeping operation. A culture of sexual exploitation and abuse is contrary to the UN’s zero-tolerance policy and has been the target of institutional reforms since 2005. Despite this, allegations of sexual abuse continue to emerge, and the reforms have not solved the problem. This book is a response to the continued lack of accountability of UN peacekeepers for sexual exploitation and abuse. Focusing on military contingent members, this book aims to analyse ways in which the UN can fill the accountability gap while taking a feminist perspective and emphasising the needs of victims, their communities, and the host state. This book directly challenges the status quo of relying on troop-contributing countries (TCCs) to hold their peacekeepers to account. It proposes first, the establishment of a series of hybrid courts, and second, a mechanism for dealing with victim rehabilitation and reparation. It addresses these topics by considering international and human rights law and will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students with an interest in international criminal law, United Nations peacekeeping, and peace studies.
Book Synopsis Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Peacekeepers by : Cassandra Mudgway
Download or read book Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by UN Peacekeepers written by Cassandra Mudgway and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual exploitation and abuse by United Nations (UN) peacekeepers is not an isolated or recent problem, but it has been present in almost every peacekeeping operation. A culture of sexual exploitation and abuse is contrary to the UN’s zero-tolerance policy and has been the target of institutional reforms since 2005. Despite this, allegations of sexual abuse continue to emerge, and the reforms have not solved the problem. This book is a response to the continued lack of accountability of UN peacekeepers for sexual exploitation and abuse. Focusing on military contingent members, this book aims to analyse ways in which the UN can fill the accountability gap while taking a feminist perspective and emphasising the needs of victims, their communities, and the host state. This book directly challenges the status quo of relying on troop-contributing countries (TCCs) to hold their peacekeepers to account. It proposes first, the establishment of a series of hybrid courts, and second, a mechanism for dealing with victim rehabilitation and reparation. It addresses these topics by considering international and human rights law and will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students with an interest in international criminal law, United Nations peacekeeping, and peace studies.
In 2003, the UN adopted a zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers and aid workers. The policy arrived amid a series of scandals revealing sexual misconduct perpetrated against the very people peacekeeping and humanitarian missions were meant to protect. This edited collection, including contributions from academics and practitioners, highlights the challenges of preventing and responding to abuse in peacekeeping and aid work, and the unintended consequences of current approaches. It lays bare the structures of power, coloniality and racism that underpin abuse and hinder accountability while charting a path for future action. This eye-opening book will appeal to academics and students of the politics and practice of peacekeeping and humanitarianism, and to practitioners, policy makers and those working within the field.
Book Synopsis Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Peacekeeping and Aid by : Jasmine-Kim Westendorf
Download or read book Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Peacekeeping and Aid written by Jasmine-Kim Westendorf and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2024-07-29 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2003, the UN adopted a zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers and aid workers. The policy arrived amid a series of scandals revealing sexual misconduct perpetrated against the very people peacekeeping and humanitarian missions were meant to protect. This edited collection, including contributions from academics and practitioners, highlights the challenges of preventing and responding to abuse in peacekeeping and aid work, and the unintended consequences of current approaches. It lays bare the structures of power, coloniality and racism that underpin abuse and hinder accountability while charting a path for future action. This eye-opening book will appeal to academics and students of the politics and practice of peacekeeping and humanitarianism, and to practitioners, policy makers and those working within the field.
"UN peacekeeping has survived many crises throughout its history, but none has provoked such distinctive disgrace as peacekeepers committing sexual violence against those they are meant to protect. Two decades of incremental reform have not stopped sexual abuse by peacekeepers, and determined rhetoric has not translated into effective action. Against this backdrop, the UN Security Council broke its relative silence on this issue by adopting Resolution 2272 in March 2016. This report analyzes Resolution 2272's approach to preventing sexual exploitation and abuse in UN peacekeeping and examines the key debates and controversies that have accompanied it. It identifies nine implementation requirements flowing from the resolution and makes twenty-one recommendations for delivering them" --
Book Synopsis Dealing with Disgrace by : Jeni Whalan
Download or read book Dealing with Disgrace written by Jeni Whalan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "UN peacekeeping has survived many crises throughout its history, but none has provoked such distinctive disgrace as peacekeepers committing sexual violence against those they are meant to protect. Two decades of incremental reform have not stopped sexual abuse by peacekeepers, and determined rhetoric has not translated into effective action. Against this backdrop, the UN Security Council broke its relative silence on this issue by adopting Resolution 2272 in March 2016. This report analyzes Resolution 2272's approach to preventing sexual exploitation and abuse in UN peacekeeping and examines the key debates and controversies that have accompanied it. It identifies nine implementation requirements flowing from the resolution and makes twenty-one recommendations for delivering them" --
The deployment of a large number of soldiers, police officers and civilian personnel inevitably has various effects on the host society and economy, not all of which are in keeping with the peacekeeping mandate and intent or are easily discernible prior to the intervention. This book is one of the first attempts to improve our understanding of unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations, by bringing together field experiences and academic analysis. The aim of the book is not to discredit peace operations but rather to improve the way in which such operations are planned and managed.
Book Synopsis Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations by : Chiyuki Aoi
Download or read book Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations written by Chiyuki Aoi and published by UNU. This book was released on 2007 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of a large number of soldiers, police officers and civilian personnel inevitably has various effects on the host society and economy, not all of which are in keeping with the peacekeeping mandate and intent or are easily discernible prior to the intervention. This book is one of the first attempts to improve our understanding of unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations, by bringing together field experiences and academic analysis. The aim of the book is not to discredit peace operations but rather to improve the way in which such operations are planned and managed.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Politik - Thema: Frieden und Konflikte, Sicherheit, Note: 1,7, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Children, women and men in conflict areas are not only affected by the more obvious forms of violence, but too often also have to face all forms of gender-based violence, including rape, prostitution, trafficking etc. Although the United Nations (UN) send their peacekeeping troops with the goal to establish and maintain peace and the well-being of the local civilians, some bluehelmets use their position to sexually violate the vulnerable population. However, as worse as only these violations might be, often the negative effects do not stop with the mere act. A whole range of problems is closely related to sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA): infections of HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancies and abandoned children, making the victims suffer double. Although there exists a comprehensive legal framework regarding sexual violence, the problem obviously continues to exist as statistics of the number of allegations per year reveal: 105 in 2004, 340 in 2005, 82 in 2006, 136 in 2007, 111 in 2008; 154 in 2009. In the light of this shocking high rates of assaults, one must not forget however, that only the officially registered allegations are enlisted, the dark figure is estimated to be even several times higher if one considers the chronic under-reporting in post-conflict areas. Bearing in mind, this thesis focuses on the responses given by the UN to the problem of sexual abuse and exploitation of women, men, girls and boys by bluehelmets during peacekeeping missions. The central question is therefore: What has been done so far and what else needs to be done? Since it is essential to first try to understand why violations of sexual nature continue to occur in the first place to be able to derive possible responses and solutions to combat this problem, chapter 2 “Factors promoting the continuance of SEA and under-reporting” will focus on the context conditions that foster the increased likelihood of assaults. In the next chapter, this thesis will give an overview of the major responses given by the UN. Due to a lack of concrete and detailed statistics as well as deeper and comparative case studies, it won't be able to determine the effectiveness of these measures implemented until now. However, some obvious flaws will be pointed out and further necessary actions and measures presented in chapter 4 “What more needs to be done?”
Book Synopsis Responses to Sexual Violence by Blue-Helmets in Peacekeeping Missions by :
Download or read book Responses to Sexual Violence by Blue-Helmets in Peacekeeping Missions written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Politik - Thema: Frieden und Konflikte, Sicherheit, Note: 1,7, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Children, women and men in conflict areas are not only affected by the more obvious forms of violence, but too often also have to face all forms of gender-based violence, including rape, prostitution, trafficking etc. Although the United Nations (UN) send their peacekeeping troops with the goal to establish and maintain peace and the well-being of the local civilians, some bluehelmets use their position to sexually violate the vulnerable population. However, as worse as only these violations might be, often the negative effects do not stop with the mere act. A whole range of problems is closely related to sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA): infections of HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancies and abandoned children, making the victims suffer double. Although there exists a comprehensive legal framework regarding sexual violence, the problem obviously continues to exist as statistics of the number of allegations per year reveal: 105 in 2004, 340 in 2005, 82 in 2006, 136 in 2007, 111 in 2008; 154 in 2009. In the light of this shocking high rates of assaults, one must not forget however, that only the officially registered allegations are enlisted, the dark figure is estimated to be even several times higher if one considers the chronic under-reporting in post-conflict areas. Bearing in mind, this thesis focuses on the responses given by the UN to the problem of sexual abuse and exploitation of women, men, girls and boys by bluehelmets during peacekeeping missions. The central question is therefore: What has been done so far and what else needs to be done? Since it is essential to first try to understand why violations of sexual nature continue to occur in the first place to be able to derive possible responses and solutions to combat this problem, chapter 2 “Factors promoting the continuance of SEA and under-reporting” will focus on the context conditions that foster the increased likelihood of assaults. In the next chapter, this thesis will give an overview of the major responses given by the UN. Due to a lack of concrete and detailed statistics as well as deeper and comparative case studies, it won't be able to determine the effectiveness of these measures implemented until now. However, some obvious flaws will be pointed out and further necessary actions and measures presented in chapter 4 “What more needs to be done?”
On October 31, 2000, the United Nations (UN) Security Council passed Resolution 1325. The resolution was passed in response to allegations of sexual abuse against UN peacekeepers across several missions and in an effort to advance the cause of gender equality, which the UN has championed for many decades. Among its many provisions, the resolution called for gender mainstreaming and the increased participation of women throughout the peacekeeping process. The majority of UN policymakers pushed for more female troops to be deployed in peacekeeping operations to battle the abuses committed on the ground by male peacekeepers, which they felt required an immediate and aggressive response. This dissertation examines whether this emphasis on the presence of female troops to combat problems of sexual exploitation and abuse committed by male troops has been successful or not. Do more female troops curtail the frequency of sexual exploitation or abuse or has the policy been misguided? Most studies of this problem have been case studies focusing on particular cases at particular times. The few empirical studies that have been undertaken have only been able to study a limited period of time with incomplete data. This important question can be empirically examined over time with new data released by the UN which includes the number of allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse committed by peacekeepers since 1990. Ultimately, I find that the number of female troops is an important determinant of sexual exploitation and abuse, but that several other factors relating to necessary and sufficient conditions for sexual assault are important as well. I conclude policies encouraging more female troop participation by the UN may be a first line of defense, but other measures can be taken that will provide the UN with a multi-faceted approach to the problem that will be more effective in the long run.
Book Synopsis Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peackeeping Operations by : Ashley Streat
Download or read book Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peackeeping Operations written by Ashley Streat and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On October 31, 2000, the United Nations (UN) Security Council passed Resolution 1325. The resolution was passed in response to allegations of sexual abuse against UN peacekeepers across several missions and in an effort to advance the cause of gender equality, which the UN has championed for many decades. Among its many provisions, the resolution called for gender mainstreaming and the increased participation of women throughout the peacekeeping process. The majority of UN policymakers pushed for more female troops to be deployed in peacekeeping operations to battle the abuses committed on the ground by male peacekeepers, which they felt required an immediate and aggressive response. This dissertation examines whether this emphasis on the presence of female troops to combat problems of sexual exploitation and abuse committed by male troops has been successful or not. Do more female troops curtail the frequency of sexual exploitation or abuse or has the policy been misguided? Most studies of this problem have been case studies focusing on particular cases at particular times. The few empirical studies that have been undertaken have only been able to study a limited period of time with incomplete data. This important question can be empirically examined over time with new data released by the UN which includes the number of allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse committed by peacekeepers since 1990. Ultimately, I find that the number of female troops is an important determinant of sexual exploitation and abuse, but that several other factors relating to necessary and sufficient conditions for sexual assault are important as well. I conclude policies encouraging more female troop participation by the UN may be a first line of defense, but other measures can be taken that will provide the UN with a multi-faceted approach to the problem that will be more effective in the long run.
This book critically examines the response of the United Nations (UN) to the problem of sexual exploitation in UN Peace Support Operations. It assesses the Secretary-General’s Bulletin on Special Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2003) (SGB) and its definition of sexual exploitation, which includes sexual relationships and prostitution. With reference to people affected by the policy (using the example of Bosnian women and UN peacekeepers), and taking account of both radical and ‘sex positive’ feminist perspectives, the book finds that the inclusion of consensual sexual relationships and prostitution in the definition of sexual exploitation is not tenable. The book argues that the SGB is overprotective, relies on negative gender and imperial stereotypes, and is out of step with international human rights norms and gender equality. It concludes that the SGB must be revised in consultation with those affected by it, namely local women and peacekeepers, and must fully respect their human rights and freedoms, particularly the right to privacy and sexuality rights.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations by : Olivera Simic
Download or read book Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations written by Olivera Simic and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically examines the response of the United Nations (UN) to the problem of sexual exploitation in UN Peace Support Operations. It assesses the Secretary-General’s Bulletin on Special Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2003) (SGB) and its definition of sexual exploitation, which includes sexual relationships and prostitution. With reference to people affected by the policy (using the example of Bosnian women and UN peacekeepers), and taking account of both radical and ‘sex positive’ feminist perspectives, the book finds that the inclusion of consensual sexual relationships and prostitution in the definition of sexual exploitation is not tenable. The book argues that the SGB is overprotective, relies on negative gender and imperial stereotypes, and is out of step with international human rights norms and gender equality. It concludes that the SGB must be revised in consultation with those affected by it, namely local women and peacekeepers, and must fully respect their human rights and freedoms, particularly the right to privacy and sexuality rights.
The question of Sexual violence is a very critical issue in the context of Armed Conflicts. Belligerents use this form of violence as a weapon or strategy of war. This practice has incited much indignation in the world opinion, but much has not been done to bring perpetrators face justice despite the adoption of Security Council 1820. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) are established in order to assist states and populations recover from the trauma of conflicts and set foundations for effective peace-building. Peacekeepers, always viewed as virtuous soldiers, built on the respect of norms and principles of humanity; that is reason why they constitute an assured refuge and protection for traumatized populations. To achieve this task, they are vested with some privileges and immunities, but these powers led sneaked into abuses and exploitation of civilians under peacekeepers' protection. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) appears in the forms of 'sex for food', 'sex for money', 'sex for job' or any other type of transaction in exchange of sexual favors. The Standards of the United Nations prevent any type of exploitation or abuse of human being, especially those having a sexual connotation. This paper is an analysis of SEA committed by United Nations Peacekeepers, surrounding factors, and the impact they cast upon international peacemaking efforts.
Book Synopsis From Protection to Predation by : Stean A. N. Tshiband
Download or read book From Protection to Predation written by Stean A. N. Tshiband and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The question of Sexual violence is a very critical issue in the context of Armed Conflicts. Belligerents use this form of violence as a weapon or strategy of war. This practice has incited much indignation in the world opinion, but much has not been done to bring perpetrators face justice despite the adoption of Security Council 1820. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) are established in order to assist states and populations recover from the trauma of conflicts and set foundations for effective peace-building. Peacekeepers, always viewed as virtuous soldiers, built on the respect of norms and principles of humanity; that is reason why they constitute an assured refuge and protection for traumatized populations. To achieve this task, they are vested with some privileges and immunities, but these powers led sneaked into abuses and exploitation of civilians under peacekeepers' protection. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) appears in the forms of 'sex for food', 'sex for money', 'sex for job' or any other type of transaction in exchange of sexual favors. The Standards of the United Nations prevent any type of exploitation or abuse of human being, especially those having a sexual connotation. This paper is an analysis of SEA committed by United Nations Peacekeepers, surrounding factors, and the impact they cast upon international peacemaking efforts.
