Probabilities, Laws, and Structures

Probabilities, Laws, and Structures

Author: Dennis Dieks

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-02-02

Total Pages: 505

ISBN-13: 9400730306

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This volume, the third in this Springer series, contains selected papers from the four workshops organized by the ESF Research Networking Programme "The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective" (PSE) in 2010: Pluralism in the Foundations of Statistics Points of Contact between the Philosophy of Physics and the Philosophy of Biology The Debate on Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences Historical Debates about Logic, Probability and Statistics The volume is accordingly divided in four sections, each of them containing papers coming from the workshop focussing on one of these themes. While the programme's core topic for the year 2010 was probability and statistics, the organizers of the workshops embraced the opportunity of building bridges to more or less closely connected issues in general philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy of the special sciences. However, papers that analyze the concept of probability for various philosophical purposes are clearly a major theme in this volume, as it was in the previous volumes of the same series. This reflects the impressive productivity of probabilistic approaches in the philosophy of science, which form an important part of what has become known as formal epistemology - although, of course, there are non-probabilistic approaches in formal epistemology as well. It is probably fair to say that Europe has been particularly strong in this area of philosophy in recent years.​


Book Synopsis Probabilities, Laws, and Structures by : Dennis Dieks

Download or read book Probabilities, Laws, and Structures written by Dennis Dieks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, the third in this Springer series, contains selected papers from the four workshops organized by the ESF Research Networking Programme "The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective" (PSE) in 2010: Pluralism in the Foundations of Statistics Points of Contact between the Philosophy of Physics and the Philosophy of Biology The Debate on Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences Historical Debates about Logic, Probability and Statistics The volume is accordingly divided in four sections, each of them containing papers coming from the workshop focussing on one of these themes. While the programme's core topic for the year 2010 was probability and statistics, the organizers of the workshops embraced the opportunity of building bridges to more or less closely connected issues in general philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy of the special sciences. However, papers that analyze the concept of probability for various philosophical purposes are clearly a major theme in this volume, as it was in the previous volumes of the same series. This reflects the impressive productivity of probabilistic approaches in the philosophy of science, which form an important part of what has become known as formal epistemology - although, of course, there are non-probabilistic approaches in formal epistemology as well. It is probably fair to say that Europe has been particularly strong in this area of philosophy in recent years.​

Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics in the Law

Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics in the Law

Author: Michael O. Finkelstein

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2009-06-04

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13: 0387875018

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When as a practicing lawyer I published my ?rst article on statistical evidence in 1966, the editors of the Harvard Law Review told me that a mathematical equa- 1 tion had never before appeared in the review. This hardly seems possible - but if they meant a serious mathematical equation, perhaps they were right. Today all that has changed in legal academia. Whole journals are devoted to scienti?c methods in law or empirical studies of legal institutions. Much of this work involves statistics. Columbia Law School, where I teach, has a professor of law and epidemiology and other law schools have similar “law and” professorships. Many offer courses on statistics (I teach one) or, more broadly, on law and social science. The same is true of practice. Where there are data to parse in a litigation, stat- ticians and other experts using statistical tools now frequently testify. And judges must understand them. In 1993, in its landmark Daubert decision, the Supreme Court commanded federal judges to penetrate scienti?c evidence and ?nd it “re- 2 liable” before allowing it in evidence. It is emblematic of the rise of statistics in the law that the evidence at issue in that much-cited case included a series of epidemiological studies. The Supreme Court’s new requirement made the Federal Judicial Center’s Reference Manual on Scienti?c Evidence, which appeared at about the same time, a best seller. It has several important chapters on statistics.


Book Synopsis Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics in the Law by : Michael O. Finkelstein

Download or read book Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics in the Law written by Michael O. Finkelstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-04 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When as a practicing lawyer I published my ?rst article on statistical evidence in 1966, the editors of the Harvard Law Review told me that a mathematical equa- 1 tion had never before appeared in the review. This hardly seems possible - but if they meant a serious mathematical equation, perhaps they were right. Today all that has changed in legal academia. Whole journals are devoted to scienti?c methods in law or empirical studies of legal institutions. Much of this work involves statistics. Columbia Law School, where I teach, has a professor of law and epidemiology and other law schools have similar “law and” professorships. Many offer courses on statistics (I teach one) or, more broadly, on law and social science. The same is true of practice. Where there are data to parse in a litigation, stat- ticians and other experts using statistical tools now frequently testify. And judges must understand them. In 1993, in its landmark Daubert decision, the Supreme Court commanded federal judges to penetrate scienti?c evidence and ?nd it “re- 2 liable” before allowing it in evidence. It is emblematic of the rise of statistics in the law that the evidence at issue in that much-cited case included a series of epidemiological studies. The Supreme Court’s new requirement made the Federal Judicial Center’s Reference Manual on Scienti?c Evidence, which appeared at about the same time, a best seller. It has several important chapters on statistics.

Probabilities on Algebraic Structures

Probabilities on Algebraic Structures

Author: Ulf Grenander

Publisher: Courier Corporation

Published: 2008-01-01

Total Pages: 222

ISBN-13: 0486462870

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This systematic approach covers semi-groups, groups, linear vector spaces, and algebra. It states and studies fundamental probabilistic problems for these spaces, focusing on concrete results. 1963 edition.


Book Synopsis Probabilities on Algebraic Structures by : Ulf Grenander

Download or read book Probabilities on Algebraic Structures written by Ulf Grenander and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This systematic approach covers semi-groups, groups, linear vector spaces, and algebra. It states and studies fundamental probabilistic problems for these spaces, focusing on concrete results. 1963 edition.

Probability on Algebraic Structures

Probability on Algebraic Structures

Author: Gregory Budzban

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

Published: 2000

Total Pages: 250

ISBN-13: 0821820273

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This volume presents results from an AMS Special Session held on the topic in Gainesville (FL). Papers included are written by an international group of well-known specialists who offer an important cross-section of current work in the field. In addition there are two expository papers that provide an avenue for non-specialists to comprehend problems in this area. The breadth of research in this area is evident by the variety of articles presented in the volume. Results concern probability on Lie groups and general locally compact groups. Generalizations of groups appear as hypergroups, abstract semigroups, and semigroups of matrices. Work on symmetric cones is included. Lastly, there are a number of articles on the current progress in constructing stochastic processes on quantum groups.


Book Synopsis Probability on Algebraic Structures by : Gregory Budzban

Download or read book Probability on Algebraic Structures written by Gregory Budzban and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2000 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents results from an AMS Special Session held on the topic in Gainesville (FL). Papers included are written by an international group of well-known specialists who offer an important cross-section of current work in the field. In addition there are two expository papers that provide an avenue for non-specialists to comprehend problems in this area. The breadth of research in this area is evident by the variety of articles presented in the volume. Results concern probability on Lie groups and general locally compact groups. Generalizations of groups appear as hypergroups, abstract semigroups, and semigroups of matrices. Work on symmetric cones is included. Lastly, there are a number of articles on the current progress in constructing stochastic processes on quantum groups.

New Development of Neutrosophic Probability, Neutrosophic Statistics, Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures, and Neutrosophic Plithogenic Optimizations

New Development of Neutrosophic Probability, Neutrosophic Statistics, Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures, and Neutrosophic Plithogenic Optimizations

Author: Florentin Smarandache

Publisher: Infinite Study

Published: 2022-09-01

Total Pages: 411

ISBN-13:

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This volume presents state-of-the-art papers on new topics related to neutrosophic theories, such as neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic extended triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic structures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic hyperstructures, refined neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic image processing, neutrosophic image classification, neutrosophic computer vision, neutrosophic machine learning, neutrosophic artificial intelligence, neutrosophic data analytics, neutrosophic deep learning, and neutrosophic symmetry, as well as their applications in the real world.


Book Synopsis New Development of Neutrosophic Probability, Neutrosophic Statistics, Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures, and Neutrosophic Plithogenic Optimizations by : Florentin Smarandache

Download or read book New Development of Neutrosophic Probability, Neutrosophic Statistics, Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures, and Neutrosophic Plithogenic Optimizations written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents state-of-the-art papers on new topics related to neutrosophic theories, such as neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic extended triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic structures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic hyperstructures, refined neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic image processing, neutrosophic image classification, neutrosophic computer vision, neutrosophic machine learning, neutrosophic artificial intelligence, neutrosophic data analytics, neutrosophic deep learning, and neutrosophic symmetry, as well as their applications in the real world.

Tychomancy

Tychomancy

Author: Michael Strevens

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2013-06-03

Total Pages: 260

ISBN-13: 0674076028

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Tychomancy—meaning “the divination of chances”—presents a set of rules for inferring the physical probabilities of outcomes from the causal or dynamic properties of the systems that produce them. Probabilities revealed by the rules are wide-ranging: they include the probability of getting a 5 on a die roll, the probability distributions found in statistical physics, and the probabilities that underlie many prima facie judgments about fitness in evolutionary biology. Michael Strevens makes three claims about the rules. First, they are reliable. Second, they are known, though not fully consciously, to all human beings: they constitute a key part of the physical intuition that allows us to navigate around the world safely in the absence of formal scientific knowledge. Third, they have played a crucial but unrecognized role in several major scientific innovations. A large part of Tychomancy is devoted to this historical role for probability inference rules. Strevens first analyzes James Clerk Maxwell’s extraordinary, apparently a priori, deduction of the molecular velocity distribution in gases, which launched statistical physics. Maxwell did not derive his distribution from logic alone, Strevens proposes, but rather from probabilistic knowledge common to all human beings, even infants as young as six months old. Strevens then turns to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the statistics of measurement, and the creation of models of complex systems, contending in each case that these elements of science could not have emerged when or how they did without the ability to “eyeball” the values of physical probabilities.


Book Synopsis Tychomancy by : Michael Strevens

Download or read book Tychomancy written by Michael Strevens and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2013-06-03 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tychomancy—meaning “the divination of chances”—presents a set of rules for inferring the physical probabilities of outcomes from the causal or dynamic properties of the systems that produce them. Probabilities revealed by the rules are wide-ranging: they include the probability of getting a 5 on a die roll, the probability distributions found in statistical physics, and the probabilities that underlie many prima facie judgments about fitness in evolutionary biology. Michael Strevens makes three claims about the rules. First, they are reliable. Second, they are known, though not fully consciously, to all human beings: they constitute a key part of the physical intuition that allows us to navigate around the world safely in the absence of formal scientific knowledge. Third, they have played a crucial but unrecognized role in several major scientific innovations. A large part of Tychomancy is devoted to this historical role for probability inference rules. Strevens first analyzes James Clerk Maxwell’s extraordinary, apparently a priori, deduction of the molecular velocity distribution in gases, which launched statistical physics. Maxwell did not derive his distribution from logic alone, Strevens proposes, but rather from probabilistic knowledge common to all human beings, even infants as young as six months old. Strevens then turns to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the statistics of measurement, and the creation of models of complex systems, contending in each case that these elements of science could not have emerged when or how they did without the ability to “eyeball” the values of physical probabilities.

The Place of Probability in Science

The Place of Probability in Science

Author: Ellery Eells

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-06-08

Total Pages: 396

ISBN-13: 9048136156

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Science aims at the discovery of general principles of special kinds that are applicable for the explanation and prediction of the phenomena of the world in the form of theories and laws. When the phenomena themselves happen to be general, the principlesinvolved assume the form of theories; and when they are p- ticular, they assume the form of general laws. Theories themselves are sets of laws and de nitions that apply to a common domain, which makes laws indispensable to science. Understanding science thus depends upon understanding the nature of theories and laws, the logical structure of explanations and predictions based upon them, and the principles of inference and decision that apply to theories and laws. Laws and theories can differ in their form as well as in their content. The laws of quantum mechanics are indeterministic (or probabilistic), for example, while those of classical mechanics are deterministic (or universal) instead. The history of science re ects an increasing role for probabilities as properties of the world but also as measures of evidential support and as degrees of subjective belief. Our purpose is to clarify and illuminate the place of probability in science.


Book Synopsis The Place of Probability in Science by : Ellery Eells

Download or read book The Place of Probability in Science written by Ellery Eells and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-08 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science aims at the discovery of general principles of special kinds that are applicable for the explanation and prediction of the phenomena of the world in the form of theories and laws. When the phenomena themselves happen to be general, the principlesinvolved assume the form of theories; and when they are p- ticular, they assume the form of general laws. Theories themselves are sets of laws and de nitions that apply to a common domain, which makes laws indispensable to science. Understanding science thus depends upon understanding the nature of theories and laws, the logical structure of explanations and predictions based upon them, and the principles of inference and decision that apply to theories and laws. Laws and theories can differ in their form as well as in their content. The laws of quantum mechanics are indeterministic (or probabilistic), for example, while those of classical mechanics are deterministic (or universal) instead. The history of science re ects an increasing role for probabilities as properties of the world but also as measures of evidential support and as degrees of subjective belief. Our purpose is to clarify and illuminate the place of probability in science.

Structural Aspects in the Theory of Probability

Structural Aspects in the Theory of Probability

Author: Herbert Heyer

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 425

ISBN-13: 9814282499

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The book is conceived as a text accompanying the traditional graduate courses on probability theory. An important feature of this enlarged version is the emphasis on algebraic-topological aspects leading to a wider and deeper understanding of basic theorems such as those on the structure of continuous convolution semigroups and the corresponding processes with independent increments. Fourier transformation OCo the method applied within the settings of Banach spaces, locally compact Abelian groups and commutative hypergroups OCo is given an in-depth discussion. This powerful analytic tool along with the relevant facts of harmonic analysis make it possible to study certain properties of stochastic processes in dependence of the algebraic-topological structure of their state spaces. In extension of the first edition, the new edition contains chapters on the probability theory of generalized convolution structures such as polynomial and Sturm-Liouville hypergroups, and on the central limit problem for groups such as tori, p-adic groups and solenoids. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Probability Measures on Metric Spaces (318 KB). Contents: Probability Measures on Metric Spaces; The Fourier Transform in a Banach Space; The Structure of Infinitely Divisible Probability Measures; Harmonic Analysis of Convolution Semigroups; Negative Definite Functions and Convolution Semigroups; Probabilistic Properties of Convolution Semigroups; Hypergroups in Probability Theory; Limit Theorems on Locally Compact Abelian Groups. Readership: Graduate students, lecturers and researchers in probability and statistics."


Book Synopsis Structural Aspects in the Theory of Probability by : Herbert Heyer

Download or read book Structural Aspects in the Theory of Probability written by Herbert Heyer and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is conceived as a text accompanying the traditional graduate courses on probability theory. An important feature of this enlarged version is the emphasis on algebraic-topological aspects leading to a wider and deeper understanding of basic theorems such as those on the structure of continuous convolution semigroups and the corresponding processes with independent increments. Fourier transformation OCo the method applied within the settings of Banach spaces, locally compact Abelian groups and commutative hypergroups OCo is given an in-depth discussion. This powerful analytic tool along with the relevant facts of harmonic analysis make it possible to study certain properties of stochastic processes in dependence of the algebraic-topological structure of their state spaces. In extension of the first edition, the new edition contains chapters on the probability theory of generalized convolution structures such as polynomial and Sturm-Liouville hypergroups, and on the central limit problem for groups such as tori, p-adic groups and solenoids. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Probability Measures on Metric Spaces (318 KB). Contents: Probability Measures on Metric Spaces; The Fourier Transform in a Banach Space; The Structure of Infinitely Divisible Probability Measures; Harmonic Analysis of Convolution Semigroups; Negative Definite Functions and Convolution Semigroups; Probabilistic Properties of Convolution Semigroups; Hypergroups in Probability Theory; Limit Theorems on Locally Compact Abelian Groups. Readership: Graduate students, lecturers and researchers in probability and statistics."

The Structure of Probability Theory with Applications

The Structure of Probability Theory with Applications

Author: Aram J. Thomasian

Publisher:

Published: 1969

Total Pages: 776

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis The Structure of Probability Theory with Applications by : Aram J. Thomasian

Download or read book The Structure of Probability Theory with Applications written by Aram J. Thomasian and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Introduction to Probability

Introduction to Probability

Author: David F. Anderson

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2017-11-02

Total Pages: 447

ISBN-13: 110824498X

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This classroom-tested textbook is an introduction to probability theory, with the right balance between mathematical precision, probabilistic intuition, and concrete applications. Introduction to Probability covers the material precisely, while avoiding excessive technical details. After introducing the basic vocabulary of randomness, including events, probabilities, and random variables, the text offers the reader a first glimpse of the major theorems of the subject: the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. The important probability distributions are introduced organically as they arise from applications. The discrete and continuous sides of probability are treated together to emphasize their similarities. Intended for students with a calculus background, the text teaches not only the nuts and bolts of probability theory and how to solve specific problems, but also why the methods of solution work.


Book Synopsis Introduction to Probability by : David F. Anderson

Download or read book Introduction to Probability written by David F. Anderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-02 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classroom-tested textbook is an introduction to probability theory, with the right balance between mathematical precision, probabilistic intuition, and concrete applications. Introduction to Probability covers the material precisely, while avoiding excessive technical details. After introducing the basic vocabulary of randomness, including events, probabilities, and random variables, the text offers the reader a first glimpse of the major theorems of the subject: the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. The important probability distributions are introduced organically as they arise from applications. The discrete and continuous sides of probability are treated together to emphasize their similarities. Intended for students with a calculus background, the text teaches not only the nuts and bolts of probability theory and how to solve specific problems, but also why the methods of solution work.