Professional Learning Through Transitions and Transformations

Professional Learning Through Transitions and Transformations

Author: Judy Williams

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-10-09

Total Pages: 208

ISBN-13: 3319220292

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Through a narrative inquiry approach, this book examines the personal professional journeys of teacher educators who have undertaken self studies, and/or researched the professional development of teacher educators. The theme of the book is how change, through professional transitions and transformations and notably, through self study research, has shaped the professional identities and practices of these teacher educators. Each chapter is an exploration of how the author/s ‘became’ teacher educators in relation to personal and/or professional transitions, such as transitioning from teacher to teacher educator; moving between different institutional and geographic contexts; or from changes in philosophical, policy and/or pedagogical understandings over time. Each narrative draws on the author’s self study experience, and develops their knowledge further by presenting the wisdom they have gained over their career as teacher educators. The book concludes with a discussion of the connections between the diverse experiences of the authors, and what can be learned from their accumulated wisdom about what is means to become a teacher educator in a dynamic and ever-changing educational landscape.


Book Synopsis Professional Learning Through Transitions and Transformations by : Judy Williams

Download or read book Professional Learning Through Transitions and Transformations written by Judy Williams and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-09 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a narrative inquiry approach, this book examines the personal professional journeys of teacher educators who have undertaken self studies, and/or researched the professional development of teacher educators. The theme of the book is how change, through professional transitions and transformations and notably, through self study research, has shaped the professional identities and practices of these teacher educators. Each chapter is an exploration of how the author/s ‘became’ teacher educators in relation to personal and/or professional transitions, such as transitioning from teacher to teacher educator; moving between different institutional and geographic contexts; or from changes in philosophical, policy and/or pedagogical understandings over time. Each narrative draws on the author’s self study experience, and develops their knowledge further by presenting the wisdom they have gained over their career as teacher educators. The book concludes with a discussion of the connections between the diverse experiences of the authors, and what can be learned from their accumulated wisdom about what is means to become a teacher educator in a dynamic and ever-changing educational landscape.

Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education

Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education

Author: Paivi Tynjala

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-03-30

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 9400723113

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The breakneck speed of change in today’s societies creates enormous challenges for educational institutions at all levels. This volume explores ways how to manage change in educational processes and contexts, focusing, in particular, on the concepts of transition and transformation. How do we educate a skilled workforce, sensitive professionals and responsive citizens who are able not only to cope with change but also to adopt required roles as agents of change? How do we prepare students and employees to cope adequately with changes and transitions in their careers and personal lives? The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future. The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future.


Book Synopsis Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education by : Paivi Tynjala

Download or read book Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education written by Paivi Tynjala and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The breakneck speed of change in today’s societies creates enormous challenges for educational institutions at all levels. This volume explores ways how to manage change in educational processes and contexts, focusing, in particular, on the concepts of transition and transformation. How do we educate a skilled workforce, sensitive professionals and responsive citizens who are able not only to cope with change but also to adopt required roles as agents of change? How do we prepare students and employees to cope adequately with changes and transitions in their careers and personal lives? The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future. The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future.

Transfer, Transitions and Transformations of Learning

Transfer, Transitions and Transformations of Learning

Author: H.E. Middleton

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-11-19

Total Pages: 173

ISBN-13: 9462094373

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This book explores one of the enduring issues in educational research and one of the challenges for formal education. That is, understanding the relationship between learning in one context, setting or time and a subsequent related learning experience or activity. The chapters in the book examine the issue drawing on existing theory as starting points but using each author’s own research to push existing boundaries of what we know in terms of the ideas captured in the title of the book: transfer, transitions and transformations of learning. The chapters explore the issue through a range of approaches and settings including: possibilities for a concept-context approach to transfer, transfer between knowledge domains, transfer as an iterative process between contexts, transfer as boundary crossing between vocations, transfer as integration of theory and practice, transferring standards in assessment, representation in the transition from novice to expert, transformation of self through sustainability education, transforming identities of first year design and technology teachers and the role of implicit knowledge in understanding the relationship between declarative and procedural knowledge in the transition to expertise. This book should be of interest to teachers in schools and the adult education sector, research students, teacher educators, researchers and policy-makers who are involved in learning in, through or with technology.


Book Synopsis Transfer, Transitions and Transformations of Learning by : H.E. Middleton

Download or read book Transfer, Transitions and Transformations of Learning written by H.E. Middleton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores one of the enduring issues in educational research and one of the challenges for formal education. That is, understanding the relationship between learning in one context, setting or time and a subsequent related learning experience or activity. The chapters in the book examine the issue drawing on existing theory as starting points but using each author’s own research to push existing boundaries of what we know in terms of the ideas captured in the title of the book: transfer, transitions and transformations of learning. The chapters explore the issue through a range of approaches and settings including: possibilities for a concept-context approach to transfer, transfer between knowledge domains, transfer as an iterative process between contexts, transfer as boundary crossing between vocations, transfer as integration of theory and practice, transferring standards in assessment, representation in the transition from novice to expert, transformation of self through sustainability education, transforming identities of first year design and technology teachers and the role of implicit knowledge in understanding the relationship between declarative and procedural knowledge in the transition to expertise. This book should be of interest to teachers in schools and the adult education sector, research students, teacher educators, researchers and policy-makers who are involved in learning in, through or with technology.

Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education

Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education

Author: Paivi Tynjala

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2012-04-02

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 9789400723139

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The breakneck speed of change in today’s societies creates enormous challenges for educational institutions at all levels. This volume explores ways how to manage change in educational processes and contexts, focusing, in particular, on the concepts of transition and transformation. How do we educate a skilled workforce, sensitive professionals and responsive citizens who are able not only to cope with change but also to adopt required roles as agents of change? How do we prepare students and employees to cope adequately with changes and transitions in their careers and personal lives? The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future. The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future.


Book Synopsis Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education by : Paivi Tynjala

Download or read book Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education written by Paivi Tynjala and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-04-02 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The breakneck speed of change in today’s societies creates enormous challenges for educational institutions at all levels. This volume explores ways how to manage change in educational processes and contexts, focusing, in particular, on the concepts of transition and transformation. How do we educate a skilled workforce, sensitive professionals and responsive citizens who are able not only to cope with change but also to adopt required roles as agents of change? How do we prepare students and employees to cope adequately with changes and transitions in their careers and personal lives? The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future. The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future.

Narratives of Learning Through International Professional Experience

Narratives of Learning Through International Professional Experience

Author: Ange Fitzgerald

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-07-31

Total Pages: 184

ISBN-13: 9811048673

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This book presents a collection of research-based narratives exploring the learning of pre-service teachers and teacher educators in a range of international professional experience (IPE) settings. The narratives, based on over 20 years of IPE managed by an Australian faculty of education, capture the lessons learnt from the IPE program from a variety of perspectives, including academic staff, pre-service teachers and in-country partners. Four key themes emerge from the narratives: identity, learning through discomfort, collaboration and relationships. At a time when critics of teacher education are arguing for more predictable, standardised programs and practices, this book advocates for richly diverse, innovative programs that better prepare the next generation of educators for teaching in a multicultural, uncertain future.


Book Synopsis Narratives of Learning Through International Professional Experience by : Ange Fitzgerald

Download or read book Narratives of Learning Through International Professional Experience written by Ange Fitzgerald and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a collection of research-based narratives exploring the learning of pre-service teachers and teacher educators in a range of international professional experience (IPE) settings. The narratives, based on over 20 years of IPE managed by an Australian faculty of education, capture the lessons learnt from the IPE program from a variety of perspectives, including academic staff, pre-service teachers and in-country partners. Four key themes emerge from the narratives: identity, learning through discomfort, collaboration and relationships. At a time when critics of teacher education are arguing for more predictable, standardised programs and practices, this book advocates for richly diverse, innovative programs that better prepare the next generation of educators for teaching in a multicultural, uncertain future.

Professional Learning Journeys of Teacher Educators

Professional Learning Journeys of Teacher Educators

Author: Brandon M. Butler

Publisher: IAP

Published: 2024-01-01

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13:

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It is clear that teacher educators have ongoing professional learning and development needs. Chief among these are continuing to learn about content developments and pedagogical practices useful for teaching a range of PK-12 students in varying contexts; developing reflective competencies and sets of practices useful for teaching teacher candidates about teaching; effectively balancing teaching commitments with institutional expectations for scholarship and service; and forging useful understandings of identity across the spectrum of teacher educator responsibility and development over time, including taking on managerial or administrative roles. Working in institutions largely devoid of formal support mechanisms, teacher educators are often left on their own to meet these needs and subsequently must create or seek out opportunities for their ongoing growth. This volume explores in greater depth how exactly teacher educators engage in professional learning and development across their career trajectories. University-based teacher educator learning occurs in a range of settings and across the career span. Contributors to this volume describe university-based teacher educator learning spaces focused on their ongoing professional learning. Such spaces include teacher educator communities of practice, critical friendships, self-study learning groups, faculty learning groups, co-mentoring, and institutionally sponsored professional learning spaces.


Book Synopsis Professional Learning Journeys of Teacher Educators by : Brandon M. Butler

Download or read book Professional Learning Journeys of Teacher Educators written by Brandon M. Butler and published by IAP. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is clear that teacher educators have ongoing professional learning and development needs. Chief among these are continuing to learn about content developments and pedagogical practices useful for teaching a range of PK-12 students in varying contexts; developing reflective competencies and sets of practices useful for teaching teacher candidates about teaching; effectively balancing teaching commitments with institutional expectations for scholarship and service; and forging useful understandings of identity across the spectrum of teacher educator responsibility and development over time, including taking on managerial or administrative roles. Working in institutions largely devoid of formal support mechanisms, teacher educators are often left on their own to meet these needs and subsequently must create or seek out opportunities for their ongoing growth. This volume explores in greater depth how exactly teacher educators engage in professional learning and development across their career trajectories. University-based teacher educator learning occurs in a range of settings and across the career span. Contributors to this volume describe university-based teacher educator learning spaces focused on their ongoing professional learning. Such spaces include teacher educator communities of practice, critical friendships, self-study learning groups, faculty learning groups, co-mentoring, and institutionally sponsored professional learning spaces.

Being a Teacher Educator in Challenging Times

Being a Teacher Educator in Challenging Times

Author: Mike Hayler

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-04-24

Total Pages: 194

ISBN-13: 9811538484

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This book presents a duoethnographic exploration and narrative account of what it means to be a teacher educator today. Adopting a narrative approach, the book presents different personal, political and institutional perspectives to interrogate common challenges facing teacher education and teacher educators today. In addition, the book compares and contrasts the teacher education landscapes in Australia and the UK and addresses a broad range of topics, including the autobiographical nature of teacher educators’ work, the value of learning from experience, the importance of collegiality and collaboration in learning to become a teacher educator, and the intersection of the personal, professional and political in the development of teacher educator pedagogies and research agendas. Each chapter combines personal narratives and research-based perspectives on the key dimensions of teacher educators’ work that can be found in the literature, including self-study research. Readers will gain a better understanding of the processes, influences and relationships that make being a teacher educator both a challenging and rewarding career. Accordingly, the book offers a valuable asset for university leaders, experienced and beginning teacher educators, and researchers interested in the professional learning and development of teacher educators.


Book Synopsis Being a Teacher Educator in Challenging Times by : Mike Hayler

Download or read book Being a Teacher Educator in Challenging Times written by Mike Hayler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a duoethnographic exploration and narrative account of what it means to be a teacher educator today. Adopting a narrative approach, the book presents different personal, political and institutional perspectives to interrogate common challenges facing teacher education and teacher educators today. In addition, the book compares and contrasts the teacher education landscapes in Australia and the UK and addresses a broad range of topics, including the autobiographical nature of teacher educators’ work, the value of learning from experience, the importance of collegiality and collaboration in learning to become a teacher educator, and the intersection of the personal, professional and political in the development of teacher educator pedagogies and research agendas. Each chapter combines personal narratives and research-based perspectives on the key dimensions of teacher educators’ work that can be found in the literature, including self-study research. Readers will gain a better understanding of the processes, influences and relationships that make being a teacher educator both a challenging and rewarding career. Accordingly, the book offers a valuable asset for university leaders, experienced and beginning teacher educators, and researchers interested in the professional learning and development of teacher educators.

Transforming Teaching Through Curriculum-Based Professional Learning

Transforming Teaching Through Curriculum-Based Professional Learning

Author: James B. Short

Publisher: Corwin Press

Published: 2022-08-12

Total Pages: 176

ISBN-13: 1071886304

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The future of professional learning starts here. Even the most experienced teachers provided with the highest quality instructional materials benefit from additional support to ensure student success. Simply adopting new instructional materials is unlikely to significantly change teacher practice. Ensuring a level of excellence that benefits all students calls for an approach to professional learning that is anchored in the use of high-quality curriculum and grounded in immersive learning experiences for all teachers. Transforming Teaching Through Curriculum-Based Professional Learning offers a framework for practitioners looking to undertake this work. The curriculum-based professional learning detailed here enables teachers to deepen their understanding of the essential components of successful curriculum implementation and work together to provide instruction that has a positive impact on student engagement and learning. Features include Detailed case studies based on actual schools and districts that illustrate the elements of curriculum-based professional learning in action Detailed guidance on the roles and responsibilities of teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders Comparison charts that show the distinctions between curriculum-based professional learning and more traditional forms of professional development Elements icons that help readers navigate each chapter of the book Teachers’ jobs are changing in real time. When they are supported with both high-quality instructional materials and curriculum-based professional learning, they can position our schools to achieve the dual goals of equity and excellence.


Book Synopsis Transforming Teaching Through Curriculum-Based Professional Learning by : James B. Short

Download or read book Transforming Teaching Through Curriculum-Based Professional Learning written by James B. Short and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2022-08-12 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The future of professional learning starts here. Even the most experienced teachers provided with the highest quality instructional materials benefit from additional support to ensure student success. Simply adopting new instructional materials is unlikely to significantly change teacher practice. Ensuring a level of excellence that benefits all students calls for an approach to professional learning that is anchored in the use of high-quality curriculum and grounded in immersive learning experiences for all teachers. Transforming Teaching Through Curriculum-Based Professional Learning offers a framework for practitioners looking to undertake this work. The curriculum-based professional learning detailed here enables teachers to deepen their understanding of the essential components of successful curriculum implementation and work together to provide instruction that has a positive impact on student engagement and learning. Features include Detailed case studies based on actual schools and districts that illustrate the elements of curriculum-based professional learning in action Detailed guidance on the roles and responsibilities of teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders Comparison charts that show the distinctions between curriculum-based professional learning and more traditional forms of professional development Elements icons that help readers navigate each chapter of the book Teachers’ jobs are changing in real time. When they are supported with both high-quality instructional materials and curriculum-based professional learning, they can position our schools to achieve the dual goals of equity and excellence.

Teaching and Teacher Education in International Contexts

Teaching and Teacher Education in International Contexts

Author: Cheryl J. Craig

Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing

Published: 2023-08-10

Total Pages: 326

ISBN-13: 1804554723

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The ISATT 40th Anniversary Yearbook, presented over three volumes, celebrates the contributions of ISATT members over time and offers current scholarly research to inform current and future teacher education and teaching.


Book Synopsis Teaching and Teacher Education in International Contexts by : Cheryl J. Craig

Download or read book Teaching and Teacher Education in International Contexts written by Cheryl J. Craig and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2023-08-10 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ISATT 40th Anniversary Yearbook, presented over three volumes, celebrates the contributions of ISATT members over time and offers current scholarly research to inform current and future teacher education and teaching.

Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education

Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education

Author: Päivi Tynjälä

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-03-28

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 9400723121

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The breakneck speed of change in today’s societies creates enormous challenges for educational institutions at all levels. This volume explores ways how to manage change in educational processes and contexts, focusing, in particular, on the concepts of transition and transformation. How do we educate a skilled workforce, sensitive professionals and responsive citizens who are able not only to cope with change but also to adopt required roles as agents of change? How do we prepare students and employees to cope adequately with changes and transitions in their careers and personal lives? The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future. The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future.


Book Synopsis Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education by : Päivi Tynjälä

Download or read book Transitions and Transformations in Learning and Education written by Päivi Tynjälä and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The breakneck speed of change in today’s societies creates enormous challenges for educational institutions at all levels. This volume explores ways how to manage change in educational processes and contexts, focusing, in particular, on the concepts of transition and transformation. How do we educate a skilled workforce, sensitive professionals and responsive citizens who are able not only to cope with change but also to adopt required roles as agents of change? How do we prepare students and employees to cope adequately with changes and transitions in their careers and personal lives? The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future. The first of this book’s three sections deals with the conceptual and theoretical aspects of transition, transformational processes and human development. It defines these concepts and examines the ways in which educational theory and praxis understand concepts of change and development. The second section presents empirical studies that offer differing perspectives on educational transitions, covering the lifespan from early years education to lifelong learning. The third part of the volume focuses on issues of learning and pedagogy and argues that educational practices should change with the changing world. With numerous concrete examples included in the analysis, and with studies taking a range of forms from personal histories to large-scale surveys, this new book is a major addition to the literature in a field that has key implications for our future.