Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law

Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law

Author: Amichai Cohen

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2021

Total Pages: 281

ISBN-13: 0197556728

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The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law. Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, & accepted as almost axiomatic. Yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military & civilian purposes?


Book Synopsis Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law by : Amichai Cohen

Download or read book Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law written by Amichai Cohen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law. Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, & accepted as almost axiomatic. Yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military & civilian purposes?

Proportionality in International Law

Proportionality in International Law

Author: Michael A. Newton

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 354

ISBN-13: 0199355037

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1. Introduction 2. What is Proportionality? 3. Proportionality: A Multiplicity of Meanings 4. Proportionality in the Just War Tradition 5. Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law 6. Proportionality in Human Rights Law and Morality 7. The Uniqueness of Jus in Bello Proportionality 8. Countermeasures and Counterinsurgency 9. Human Shields and Risk 10. Targeted Killings and Proportionality in Law: Two Models 11. The Nature of War and the Idea of "Cyberwar" 12. Thresholds of Jus in Bello Proportionality Bibliography Index.


Book Synopsis Proportionality in International Law by : Michael A. Newton

Download or read book Proportionality in International Law written by Michael A. Newton and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. Introduction 2. What is Proportionality? 3. Proportionality: A Multiplicity of Meanings 4. Proportionality in the Just War Tradition 5. Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law 6. Proportionality in Human Rights Law and Morality 7. The Uniqueness of Jus in Bello Proportionality 8. Countermeasures and Counterinsurgency 9. Human Shields and Risk 10. Targeted Killings and Proportionality in Law: Two Models 11. The Nature of War and the Idea of "Cyberwar" 12. Thresholds of Jus in Bello Proportionality Bibliography Index.

Revisiting Proportionality in International and European Law

Revisiting Proportionality in International and European Law

Author: Ulf Linderfalk

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2021-05-12

Total Pages: 230

ISBN-13: 9004448071

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In this edited volume, scholars from a wide range of areas of international law consider whose interests are at stake in the application of the principle of proportionality. In so doing, the volume casts new light this important principle.


Book Synopsis Revisiting Proportionality in International and European Law by : Ulf Linderfalk

Download or read book Revisiting Proportionality in International and European Law written by Ulf Linderfalk and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-05-12 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this edited volume, scholars from a wide range of areas of international law consider whose interests are at stake in the application of the principle of proportionality. In so doing, the volume casts new light this important principle.

Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law

Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law

Author: Claus Kreß

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2020-11-30

Total Pages: 527

ISBN-13: 0197537375

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"Necessity and proportionality occupy a firm place in the international law governing the use of force by states. Perhaps most importantly for practical purposes, the exercise of the right of self-defense, as recognized in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, is subject to the requirements of necessity and proportionality, as the International Court of Justice determined in the Nicaragua case. Necessity and proportionality are also firmly anchored in the international law governing armed conflicts. In its Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion, the International Court of Justice even referred to one articulation of the idea of necessity, that directed against the causing of unnecessary suffering, as one of two "cardinal principles" of this body of law. However, beyond statement in such general terms, the realms of uncertainty and controversy soon begin. It is far from clear, for example, how to distinguish with precision between necessity and proportionality in the international law on self-defense and, in immediate connection herewith, what it means precisely to say that forcible action taken in the exercise of self-defense must be proportionate. It is all the less clear what legal significance, if any, necessity and proportionality possess in other contexts of the international law governing the use of force"--


Book Synopsis Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law by : Claus Kreß

Download or read book Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law written by Claus Kreß and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-11-30 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Necessity and proportionality occupy a firm place in the international law governing the use of force by states. Perhaps most importantly for practical purposes, the exercise of the right of self-defense, as recognized in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, is subject to the requirements of necessity and proportionality, as the International Court of Justice determined in the Nicaragua case. Necessity and proportionality are also firmly anchored in the international law governing armed conflicts. In its Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion, the International Court of Justice even referred to one articulation of the idea of necessity, that directed against the causing of unnecessary suffering, as one of two "cardinal principles" of this body of law. However, beyond statement in such general terms, the realms of uncertainty and controversy soon begin. It is far from clear, for example, how to distinguish with precision between necessity and proportionality in the international law on self-defense and, in immediate connection herewith, what it means precisely to say that forcible action taken in the exercise of self-defense must be proportionate. It is all the less clear what legal significance, if any, necessity and proportionality possess in other contexts of the international law governing the use of force"--

Necessity and Proportionality and the Right of Self-Defence in International Law

Necessity and Proportionality and the Right of Self-Defence in International Law

Author: Chris O'Meara

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2021-03-11

Total Pages: 289

ISBN-13: 0192608568

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States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their right of self-defence. In doing so, they accept that the exercise of this right is conditioned by the customary international law requirements of necessity and proportionality. However, these requirements are notorious for being normatively indeterminate and operationally complex. As a breach of either requirement renders ostensibly defensive action unlawful, increased determinacy regarding their scope and substance is crucial to how international law constrains military force. This book examines the conceptual meaning, content, and practical application of necessity and proportionality as they relate to the right of self-defence following the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945. It provides a coherent and up-to-date description of the applicable contemporary international law and proposes an analytical framework to guide its operation and appraisal. This book argues that necessity and proportionality are conceptually distinct and must be applied in the foregoing order to avoid an insufficient 'catch-all' description of legality or illegality. Necessity determines whether defensive force may be used to respond to an armed attack and where it must be directed. Proportionality governs how much total force is permissible and prohibits excessive responses. Both requirements are shown to apply on an ongoing basis throughout the duration of an armed conflict prompted by self-defence. Compliance with necessity and proportionality ensures that the purposes of self-defence are met, and nothing more, and that defensive force is not unduly disruptive to third party interests and to international peace and security.


Book Synopsis Necessity and Proportionality and the Right of Self-Defence in International Law by : Chris O'Meara

Download or read book Necessity and Proportionality and the Right of Self-Defence in International Law written by Chris O'Meara and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-11 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their right of self-defence. In doing so, they accept that the exercise of this right is conditioned by the customary international law requirements of necessity and proportionality. However, these requirements are notorious for being normatively indeterminate and operationally complex. As a breach of either requirement renders ostensibly defensive action unlawful, increased determinacy regarding their scope and substance is crucial to how international law constrains military force. This book examines the conceptual meaning, content, and practical application of necessity and proportionality as they relate to the right of self-defence following the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945. It provides a coherent and up-to-date description of the applicable contemporary international law and proposes an analytical framework to guide its operation and appraisal. This book argues that necessity and proportionality are conceptually distinct and must be applied in the foregoing order to avoid an insufficient 'catch-all' description of legality or illegality. Necessity determines whether defensive force may be used to respond to an armed attack and where it must be directed. Proportionality governs how much total force is permissible and prohibits excessive responses. Both requirements are shown to apply on an ongoing basis throughout the duration of an armed conflict prompted by self-defence. Compliance with necessity and proportionality ensures that the purposes of self-defence are met, and nothing more, and that defensive force is not unduly disruptive to third party interests and to international peace and security.

Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States

Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States

Author: Judith Gardam

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2004-11-18

Total Pages: 288

ISBN-13: 1139456172

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There has been considerable debate in the international community as to the legality of the forceful actions in Kosovo in 1999, Afghanistan in 2002 and Iraq in 2003 under the United Nations Charter. There has been consensus, however, that the use of force in all these situations had to be both proportional and necessary. Against the background of these recent armed conflicts, this 2004 book offers the first comprehensive assessment of the twin requirements of proportionality and necessity as legal restraints on the forceful actions of States. It also provides a much-needed examination of the relationship between proportionality in the law on the use of force and international humanitarian law.


Book Synopsis Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States by : Judith Gardam

Download or read book Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States written by Judith Gardam and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-18 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been considerable debate in the international community as to the legality of the forceful actions in Kosovo in 1999, Afghanistan in 2002 and Iraq in 2003 under the United Nations Charter. There has been consensus, however, that the use of force in all these situations had to be both proportional and necessary. Against the background of these recent armed conflicts, this 2004 book offers the first comprehensive assessment of the twin requirements of proportionality and necessity as legal restraints on the forceful actions of States. It also provides a much-needed examination of the relationship between proportionality in the law on the use of force and international humanitarian law.

Customary International Humanitarian Law

Customary International Humanitarian Law

Author: Jean-Marie Henckaerts

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2005-03-03

Total Pages: 610

ISBN-13: 0521808995

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Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules is a comprehensive analysis of the customary rules of international humanitarian law applicable in international and non-international armed conflicts. In the absence of ratifications of important treaties in this area, this is clearly a publication of major importance, carried out at the express request of the international community. In so doing, this study identifies the common core of international humanitarian law binding on all parties to all armed conflicts. Comment Don:RWI.


Book Synopsis Customary International Humanitarian Law by : Jean-Marie Henckaerts

Download or read book Customary International Humanitarian Law written by Jean-Marie Henckaerts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-03-03 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules is a comprehensive analysis of the customary rules of international humanitarian law applicable in international and non-international armed conflicts. In the absence of ratifications of important treaties in this area, this is clearly a publication of major importance, carried out at the express request of the international community. In so doing, this study identifies the common core of international humanitarian law binding on all parties to all armed conflicts. Comment Don:RWI.

Comparative Administrative Law

Comparative Administrative Law

Author: Frank J. Goodnow

Publisher:

Published: 1893

Total Pages: 724

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Comparative Administrative Law by : Frank J. Goodnow

Download or read book Comparative Administrative Law written by Frank J. Goodnow and published by . This book was released on 1893 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Principle of Proportionality in European Law:A Comparative Study

The Principle of Proportionality in European Law:A Comparative Study

Author: Nicholas Emiliou

Publisher: Springer

Published: 1996-02-23

Total Pages: 332

ISBN-13:

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The main objective of this study is to present a comparative legal analysis of proportionality. It provides a close examination of the key areas in which this principle has been applied, both at the national and supranational levels. The whole work is placed in the context of transformation of public law in the twentieth century. As many important general principles of law as applied by the Court of Justice have been borrowed from German and French law, a comparative study of the various forms which this principle has assumed in both German and French public law is presented. The book then offers an in-depth analysis of the application and impact of the principle of proportionality in EC law. The introduction and development of this principle by the Court of Justice represents one of the most striking examples of the interaction between the Community and national legal systems. It also illustrates the character of Community law as developed by the Court and the law-making function of the latter.


Book Synopsis The Principle of Proportionality in European Law:A Comparative Study by : Nicholas Emiliou

Download or read book The Principle of Proportionality in European Law:A Comparative Study written by Nicholas Emiliou and published by Springer. This book was released on 1996-02-23 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this study is to present a comparative legal analysis of proportionality. It provides a close examination of the key areas in which this principle has been applied, both at the national and supranational levels. The whole work is placed in the context of transformation of public law in the twentieth century. As many important general principles of law as applied by the Court of Justice have been borrowed from German and French law, a comparative study of the various forms which this principle has assumed in both German and French public law is presented. The book then offers an in-depth analysis of the application and impact of the principle of proportionality in EC law. The introduction and development of this principle by the Court of Justice represents one of the most striking examples of the interaction between the Community and national legal systems. It also illustrates the character of Community law as developed by the Court and the law-making function of the latter.

The Concept of Proportionality in Public Law

The Concept of Proportionality in Public Law

Author: CHUNG Wai Man, Franco

Publisher: City University of HK Press

Published: 2020-06-30

Total Pages: 696

ISBN-13: 9629373785

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Proportionality is a German, and thus continental European, concept in public law that is applied by both the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The principle specifies that measures adopted by executive authorities should not exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary in order to achieve legitimate objectives in the interest of the public. Using a functional comparative approach, this book evaluates the extent to which proportionality has been integrated into the English and Hong Kong judicial systems by comparing case law in these courts with that of the CJEU and the ECtHR. The text also reviews the development of proportionality and presents a topical understanding of why its adoption and application have encountered difficulties, particularly regarding socio-economic rights, in some jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. Written by a scholar with experience from both within the Hong Kong judicial system and from international research, this book is the first all-encompassing reference for legal practitioners worldwide.


Book Synopsis The Concept of Proportionality in Public Law by : CHUNG Wai Man, Franco

Download or read book The Concept of Proportionality in Public Law written by CHUNG Wai Man, Franco and published by City University of HK Press. This book was released on 2020-06-30 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proportionality is a German, and thus continental European, concept in public law that is applied by both the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The principle specifies that measures adopted by executive authorities should not exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary in order to achieve legitimate objectives in the interest of the public. Using a functional comparative approach, this book evaluates the extent to which proportionality has been integrated into the English and Hong Kong judicial systems by comparing case law in these courts with that of the CJEU and the ECtHR. The text also reviews the development of proportionality and presents a topical understanding of why its adoption and application have encountered difficulties, particularly regarding socio-economic rights, in some jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. Written by a scholar with experience from both within the Hong Kong judicial system and from international research, this book is the first all-encompassing reference for legal practitioners worldwide.