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During the Iraq War, American soldiers were sent to both fight an enemy and to recover a “failed state” in pixelated camouflage uniforms, accompanied by robots, and armed with satellite maps and biometric hand-held scanners. The Iraq War, however, was no digital game: massive-scale physical death and destruction counter the vision of a clean replayable war. The military policy of the United States, and not the actual experience of war, has been rooted in the logic of digital, and nascent algorithmic technology. This logic attempted to reduce culture, society, as well as the physical body and environment into visual data that lacks cultural and historical context. This book details the emergence of a nascent algorithmic war culture in the context of the Iraq War (2003-2010) in relation to the data-driven early 20th century British Mandate for Iraq. Through a series of five inquiries into the ways in which the Iraq War attempted to and often failed to see population and territory as digital and further proto-algorithmic entities, it offers an insight into the digitization and further unmanned automaton of war. It does so through a comparative historical framework reaching back to the quantification techniques harnessed during the British Mandate for Iraq (1918-1932) in order to explicate the parallels and complicated the diversions between the numerical logics that have driven both military state-building enterprises.
Book Synopsis Proto-Algorithmic War by : Stefka Hristova
Download or read book Proto-Algorithmic War written by Stefka Hristova and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-07-16 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Iraq War, American soldiers were sent to both fight an enemy and to recover a “failed state” in pixelated camouflage uniforms, accompanied by robots, and armed with satellite maps and biometric hand-held scanners. The Iraq War, however, was no digital game: massive-scale physical death and destruction counter the vision of a clean replayable war. The military policy of the United States, and not the actual experience of war, has been rooted in the logic of digital, and nascent algorithmic technology. This logic attempted to reduce culture, society, as well as the physical body and environment into visual data that lacks cultural and historical context. This book details the emergence of a nascent algorithmic war culture in the context of the Iraq War (2003-2010) in relation to the data-driven early 20th century British Mandate for Iraq. Through a series of five inquiries into the ways in which the Iraq War attempted to and often failed to see population and territory as digital and further proto-algorithmic entities, it offers an insight into the digitization and further unmanned automaton of war. It does so through a comparative historical framework reaching back to the quantification techniques harnessed during the British Mandate for Iraq (1918-1932) in order to explicate the parallels and complicated the diversions between the numerical logics that have driven both military state-building enterprises.
New military technologies are animated by fantasies of perfect knowledge, lawfulness, and vision that contrast sharply with the very real limits of human understanding, law, and vision. Thus, various kinds of violent acts are proliferating while their precise nature remains unclear. Especially man–machine ensembles, guided by algorithms, are operating in ways that challenge conceptual understanding. War and Algorithm looks at the increasing power of algorithms in these emerging forms of warfare from the perspectives of critical theory, philosophy, legal studies, and visual studies. The contributions in this volume grapple with the challenges posed by algorithmic warfare and trace the roots of new forms of war in the technological practices and forms of representation of the digital age. Together, these contributions provide a first step toward understanding—and resisting—our emerging world of war.
Book Synopsis War and Algorithm by : Max Liljefors
Download or read book War and Algorithm written by Max Liljefors and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-10-11 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New military technologies are animated by fantasies of perfect knowledge, lawfulness, and vision that contrast sharply with the very real limits of human understanding, law, and vision. Thus, various kinds of violent acts are proliferating while their precise nature remains unclear. Especially man–machine ensembles, guided by algorithms, are operating in ways that challenge conceptual understanding. War and Algorithm looks at the increasing power of algorithms in these emerging forms of warfare from the perspectives of critical theory, philosophy, legal studies, and visual studies. The contributions in this volume grapple with the challenges posed by algorithmic warfare and trace the roots of new forms of war in the technological practices and forms of representation of the digital age. Together, these contributions provide a first step toward understanding—and resisting—our emerging world of war.
The world is in crisis, bringing activists and protesters onto the streets and into the public eye. More than ever, activism relies on spectacle and visibility in order to be noticed in the era of globalized capitalism and networked media. At the same time, a growing number of artists employ creative strategies to critique the establishment, act in resistance, and demand change. Visual activism of this kind is not new, but it is rapidly evolving. This anthology presents 16 case-studies of visual activism from across the globe, providing an up-to-date picture of the impact of contemporary visual and art activism, and combining a scholarly interrogation of visual activism with an examination of how it works in practice. The case studies address a wide range of issues including human rights abuses; state violence; gender and sexuality; racism; migration; and climate breakdown. They examine a range of approaches from playful carnivalesque parades to extreme practices such as 'lip-sewing', and are drawn from a wide range of international contexts – from Europe and the US, to Iran, India, Pakistan, Tunisia, and China. This diverse scope enables readers to consider examples comparatively – noticing emerging trends and key differences to reveal how geopolitical and cultural factors play an important role in shaping activist practices. This rich and timely collection provides a fresh perspective on the possibilities, limitations and politics of visual activism, as activists, artists, and curators respond to the changing world around them in this most uncertain of times.
Book Synopsis Visual Activism in the 21st Century by : Stephanie Hartle
Download or read book Visual Activism in the 21st Century written by Stephanie Hartle and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-07-28 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is in crisis, bringing activists and protesters onto the streets and into the public eye. More than ever, activism relies on spectacle and visibility in order to be noticed in the era of globalized capitalism and networked media. At the same time, a growing number of artists employ creative strategies to critique the establishment, act in resistance, and demand change. Visual activism of this kind is not new, but it is rapidly evolving. This anthology presents 16 case-studies of visual activism from across the globe, providing an up-to-date picture of the impact of contemporary visual and art activism, and combining a scholarly interrogation of visual activism with an examination of how it works in practice. The case studies address a wide range of issues including human rights abuses; state violence; gender and sexuality; racism; migration; and climate breakdown. They examine a range of approaches from playful carnivalesque parades to extreme practices such as 'lip-sewing', and are drawn from a wide range of international contexts – from Europe and the US, to Iran, India, Pakistan, Tunisia, and China. This diverse scope enables readers to consider examples comparatively – noticing emerging trends and key differences to reveal how geopolitical and cultural factors play an important role in shaping activist practices. This rich and timely collection provides a fresh perspective on the possibilities, limitations and politics of visual activism, as activists, artists, and curators respond to the changing world around them in this most uncertain of times.
Machine learning algorithms are widely presumed to herald a world in which the crippling burdens of anxiety can be left behind. The digital revolution promises a brave new world where individuals, communities and organizations can at last take control of the future – anticipating, designing and commanding the future, possibly even with mathematical exactitude. Yet, paradoxically, algorithms have unleashed widespread fears and forebodings about the impact of digital technologies. Whether it’s worries about unemployment, distress about social media’s harmful effects on teenagers, or the fear of intrusive digital surveillance, we live in an age of turbo-charged anxiety where the prophecies of algorithms are increasingly enmeshed with fundamental disruption and anxieties about the future. In this book, Anthony Elliott examines how machine learning algorithms are not only transforming global institutions but also rewriting our personal lives. He tells this story through a wide-ranging analysis which takes in ChatGPT, Amazon, the Metaverse, Martin Ford, Netflix, Uber, Bernard Stiegler, Squid Game, Kate Crawford, LaMDA, Byung-Chul Han, autonomous drones, Jean Baudrillard and the automation of warfare. Questioning why people often assume that they need to adopt new technologies in order to lead fulfilling lives, Elliott argues that people may be as much entranced as inspired by their outsourcing of personal decision-making to smart machines.
Book Synopsis Algorithms of Anxiety by : Anthony Elliott
Download or read book Algorithms of Anxiety written by Anthony Elliott and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-07-09 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machine learning algorithms are widely presumed to herald a world in which the crippling burdens of anxiety can be left behind. The digital revolution promises a brave new world where individuals, communities and organizations can at last take control of the future – anticipating, designing and commanding the future, possibly even with mathematical exactitude. Yet, paradoxically, algorithms have unleashed widespread fears and forebodings about the impact of digital technologies. Whether it’s worries about unemployment, distress about social media’s harmful effects on teenagers, or the fear of intrusive digital surveillance, we live in an age of turbo-charged anxiety where the prophecies of algorithms are increasingly enmeshed with fundamental disruption and anxieties about the future. In this book, Anthony Elliott examines how machine learning algorithms are not only transforming global institutions but also rewriting our personal lives. He tells this story through a wide-ranging analysis which takes in ChatGPT, Amazon, the Metaverse, Martin Ford, Netflix, Uber, Bernard Stiegler, Squid Game, Kate Crawford, LaMDA, Byung-Chul Han, autonomous drones, Jean Baudrillard and the automation of warfare. Questioning why people often assume that they need to adopt new technologies in order to lead fulfilling lives, Elliott argues that people may be as much entranced as inspired by their outsourcing of personal decision-making to smart machines.
Introduction We live in a time of rapid disruptive technological change impacting all aspects of our lives and societies. This is particularly evident in the field of information technology (IT) where the defence domain is trying hard to keep up with the ongoing remarkable developments in the commercial realm. This is a sharp difference to 30 years ago during the Cold War when the military led technological development, took a calculated approach to such change and carefully managed disruptions. The latest disruptive technologies emerging from the commercial realm that concern defence include advanced computing, 'big data' analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomy and robotics. In this, the 2018 US National Defense Strategy reflects much contemporary strategic thinking in declaring that: "The drive to develop [these] new technologies is relentless, expanding to more actors with lower barriers of entry, and moving at accelerating speed...." The tone is worried as these are "the very technologies" determined necessary to "be able to fight and win the wars of the future." The five 'technologies' noted in the preceding paragraph are not strictly comparable. Some are technologies but some are capabilities that other technologies might give future warfighters. Indeed, certain capabilities, like autonomy, are already operational and have been for decades. This conflation of technologies and military capabilities tends to hinder current defence debates not sharpen them. The new term, 'algorithm warfare', may instead be more useful in describing and discussing the latest technology-pushed warfighting concepts. Algorithms are the sequence of instructions and rules that machines use to solve problems. They transform inputs to outputs and as such are the crucial conceptual and technical foundation stone of modern IT and the new intelligent machines. Algorithms may also become the conceptual and technical foundation stone of future warfighting. The term's present use emanates from the US DoD's Project Maven. This project aims to use AI systems trained using advanced computing techniques to autonomously analyse big data. Immediately apparent is that this undertaking results from integrating several differing technologies and functions. Maven's success depends on the performance of the algorithms used. Regardless of the terminology used, the practical impact of intelligent machines on our established force structures and warfighting is uncertain. Will algorithm warfare mean that we can do things better or, in contrast, that we can do better things? Will our current warfighting styles simply evolve or instead be revolutionised by incorporating intelligent machines? Will intelligent machines transform our current force structure models? This paper explores such questions and more. Chapter 2 delves into the technical basis of algorithm warfare, focusing on machines that learn and have emergent properties; these machines are intrinsically quite different to our current programmable machines. Chapter 3 looks at the practical matters that shape algorithm warfare implementation and the apparent, perhaps unexpected importance of the human-machine interface to winning wars. Chapter 4 examines algorithm warfare to discuss both how this might enhance our current warfighting concepts and conversely how it might radically transform them. Algorithm warfare may replace our current network-centric warfare concepts. Chapter 5 looks at Chinese and Russian thinking; both are using unique applications of algorithm warfare for domestic societal management and disruption. Chapter 6 considers ethics and pertinent law of armed conflict issues. Importantly, this paper tries to stay practically focused on the application of emerging and probable intelligent machine technologies to warfighting. For commercial reasons as much as anything, fictional books and movies remain fascinated by the notions of robot soldiers fighting a final battle against the human race. The technologies involved in those forums remain distant, as this paper will persuade you. However, while Terminator cyborgs and Cyberdyne's Skynet are imaginary, today's smart-phone and internet search engines already use intelligent machine technologies, the Chinese Government's Skynet intelligent surveillance system is operational and Project Maven will deliver its AI-powered analysis system to the USAF later this year. Intelligent machines have arrived. Algorithm warfare is now very real and demands deep professional consideration.
Book Synopsis Algorithmic Warfare by :
Download or read book Algorithmic Warfare written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction We live in a time of rapid disruptive technological change impacting all aspects of our lives and societies. This is particularly evident in the field of information technology (IT) where the defence domain is trying hard to keep up with the ongoing remarkable developments in the commercial realm. This is a sharp difference to 30 years ago during the Cold War when the military led technological development, took a calculated approach to such change and carefully managed disruptions. The latest disruptive technologies emerging from the commercial realm that concern defence include advanced computing, 'big data' analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomy and robotics. In this, the 2018 US National Defense Strategy reflects much contemporary strategic thinking in declaring that: "The drive to develop [these] new technologies is relentless, expanding to more actors with lower barriers of entry, and moving at accelerating speed...." The tone is worried as these are "the very technologies" determined necessary to "be able to fight and win the wars of the future." The five 'technologies' noted in the preceding paragraph are not strictly comparable. Some are technologies but some are capabilities that other technologies might give future warfighters. Indeed, certain capabilities, like autonomy, are already operational and have been for decades. This conflation of technologies and military capabilities tends to hinder current defence debates not sharpen them. The new term, 'algorithm warfare', may instead be more useful in describing and discussing the latest technology-pushed warfighting concepts. Algorithms are the sequence of instructions and rules that machines use to solve problems. They transform inputs to outputs and as such are the crucial conceptual and technical foundation stone of modern IT and the new intelligent machines. Algorithms may also become the conceptual and technical foundation stone of future warfighting. The term's present use emanates from the US DoD's Project Maven. This project aims to use AI systems trained using advanced computing techniques to autonomously analyse big data. Immediately apparent is that this undertaking results from integrating several differing technologies and functions. Maven's success depends on the performance of the algorithms used. Regardless of the terminology used, the practical impact of intelligent machines on our established force structures and warfighting is uncertain. Will algorithm warfare mean that we can do things better or, in contrast, that we can do better things? Will our current warfighting styles simply evolve or instead be revolutionised by incorporating intelligent machines? Will intelligent machines transform our current force structure models? This paper explores such questions and more. Chapter 2 delves into the technical basis of algorithm warfare, focusing on machines that learn and have emergent properties; these machines are intrinsically quite different to our current programmable machines. Chapter 3 looks at the practical matters that shape algorithm warfare implementation and the apparent, perhaps unexpected importance of the human-machine interface to winning wars. Chapter 4 examines algorithm warfare to discuss both how this might enhance our current warfighting concepts and conversely how it might radically transform them. Algorithm warfare may replace our current network-centric warfare concepts. Chapter 5 looks at Chinese and Russian thinking; both are using unique applications of algorithm warfare for domestic societal management and disruption. Chapter 6 considers ethics and pertinent law of armed conflict issues. Importantly, this paper tries to stay practically focused on the application of emerging and probable intelligent machine technologies to warfighting. For commercial reasons as much as anything, fictional books and movies remain fascinated by the notions of robot soldiers fighting a final battle against the human race. The technologies involved in those forums remain distant, as this paper will persuade you. However, while Terminator cyborgs and Cyberdyne's Skynet are imaginary, today's smart-phone and internet search engines already use intelligent machine technologies, the Chinese Government's Skynet intelligent surveillance system is operational and Project Maven will deliver its AI-powered analysis system to the USAF later this year. Intelligent machines have arrived. Algorithm warfare is now very real and demands deep professional consideration.
It is unclear if U.S. policy makers and military leaders fully realize that we have already been thrust into an artificial intelligence (AI) race with authoritarian powers. Today, the United States' peer adversaries--China and Russia--have made clear their intentions to make major investments in AI and insert this technology into their military systems, sensors and weapons. Their goal is to gain an asymmetric advantage over the U.S. military. The implications for our national security are many and complex. Algorithms of Armageddon examines this most pressing security issue in a clear, insightful delivery by two experts. Authors George Galdorisi and Sam J. Tangredi are national security professionals who deal with AI on a day-to-day basis in their work in both the technical and policy arenas. Opening chapters explain the fundamentals of what constitutes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. They investigate the convergence of AI with other technologies and how these systems will interact with humans. Critical to the issue is the manner by which AI is being developed and utilized by Russia and China. The central chapters of the work address the weaponizing of AI through interaction with other technologies, man-machine teaming, and autonomous weapons systems. The authors cover in depth debates surrounding the AI "genie out of the bottle" controversy, AI arms races, and the resulting impact on policy and the laws of war. Given that global powers are leading large-scale development of AI, it is likely that use of this technology will be global in extent. Will AI-enabled military weapons systems lead to full-scale global war? Can such a conflict be avoided? The later chapters of the work explore these questions, point to the possibility of humans failing to control military AI applications, and conclude that the dangers for the United States are real. Neither a protest against AI, nor a speculative work on how AI could replace humans, Algorithms of Armageddon provides a time-critical understanding of why AI is being implemented through state weaponization, the realities for the global power balance, and more importantly, U.S. national security. Galdorisi and Tangredi propose a national dialogue that focuses on the need for U.S. military to have access to the latest AI-enabled technology in order to provide security and prosperity to the American people.
Book Synopsis Algorithms of Armageddon by : George Galdorisi
Download or read book Algorithms of Armageddon written by George Galdorisi and published by . This book was released on 2024-03-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is unclear if U.S. policy makers and military leaders fully realize that we have already been thrust into an artificial intelligence (AI) race with authoritarian powers. Today, the United States' peer adversaries--China and Russia--have made clear their intentions to make major investments in AI and insert this technology into their military systems, sensors and weapons. Their goal is to gain an asymmetric advantage over the U.S. military. The implications for our national security are many and complex. Algorithms of Armageddon examines this most pressing security issue in a clear, insightful delivery by two experts. Authors George Galdorisi and Sam J. Tangredi are national security professionals who deal with AI on a day-to-day basis in their work in both the technical and policy arenas. Opening chapters explain the fundamentals of what constitutes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. They investigate the convergence of AI with other technologies and how these systems will interact with humans. Critical to the issue is the manner by which AI is being developed and utilized by Russia and China. The central chapters of the work address the weaponizing of AI through interaction with other technologies, man-machine teaming, and autonomous weapons systems. The authors cover in depth debates surrounding the AI "genie out of the bottle" controversy, AI arms races, and the resulting impact on policy and the laws of war. Given that global powers are leading large-scale development of AI, it is likely that use of this technology will be global in extent. Will AI-enabled military weapons systems lead to full-scale global war? Can such a conflict be avoided? The later chapters of the work explore these questions, point to the possibility of humans failing to control military AI applications, and conclude that the dangers for the United States are real. Neither a protest against AI, nor a speculative work on how AI could replace humans, Algorithms of Armageddon provides a time-critical understanding of why AI is being implemented through state weaponization, the realities for the global power balance, and more importantly, U.S. national security. Galdorisi and Tangredi propose a national dialogue that focuses on the need for U.S. military to have access to the latest AI-enabled technology in order to provide security and prosperity to the American people.
Book Synopsis Algorithmic Warfare by : Josh Luberisse
Download or read book Algorithmic Warfare written by Josh Luberisse and published by . This book was released on 2023-02-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Remarks at the Summit on responsible artificial intelligence in the military domain: REAIM, The Hague, 15 &16 February 2023.
Book Synopsis The Realities of Algorithmic Warfare by : Tim Sweijs
Download or read book The Realities of Algorithmic Warfare written by Tim Sweijs and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remarks at the Summit on responsible artificial intelligence in the military domain: REAIM, The Hague, 15 &16 February 2023.
For decades, we have been told we live in the “information age”—a time when disruptive technological advancement has reshaped the categories and social uses of knowledge and when quantitative assessment is increasingly privileged. Such methodologies and concepts of information are usually considered the provenance of the natural and social sciences, which present them as politically and philosophically neutral. Yet the humanities should and do play an important role in interpreting and critiquing the historical, cultural, and conceptual nature of information. This book is one of two companion volumes that explore theories and histories of information from a humanistic perspective. They consider information as a long-standing feature of social, cultural, and conceptual management, a matter of social practice, and a fundamental challenge for the humanities today. Bringing together essays by prominent critics, Information: Keywords highlights the humanistic nature of information practices and concepts by thinking through key terms. It describes and anticipates directions for how the humanities can contribute to our understanding of information from a range of theoretical, historical, and global perspectives. Together with Information: A Reader, it sets forth a major humanistic vision of the concept of information.
Book Synopsis Information by : Michele Kennerly
Download or read book Information written by Michele Kennerly and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-19 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For decades, we have been told we live in the “information age”—a time when disruptive technological advancement has reshaped the categories and social uses of knowledge and when quantitative assessment is increasingly privileged. Such methodologies and concepts of information are usually considered the provenance of the natural and social sciences, which present them as politically and philosophically neutral. Yet the humanities should and do play an important role in interpreting and critiquing the historical, cultural, and conceptual nature of information. This book is one of two companion volumes that explore theories and histories of information from a humanistic perspective. They consider information as a long-standing feature of social, cultural, and conceptual management, a matter of social practice, and a fundamental challenge for the humanities today. Bringing together essays by prominent critics, Information: Keywords highlights the humanistic nature of information practices and concepts by thinking through key terms. It describes and anticipates directions for how the humanities can contribute to our understanding of information from a range of theoretical, historical, and global perspectives. Together with Information: A Reader, it sets forth a major humanistic vision of the concept of information.
How computational methods can expand how we see, read, and listen to Holocaust testimony The Holocaust is one of the most documented—and now digitized—events in human history. Institutions and archives hold hundreds of thousands of hours of audio and video testimony, composed of more than a billion words in dozens of languages, with millions of pieces of descriptive metadata. It would take several lifetimes to engage with these testimonies one at a time. Computational methods could be used to analyze an entire archive—but what are the ethical implications of “listening” to Holocaust testimonies by means of an algorithm? In this book, Todd Presner explores how the digital humanities can provide both new insights and humanizing perspectives for Holocaust memory and history. Presner suggests that it is possible to develop an “ethics of the algorithm” that mediates between the ethical demands of listening to individual testimonies and the interpretative possibilities of computational methods. He delves into thousands of testimonies and witness accounts, focusing on the analysis of trauma, language, voice, genre, and the archive itself. Tracing the affordances of digital tools that range from early, proto-computational approaches to more recent uses of automatic speech recognition and natural language processing, Presner introduces readers to what may be the ultimate expression of these methods: AI-driven testimonies that use machine learning to process responses to questions, offering a user experience that seems to replicate an actual conversation with a Holocaust survivor. With Ethics of the Algorithm, Presner presents a digital humanities argument for how big data models and computational methods can be used to preserve and perpetuate cultural memory.
Book Synopsis Ethics of the Algorithm by : Todd Presner
Download or read book Ethics of the Algorithm written by Todd Presner and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2024-09-24 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How computational methods can expand how we see, read, and listen to Holocaust testimony The Holocaust is one of the most documented—and now digitized—events in human history. Institutions and archives hold hundreds of thousands of hours of audio and video testimony, composed of more than a billion words in dozens of languages, with millions of pieces of descriptive metadata. It would take several lifetimes to engage with these testimonies one at a time. Computational methods could be used to analyze an entire archive—but what are the ethical implications of “listening” to Holocaust testimonies by means of an algorithm? In this book, Todd Presner explores how the digital humanities can provide both new insights and humanizing perspectives for Holocaust memory and history. Presner suggests that it is possible to develop an “ethics of the algorithm” that mediates between the ethical demands of listening to individual testimonies and the interpretative possibilities of computational methods. He delves into thousands of testimonies and witness accounts, focusing on the analysis of trauma, language, voice, genre, and the archive itself. Tracing the affordances of digital tools that range from early, proto-computational approaches to more recent uses of automatic speech recognition and natural language processing, Presner introduces readers to what may be the ultimate expression of these methods: AI-driven testimonies that use machine learning to process responses to questions, offering a user experience that seems to replicate an actual conversation with a Holocaust survivor. With Ethics of the Algorithm, Presner presents a digital humanities argument for how big data models and computational methods can be used to preserve and perpetuate cultural memory.
