Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers

Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers

Author: Morton Wagman

Publisher: Praeger

Published: 2000-05-30

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 0275966542

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Wagman offers a critical analysis of current theory and research in the psychological and computational sciences, directed toward the elucidation of scientific discovery processes and structures. It discusses human scientific discovery processes, analyzes computer scientific discovery processes, and makes a comparative evaluation of the two. This work examines the scientific reasoning of the discoverers of the inhibition mechanism of gene control; scientific discovery heuristics used at different developmental levels; artificial intelligence and mathematical discovery; the ECHO system; the evolution of artificial intelligence discovery systems; the PAULI system; and the KEKADA system. It concludes with an examination of the extent to which computational discovery systems can emulate a set of 10 types of scientific problems.


Book Synopsis Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers by : Morton Wagman

Download or read book Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers written by Morton Wagman and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2000-05-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wagman offers a critical analysis of current theory and research in the psychological and computational sciences, directed toward the elucidation of scientific discovery processes and structures. It discusses human scientific discovery processes, analyzes computer scientific discovery processes, and makes a comparative evaluation of the two. This work examines the scientific reasoning of the discoverers of the inhibition mechanism of gene control; scientific discovery heuristics used at different developmental levels; artificial intelligence and mathematical discovery; the ECHO system; the evolution of artificial intelligence discovery systems; the PAULI system; and the KEKADA system. It concludes with an examination of the extent to which computational discovery systems can emulate a set of 10 types of scientific problems.

Machine Discovery

Machine Discovery

Author: Jan Zytkow

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-09

Total Pages: 229

ISBN-13: 9401721246

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Human and machine discovery are gradual problem-solving processes of searching large problem spaces for incompletely defined goal objects. Research on problem solving has usually focused on searching an `instance space' (empirical exploration) and a `hypothesis space' (generation of theories). In scientific discovery, searching must often extend to other spaces as well: spaces of possible problems, of new or improved scientific instruments, of new problem representations, of new concepts, and others. This book focuses especially on the processes for finding new problem representations and new concepts, which are relatively new domains for research on discovery. Scientific discovery has usually been studied as an activity of individual investigators, but these individuals are positioned in a larger social structure of science, being linked by the `blackboard' of open publication (as well as by direct collaboration). Even while an investigator is working alone, the process is strongly influenced by knowledge and skills stored in memory as a result of previous social interactions. In this sense, all research on discovery, including the investigations on individual processes discussed in this book, is social psychology, or even sociology.


Book Synopsis Machine Discovery by : Jan Zytkow

Download or read book Machine Discovery written by Jan Zytkow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human and machine discovery are gradual problem-solving processes of searching large problem spaces for incompletely defined goal objects. Research on problem solving has usually focused on searching an `instance space' (empirical exploration) and a `hypothesis space' (generation of theories). In scientific discovery, searching must often extend to other spaces as well: spaces of possible problems, of new or improved scientific instruments, of new problem representations, of new concepts, and others. This book focuses especially on the processes for finding new problem representations and new concepts, which are relatively new domains for research on discovery. Scientific discovery has usually been studied as an activity of individual investigators, but these individuals are positioned in a larger social structure of science, being linked by the `blackboard' of open publication (as well as by direct collaboration). Even while an investigator is working alone, the process is strongly influenced by knowledge and skills stored in memory as a result of previous social interactions. In this sense, all research on discovery, including the investigations on individual processes discussed in this book, is social psychology, or even sociology.

Scientific Discovery

Scientific Discovery

Author: Pat Langley

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 374

ISBN-13: 9780262620529

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Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative--and hence unanalyzable--whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs--BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL--are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along. Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.


Book Synopsis Scientific Discovery by : Pat Langley

Download or read book Scientific Discovery written by Pat Langley and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative--and hence unanalyzable--whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs--BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL--are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along. Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.

Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers

Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers

Author: Morton Wagman

Publisher: Praeger

Published: 2002

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13:

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Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem- solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers (Praeger, 2000). In this book, Professor Emeritus Morton Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers, (Praeger, 2000) Of special interest to readers will be Wagman's conclusion that artificial intelligence problem-solving systems are deepening and broadening theories of human problem solving from scientific to everyday approaches. Scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science will consider this a volume a valuable addition to their collections.


Book Synopsis Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers by : Morton Wagman

Download or read book Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers written by Morton Wagman and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2002 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem- solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers (Praeger, 2000). In this book, Professor Emeritus Morton Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers, (Praeger, 2000) Of special interest to readers will be Wagman's conclusion that artificial intelligence problem-solving systems are deepening and broadening theories of human problem solving from scientific to everyday approaches. Scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science will consider this a volume a valuable addition to their collections.

Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers

Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers

Author: Morton Wagman

Publisher: Praeger

Published: 2002

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem- solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers (Praeger, 2000). In this book, Professor Emeritus Morton Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers, (Praeger, 2000) Of special interest to readers will be Wagman's conclusion that artificial intelligence problem-solving systems are deepening and broadening theories of human problem solving from scientific to everyday approaches. Scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science will consider this a volume a valuable addition to their collections.


Book Synopsis Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers by : Morton Wagman

Download or read book Problem-Solving Processes in Humans and Computers written by Morton Wagman and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2002 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem- solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers (Praeger, 2000). In this book, Professor Emeritus Morton Wagman gives a broad, structured, and detailed account of advancing intellectual developments in both psychological and computational theories of the nature of problem solving. Known for originating the PLATO computer-based Dilemma Counseling System, psychologist Wagman is the author of 17 books, including Scientific Discovery Processes in Humans and Computers, (Praeger, 2000) Of special interest to readers will be Wagman's conclusion that artificial intelligence problem-solving systems are deepening and broadening theories of human problem solving from scientific to everyday approaches. Scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science will consider this a volume a valuable addition to their collections.

Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery

Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery

Author: Yang Cai

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2005-02-16

Total Pages: 322

ISBN-13: 3540244662

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Many difficult scientific discovery tasks can only be solved in interactive ways, by combining intelligent computing techniques with intuitive and adaptive user interfaces. It is inevitable to use human intelligence in scientific discovery systems: human eyes can capture complex patterns and relationships, along with detecting the exceptional cases in a data set; the human brain can easily manipulate perceptions to make decisions. Ambient intelligence is about this kind of ubiquitous and autonomous human interaction with information. Scientific discovery is a process of creative perception and communication, dealing with questions like: how do we significantly reduce information while maintaining meaning, or how do we extract patterns from massive data and growing data resources. Originating from the SIGCHI Workshop on Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery, this state-of-the-art survey is organized in three parts: new paradigms in scientific discovery, ambient cognition, and ambient intelligence systems. Many chapters share common features such as interaction, vision, language, and biomedicine.


Book Synopsis Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery by : Yang Cai

Download or read book Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery written by Yang Cai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-02-16 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many difficult scientific discovery tasks can only be solved in interactive ways, by combining intelligent computing techniques with intuitive and adaptive user interfaces. It is inevitable to use human intelligence in scientific discovery systems: human eyes can capture complex patterns and relationships, along with detecting the exceptional cases in a data set; the human brain can easily manipulate perceptions to make decisions. Ambient intelligence is about this kind of ubiquitous and autonomous human interaction with information. Scientific discovery is a process of creative perception and communication, dealing with questions like: how do we significantly reduce information while maintaining meaning, or how do we extract patterns from massive data and growing data resources. Originating from the SIGCHI Workshop on Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery, this state-of-the-art survey is organized in three parts: new paradigms in scientific discovery, ambient cognition, and ambient intelligence systems. Many chapters share common features such as interaction, vision, language, and biomedicine.

Computational Intelligence in Archaeology

Computational Intelligence in Archaeology

Author: Barcelo, Juan A.

Publisher: IGI Global

Published: 2008-07-31

Total Pages: 436

ISBN-13: 1599044919

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Provides analytical theories offered by innovative artificial intelligence computing methods in the archaeological domain.


Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence in Archaeology by : Barcelo, Juan A.

Download or read book Computational Intelligence in Archaeology written by Barcelo, Juan A. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2008-07-31 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides analytical theories offered by innovative artificial intelligence computing methods in the archaeological domain.

Reasoning Processes in Humans and Computers

Reasoning Processes in Humans and Computers

Author: Morton Wagman

Publisher: Praeger

Published: 2003-02-28

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13:

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Advancing research in artificial intelligence is creating reasoning systems that increasingly emulate or surpass the power of human reasoning. This volume presents a critical analysis of current theory and research in psychological and computational sciences addressing reasoning processes. Distinguished from narrowly technical books on the one hand, and from general philosophical books on the other, this work gives a broad, structured, detailed, and critical account of advancing intellectual developments in theories on the nature of reasoning. Of special interest is the conclusion that artificial intelligence reasoning systems are deepening and broadening theories of human reasoning. A unified theory of intelligent reasoning encompassing natural and computational systems is an important current objective of cognitive science. Reasoning systems such as the CHARADE program, which simulates the course of inductive reasoning leading to medical discoveries, and the CONSYDERR program, which executes the robust theory of common sense reasoning, are important demonstrations of the feasibility of a unified theory of human and artificial intelligence.


Book Synopsis Reasoning Processes in Humans and Computers by : Morton Wagman

Download or read book Reasoning Processes in Humans and Computers written by Morton Wagman and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2003-02-28 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancing research in artificial intelligence is creating reasoning systems that increasingly emulate or surpass the power of human reasoning. This volume presents a critical analysis of current theory and research in psychological and computational sciences addressing reasoning processes. Distinguished from narrowly technical books on the one hand, and from general philosophical books on the other, this work gives a broad, structured, detailed, and critical account of advancing intellectual developments in theories on the nature of reasoning. Of special interest is the conclusion that artificial intelligence reasoning systems are deepening and broadening theories of human reasoning. A unified theory of intelligent reasoning encompassing natural and computational systems is an important current objective of cognitive science. Reasoning systems such as the CHARADE program, which simulates the course of inductive reasoning leading to medical discoveries, and the CONSYDERR program, which executes the robust theory of common sense reasoning, are important demonstrations of the feasibility of a unified theory of human and artificial intelligence.

Scientific Discovery

Scientific Discovery

Author: Pat Langley

Publisher:

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 9780262316002

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Pat Langley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine. Herbert Simon is a Professor in the Departments of Psychology, Computer Science, and Philosophy at Carnegie-Mellon University. Gary L. Bradshaw is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and Institute of Cognitive Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Jan M. Zytkow is an Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at Wichita State University.


Book Synopsis Scientific Discovery by : Pat Langley

Download or read book Scientific Discovery written by Pat Langley and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pat Langley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine. Herbert Simon is a Professor in the Departments of Psychology, Computer Science, and Philosophy at Carnegie-Mellon University. Gary L. Bradshaw is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and Institute of Cognitive Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Jan M. Zytkow is an Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at Wichita State University.

The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning

The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning

Author: Keith J. Holyoak

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2013-05-23

Total Pages: 865

ISBN-13: 0199313792

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The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been available.


Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning by : Keith J. Holyoak

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning written by Keith J. Holyoak and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been available.