Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information

Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information

Author: Joan Fitzpatrick

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2021-09-27

Total Pages: 592

ISBN-13: 9004481796

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The tension between national security and freedom of expression and information is both acute and multifaceted. Without national security, basic human rights are always at risk. On the other hand, the tendency of governing elites to confuse `the life of the nation' with their own survival has often resulted in excessive restrictions on expression and information, as well as other fundamental rights. A proper balance between secrecy and liberty requires a vigilant press and an independent judiciary. It also requires greater clarity than currently exists as to how competing rights and interests should be weighed. This book addresses that gap. Its centerpiece is a set of Principles drafted by a group of international and national law experts, many of whom contributed chapters, to guide governments, courts and international bodies in how to strike a proper balance. The Principles have been widely endorsed, among others by United Nations experts on freedom of expression and independence of judges and lawyers. Sixteen country studies - profiling, among other states, Albania, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - explore the tremendous diversity of national security doctrines and the penal and other measures aimed at suppressing allegedly secret information and speech claimed to be subversive, separatist or otherwise dangerous. Five chapters examine the cases considered and approaches taken by the UN Human Rights Committee, three regional human rights bodies, and the European Court of Justice. A Commentary draws on the other chapters to support and elucidate the Principles, noting where they reflect an existing consensus and the points at which they attempt to elicit a more rights-protective approach.


Book Synopsis Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information by : Joan Fitzpatrick

Download or read book Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information written by Joan Fitzpatrick and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-09-27 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tension between national security and freedom of expression and information is both acute and multifaceted. Without national security, basic human rights are always at risk. On the other hand, the tendency of governing elites to confuse `the life of the nation' with their own survival has often resulted in excessive restrictions on expression and information, as well as other fundamental rights. A proper balance between secrecy and liberty requires a vigilant press and an independent judiciary. It also requires greater clarity than currently exists as to how competing rights and interests should be weighed. This book addresses that gap. Its centerpiece is a set of Principles drafted by a group of international and national law experts, many of whom contributed chapters, to guide governments, courts and international bodies in how to strike a proper balance. The Principles have been widely endorsed, among others by United Nations experts on freedom of expression and independence of judges and lawyers. Sixteen country studies - profiling, among other states, Albania, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - explore the tremendous diversity of national security doctrines and the penal and other measures aimed at suppressing allegedly secret information and speech claimed to be subversive, separatist or otherwise dangerous. Five chapters examine the cases considered and approaches taken by the UN Human Rights Committee, three regional human rights bodies, and the European Court of Justice. A Commentary draws on the other chapters to support and elucidate the Principles, noting where they reflect an existing consensus and the points at which they attempt to elicit a more rights-protective approach.


The NSA Report

The NSA Report

Author: President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, The

Publisher: Princeton University Press

Published: 2014-03-31

Total Pages: 287

ISBN-13: 1400851270

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The official report that has shaped the international debate about NSA surveillance "We cannot discount the risk, in light of the lessons of our own history, that at some point in the future, high-level government officials will decide that this massive database of extraordinarily sensitive private information is there for the plucking. Americans must never make the mistake of wholly 'trusting' our public officials."—The NSA Report This is the official report that is helping shape the international debate about the unprecedented surveillance activities of the National Security Agency. Commissioned by President Obama following disclosures by former NSA contractor Edward J. Snowden, and written by a preeminent group of intelligence and legal experts, the report examines the extent of NSA programs and calls for dozens of urgent and practical reforms. The result is a blueprint showing how the government can reaffirm its commitment to privacy and civil liberties—without compromising national security.


Book Synopsis The NSA Report by : President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, The

Download or read book The NSA Report written by President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, The and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The official report that has shaped the international debate about NSA surveillance "We cannot discount the risk, in light of the lessons of our own history, that at some point in the future, high-level government officials will decide that this massive database of extraordinarily sensitive private information is there for the plucking. Americans must never make the mistake of wholly 'trusting' our public officials."—The NSA Report This is the official report that is helping shape the international debate about the unprecedented surveillance activities of the National Security Agency. Commissioned by President Obama following disclosures by former NSA contractor Edward J. Snowden, and written by a preeminent group of intelligence and legal experts, the report examines the extent of NSA programs and calls for dozens of urgent and practical reforms. The result is a blueprint showing how the government can reaffirm its commitment to privacy and civil liberties—without compromising national security.


National Security, Public Health: Exceptions to Human Rights?

National Security, Public Health: Exceptions to Human Rights?

Author: Myriam Feinberg

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-10-02

Total Pages: 180

ISBN-13: 1317273184

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The book deals with the complicated relationships between national security and human rights, and between public health and human rights. Its premise is the fact that national security and public health are both included in human rights instruments as ‘exceptions’ to the human rights therein sanctioned, yet they can arguably be considered as human rights themselves and be equally valuable. The book therefore asks to what extent the protection of the individual could – or should – be overridden to enable the protection of the national security or public health of the general public. Both practice and case law have shown that human rights risk being set aside when they clash with the protection of national security or public health. Through theoretical analysis and practical examples, the book addresses the conflicts that arise when the concepts of national security and public health are used – and abused – and other rights, including freedom of speech, procedural freedoms, individual health, are violated as a consequence. It provides many interesting findings on the values that states are ready to protect – and forego – to ensure their safety, which can contribute to the ongoing debate on the protection of human rights. This book was originally published as a special issue of The International Journal of Human Rights.


Book Synopsis National Security, Public Health: Exceptions to Human Rights? by : Myriam Feinberg

Download or read book National Security, Public Health: Exceptions to Human Rights? written by Myriam Feinberg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book deals with the complicated relationships between national security and human rights, and between public health and human rights. Its premise is the fact that national security and public health are both included in human rights instruments as ‘exceptions’ to the human rights therein sanctioned, yet they can arguably be considered as human rights themselves and be equally valuable. The book therefore asks to what extent the protection of the individual could – or should – be overridden to enable the protection of the national security or public health of the general public. Both practice and case law have shown that human rights risk being set aside when they clash with the protection of national security or public health. Through theoretical analysis and practical examples, the book addresses the conflicts that arise when the concepts of national security and public health are used – and abused – and other rights, including freedom of speech, procedural freedoms, individual health, are violated as a consequence. It provides many interesting findings on the values that states are ready to protect – and forego – to ensure their safety, which can contribute to the ongoing debate on the protection of human rights. This book was originally published as a special issue of The International Journal of Human Rights.


Government Secrecy

Government Secrecy

Author: Jan Goldman Ph.D.

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA

Published: 2008-12-30

Total Pages: 822

ISBN-13: 1598845012

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Government Secrecy presents the best that has been thought and written on the subject, including history and philosophy, theory and practice, justification and critique. Through readings, which range from Georg Simmel on secrecy and Max Weber on bureaucracy and secret-keeping, to post-9/11 concerns regarding freedom of information and presidential secrecy, it enables readers to explore the issues and questions that surround the government's right to keep necessary secrets—or not. This collection, and the diverse perspectives it represents, will engage students and other interested parties in a discussion of the benefits—and dangers—of government secrecy. The collection is designed to generate questions regarding historical accuracy of government information, information ethics, professional neutrality, ownership of information, public right to information, national security, and transparency. The essays explore the criteria and conditions for government secret-keeping, as well as contributing to public and academic discussion of the role of secrets in democracies.


Book Synopsis Government Secrecy by : Jan Goldman Ph.D.

Download or read book Government Secrecy written by Jan Goldman Ph.D. and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2008-12-30 with total page 822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Government Secrecy presents the best that has been thought and written on the subject, including history and philosophy, theory and practice, justification and critique. Through readings, which range from Georg Simmel on secrecy and Max Weber on bureaucracy and secret-keeping, to post-9/11 concerns regarding freedom of information and presidential secrecy, it enables readers to explore the issues and questions that surround the government's right to keep necessary secrets—or not. This collection, and the diverse perspectives it represents, will engage students and other interested parties in a discussion of the benefits—and dangers—of government secrecy. The collection is designed to generate questions regarding historical accuracy of government information, information ethics, professional neutrality, ownership of information, public right to information, national security, and transparency. The essays explore the criteria and conditions for government secret-keeping, as well as contributing to public and academic discussion of the role of secrets in democracies.


Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective

Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective

Author: Mahulena Hofmann

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2022-10-30

Total Pages: 314

ISBN-13: 1317123727

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This collection analyses the regulatory aspects of harmful interference faced by those entities operating space communication and broadcasting. While technology reacts to this international phenomenon with the development of continuously improving technological systems for preventing and combating harmful interference, its international regulatory and legal framework develops at a much slower pace. Issues discussed include the increasing deterioration of signals from broadcasting and communication satellites, including cases of intentional interference known as `jamming’; the human rights balance between freedom of expression and protection from hate speech; the efficacy of the current regulatory system and the legal consequences of non-compliance; the role of national authorities, and supranational bodies such as the EU and UN. The contributors include experts drawn from international and national academia, the ITU, national regulatory authorities and operators to present an international, multidimensional, and critical analysis of this complex phenomenon.


Book Synopsis Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective by : Mahulena Hofmann

Download or read book Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective written by Mahulena Hofmann and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-10-30 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection analyses the regulatory aspects of harmful interference faced by those entities operating space communication and broadcasting. While technology reacts to this international phenomenon with the development of continuously improving technological systems for preventing and combating harmful interference, its international regulatory and legal framework develops at a much slower pace. Issues discussed include the increasing deterioration of signals from broadcasting and communication satellites, including cases of intentional interference known as `jamming’; the human rights balance between freedom of expression and protection from hate speech; the efficacy of the current regulatory system and the legal consequences of non-compliance; the role of national authorities, and supranational bodies such as the EU and UN. The contributors include experts drawn from international and national academia, the ITU, national regulatory authorities and operators to present an international, multidimensional, and critical analysis of this complex phenomenon.


Transparency in International Law

Transparency in International Law

Author: Andrea Bianchi

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2013-11-07

Total Pages: 641

ISBN-13: 1107470242

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While its importance in domestic law has long been acknowledged, transparency has until now remained largely unexplored in international law. This study of transparency issues in key areas such as international economic law, environmental law, human rights law and humanitarian law brings together new and important insights on this pressing issue. Contributors explore the framing and content of transparency in their respective fields with regard to proceedings, institutions, law-making processes and legal culture, and a selection of cross-cutting essays completes the study by examining transparency in international law-making and adjudication.


Book Synopsis Transparency in International Law by : Andrea Bianchi

Download or read book Transparency in International Law written by Andrea Bianchi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-11-07 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While its importance in domestic law has long been acknowledged, transparency has until now remained largely unexplored in international law. This study of transparency issues in key areas such as international economic law, environmental law, human rights law and humanitarian law brings together new and important insights on this pressing issue. Contributors explore the framing and content of transparency in their respective fields with regard to proceedings, institutions, law-making processes and legal culture, and a selection of cross-cutting essays completes the study by examining transparency in international law-making and adjudication.


Freedom of Information and National Security

Freedom of Information and National Security

Author: Amin Pashaye Amiri

Publisher: Herbert Utz Verlag

Published: 2015-01-06

Total Pages: 198

ISBN-13: 3831643903

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Protecting sensitive national security information is among a government’s most significant duties. However, this concept may be used to adversely limit the public’s right to access to government-held information. Therefore, striking a reasonable balance between these competing interests is of great importance for any society. How important to the creation of such a balance is effective judicial review of government decisions denying public access to information on national security grounds? How should judicial review of these decisions be conducted? “Freedom of Information and National Security: A Study of Judicial Review under U.S. Law” seeks to answer these questions. It offers proposals for the improvement of judicial review of public bodies’ decisions in the U.S. and provides suggestions for conducting effective judicial review in other countries.


Book Synopsis Freedom of Information and National Security by : Amin Pashaye Amiri

Download or read book Freedom of Information and National Security written by Amin Pashaye Amiri and published by Herbert Utz Verlag. This book was released on 2015-01-06 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting sensitive national security information is among a government’s most significant duties. However, this concept may be used to adversely limit the public’s right to access to government-held information. Therefore, striking a reasonable balance between these competing interests is of great importance for any society. How important to the creation of such a balance is effective judicial review of government decisions denying public access to information on national security grounds? How should judicial review of these decisions be conducted? “Freedom of Information and National Security: A Study of Judicial Review under U.S. Law” seeks to answer these questions. It offers proposals for the improvement of judicial review of public bodies’ decisions in the U.S. and provides suggestions for conducting effective judicial review in other countries.


Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?

Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?

Author: Christian Walter

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2004-06-25

Total Pages: 1516

ISBN-13: 9783540212256

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The events of 11 September 2001 have led to significant developments in international law with respect to combating terrorism by military and non-military action. The volume addresses the issues raised in a comprehensive manner. It comprises country-reports with analyses of the developments in a number of selected countries. Based on these country-reports the volume traces new developments in the definition of international terrorism, deals with the issue of human rights protection under new anti-terrorist legislation and examines the recent developments towards international military action against terrorism.


Book Synopsis Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty? by : Christian Walter

Download or read book Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty? written by Christian Walter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-06-25 with total page 1516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The events of 11 September 2001 have led to significant developments in international law with respect to combating terrorism by military and non-military action. The volume addresses the issues raised in a comprehensive manner. It comprises country-reports with analyses of the developments in a number of selected countries. Based on these country-reports the volume traces new developments in the definition of international terrorism, deals with the issue of human rights protection under new anti-terrorist legislation and examines the recent developments towards international military action against terrorism.


Transparency and Secrecy in European Democracies

Transparency and Secrecy in European Democracies

Author: Dorota Mokrosinska

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2020-11-11

Total Pages: 213

ISBN-13: 0429649436

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This edited volume offers a critical discussion of the trade-offs between transparency and secrecy in the actual political practice of democratic states in Europe. As such, it answers to a growing need to systematically analyse the problem of secrecy in governance in this political and geographical context. Focusing on topical cases and controversies in particular areas, the contributors reflect on the justification and limits of the use of secrecy in democratic governance, register the social, cultural, and historical factors that inform this process and explore the criteria used by European legislators and policy-makers, both at the national and supranational level, when balancing interests on the sides of transparency and secrecy, respectively. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of security studies, political science, European politics/studies, law, history, political philosophy, public administration, intelligence studies, media and communication studies, and information technology sciences.


Book Synopsis Transparency and Secrecy in European Democracies by : Dorota Mokrosinska

Download or read book Transparency and Secrecy in European Democracies written by Dorota Mokrosinska and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-11 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume offers a critical discussion of the trade-offs between transparency and secrecy in the actual political practice of democratic states in Europe. As such, it answers to a growing need to systematically analyse the problem of secrecy in governance in this political and geographical context. Focusing on topical cases and controversies in particular areas, the contributors reflect on the justification and limits of the use of secrecy in democratic governance, register the social, cultural, and historical factors that inform this process and explore the criteria used by European legislators and policy-makers, both at the national and supranational level, when balancing interests on the sides of transparency and secrecy, respectively. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of security studies, political science, European politics/studies, law, history, political philosophy, public administration, intelligence studies, media and communication studies, and information technology sciences.


Information Rights

Information Rights

Author: Philip Coppel

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2014-12-01

Total Pages: 1640

ISBN-13: 184946748X

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This is the fourth edition of what is the leading practitioner's text on freedom of information law. Providing in-depth legal analysis and practical guidance, it offers complete, authoritative coverage for anyone either making, handling or adjudicating upon requests for official information. The three years since the previous edition have seen numerous important decisions from the courts and tribunals in the area. These and earlier authorities supply the basis for clear statements of principle, which the work supports by reference to all relevant cases. The book is logically organised so that the practitioner can quickly locate the relevant text. It commences with an historical analysis that sets out the object of the legislation and its relationship with other aspects of public law. Full references to Hansard and other Parliamentary materials are provided. This is followed by a summary of the regime in five other jurisdictions, providing comparative jurisprudence which can assist in resolving undecided points. The potential of the Human Rights Act 1998 to support rights of access is dealt with in some detail, with reference to all ECHR cases. Next follows a series of chapters dealing with rights of access under other legislative regimes, covering information held by EU bodies, requests under the Data Protection Act and the Environmental Information Regulations, public records, as well as type-specific rights of access. These introduce the practitioner to useful rights of access that might otherwise be overlooked. They are arranged thematically to ensure ready identification of potentially relevant ones. The book then considers practical aspects of information requests: the persons who may make them; the bodies to whom they may be made; the time allowed for responding; the modes of response; fees and vexatious requests; the duty to advise and assist; the codes of practice; government guidance and its status; transferring of requests; third party consultation. The next 13 chapters, comprising over half the book, are devoted to exemptions. These start with two important chapters dealing with general exemption principles, including the notions of 'prejudice' and the 'public interest'. The arrangement of these chapters reflects the arrangement of the FOI Act, but the text is careful to include analogous references to the Environmental Information Regulations and the Data Protection Act 1998. With each chapter, the exemption is carefully analysed, starting with its Parliamentary history (giving full references to Hansard and other Parliamentary material) and the treatment given in the comparative jurisdictions. The analysis then turns to consider all court judgments and tribunal decisions dealing with the exemption. The principles are stated in the text, with footnotes giving all available references. Whether to prepare a case or to prepare a response to a request, these chapters allow the practitioner to get on top of the exemption rapidly and authoritatively. The book concludes with three chapters setting out the role of the Information Commissioner and the Tribunal, appeals and enforcement. The chapter on appeals allows the practitioner to be familiar with the processes followed in the tribunal, picking up on the jurisprudence as it has emerged in the last eight or so years. Appendices include: precedent requests for information; a step-by-step guide to responding to a request; comparative tables; and a table of the FOI Act's Parliamentary history. Finally, the book includes an annotated copy of the FOIA Act, the Data Protection Act 1998, the Environmental Information Regulations 2004, all subordinate legislation made under them, EU legislation, Tribunal rules and practice directions, and the Codes of Practice.ContributorsProf John Angel, former President of the Information TribunalRichard Clayton QC, 4-5 Gray's Inn SquareJoanne Clement, 11 KBWGerry Facena, Monkton ChambersEleanor Gray QC


Book Synopsis Information Rights by : Philip Coppel

Download or read book Information Rights written by Philip Coppel and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-12-01 with total page 1640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fourth edition of what is the leading practitioner's text on freedom of information law. Providing in-depth legal analysis and practical guidance, it offers complete, authoritative coverage for anyone either making, handling or adjudicating upon requests for official information. The three years since the previous edition have seen numerous important decisions from the courts and tribunals in the area. These and earlier authorities supply the basis for clear statements of principle, which the work supports by reference to all relevant cases. The book is logically organised so that the practitioner can quickly locate the relevant text. It commences with an historical analysis that sets out the object of the legislation and its relationship with other aspects of public law. Full references to Hansard and other Parliamentary materials are provided. This is followed by a summary of the regime in five other jurisdictions, providing comparative jurisprudence which can assist in resolving undecided points. The potential of the Human Rights Act 1998 to support rights of access is dealt with in some detail, with reference to all ECHR cases. Next follows a series of chapters dealing with rights of access under other legislative regimes, covering information held by EU bodies, requests under the Data Protection Act and the Environmental Information Regulations, public records, as well as type-specific rights of access. These introduce the practitioner to useful rights of access that might otherwise be overlooked. They are arranged thematically to ensure ready identification of potentially relevant ones. The book then considers practical aspects of information requests: the persons who may make them; the bodies to whom they may be made; the time allowed for responding; the modes of response; fees and vexatious requests; the duty to advise and assist; the codes of practice; government guidance and its status; transferring of requests; third party consultation. The next 13 chapters, comprising over half the book, are devoted to exemptions. These start with two important chapters dealing with general exemption principles, including the notions of 'prejudice' and the 'public interest'. The arrangement of these chapters reflects the arrangement of the FOI Act, but the text is careful to include analogous references to the Environmental Information Regulations and the Data Protection Act 1998. With each chapter, the exemption is carefully analysed, starting with its Parliamentary history (giving full references to Hansard and other Parliamentary material) and the treatment given in the comparative jurisdictions. The analysis then turns to consider all court judgments and tribunal decisions dealing with the exemption. The principles are stated in the text, with footnotes giving all available references. Whether to prepare a case or to prepare a response to a request, these chapters allow the practitioner to get on top of the exemption rapidly and authoritatively. The book concludes with three chapters setting out the role of the Information Commissioner and the Tribunal, appeals and enforcement. The chapter on appeals allows the practitioner to be familiar with the processes followed in the tribunal, picking up on the jurisprudence as it has emerged in the last eight or so years. Appendices include: precedent requests for information; a step-by-step guide to responding to a request; comparative tables; and a table of the FOI Act's Parliamentary history. Finally, the book includes an annotated copy of the FOIA Act, the Data Protection Act 1998, the Environmental Information Regulations 2004, all subordinate legislation made under them, EU legislation, Tribunal rules and practice directions, and the Codes of Practice.ContributorsProf John Angel, former President of the Information TribunalRichard Clayton QC, 4-5 Gray's Inn SquareJoanne Clement, 11 KBWGerry Facena, Monkton ChambersEleanor Gray QC