Download Seedborne Diseases And Their Control full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Seedborne Diseases And Their Control ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Seed pathology; Infection of seeds; Longevity of seedborne organisms; Seed transmission of disease; Spread and survival of seedborne pathogens; Disease control: eclusion and reduction of inoculum; Disease control: eradication and reduction of inoculum by seed treatment; Disease control by cultural measures and sanitation practices; Detection of seedborne organisms.
Book Synopsis Seedborne Diseases and Their Control by : R. B. Maude
Download or read book Seedborne Diseases and Their Control written by R. B. Maude and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1996 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seed pathology; Infection of seeds; Longevity of seedborne organisms; Seed transmission of disease; Spread and survival of seedborne pathogens; Disease control: eclusion and reduction of inoculum; Disease control: eradication and reduction of inoculum by seed treatment; Disease control by cultural measures and sanitation practices; Detection of seedborne organisms.
The global population is increasing rapidly, and feeding the ever-increasing population poses a serious challenge for agriculturalists around the world. Seed is a basic and critical input in agriculture to ensure global food security. Roughly 90 percent of the crops grown all over the world are propagated by seed. However, seed can also harbour and spread pathogens, e.g. fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses etc., which cause devastating diseases. Seed-borne pathogens represent a major threat to crop establishment and yield. Hence, timely detection and diagnosis is a prerequisite for their effective management. The book "Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management" addresses key issues related to seed-borne/transmitted diseases in various agricultural crops. Divided into 30 chapters, it offers a comprehensive compilation of papers concerning: the history of seed pathology, importance of seed-borne diseases, seed-borne diseases and quarantine, seed health testing and certification, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne diseases and their phytopathogens, host-parasite interactions during development of seed-borne diseases, diversity of seed-borne pathogens, seed-borne diseases in major agricultural crops, non-parasitic seed disorders, mechanisms of seed transmission and seed infection, storage fungi and mycotoxins, impact of seed-borne diseases on human and animal health, and management options for seed-borne diseases. We wish to thank all of the eminent researchers who contributed valuable chapters to our book, which will be immensely useful for students, researchers, academics, and all those involved in various agro-industries.
Book Synopsis Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management by : Ravindra Kumar
Download or read book Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management written by Ravindra Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-18 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global population is increasing rapidly, and feeding the ever-increasing population poses a serious challenge for agriculturalists around the world. Seed is a basic and critical input in agriculture to ensure global food security. Roughly 90 percent of the crops grown all over the world are propagated by seed. However, seed can also harbour and spread pathogens, e.g. fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses etc., which cause devastating diseases. Seed-borne pathogens represent a major threat to crop establishment and yield. Hence, timely detection and diagnosis is a prerequisite for their effective management. The book "Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management" addresses key issues related to seed-borne/transmitted diseases in various agricultural crops. Divided into 30 chapters, it offers a comprehensive compilation of papers concerning: the history of seed pathology, importance of seed-borne diseases, seed-borne diseases and quarantine, seed health testing and certification, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne diseases and their phytopathogens, host-parasite interactions during development of seed-borne diseases, diversity of seed-borne pathogens, seed-borne diseases in major agricultural crops, non-parasitic seed disorders, mechanisms of seed transmission and seed infection, storage fungi and mycotoxins, impact of seed-borne diseases on human and animal health, and management options for seed-borne diseases. We wish to thank all of the eminent researchers who contributed valuable chapters to our book, which will be immensely useful for students, researchers, academics, and all those involved in various agro-industries.
The development of an improved agriculture is an indispensable step towards better living standards. It depends upon improved inputs of which seed is the most significant. Seed has always been regarded as the most vital, basic and critical input. Sage Parashara (circa 400 BC) had said, "the origin of plentiful yield is the seed". Today, more than two millennia later, the statement holds true and it will be hold true as long as humans inhabit the earth. Seed health is a priority area in seed production programme. In recent years, the awareness for seed health has increased among the growers, traders, consumers and policy makers. In post -GATT era and with the emergence of WTO concerns regarding the seed health have acquired high importance. In seed production programme, seed certification standards have been worked out. Several diseases have been designated objectionable at field and seed levels. The book provides comprehensive and integrated information on 57 seed-borne diseases covering about 40 major field and vegetable crops. The information is supplemented with about 127 photographs, explanation of technical words in glossary and further readings. The book will be of great help to the people engaged in seed production (fields and vegetable crops), seed certification, agricultural extension workers, field workers and seed industry. It will be of immense use for all the teachers, students and researchers of seed science and technology. Feature: sRole of seed-borne pathogens. Significance of seed health testing. Seed health testing for seed-borne fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens. Protocols for some common methods employed in seed health testing. Integrated management of seed-borne diseases. Indian seed certification standards for Field and Vegetable crops. Identification and management of objectionable seed-borne diseases. Information on pathogens, location in seeds, disease-cycle and spread, nature, losses, detection techniques and certification standards of 57 seed-borne diseases, supplemented with 127 black and white photographs. Explanation of about 160 technical words in glossary.
Book Synopsis Seed-Borne Diseases Objectionable in Seed Production and Their Management by : M.S. Bhale
Download or read book Seed-Borne Diseases Objectionable in Seed Production and Their Management written by M.S. Bhale and published by Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of an improved agriculture is an indispensable step towards better living standards. It depends upon improved inputs of which seed is the most significant. Seed has always been regarded as the most vital, basic and critical input. Sage Parashara (circa 400 BC) had said, "the origin of plentiful yield is the seed". Today, more than two millennia later, the statement holds true and it will be hold true as long as humans inhabit the earth. Seed health is a priority area in seed production programme. In recent years, the awareness for seed health has increased among the growers, traders, consumers and policy makers. In post -GATT era and with the emergence of WTO concerns regarding the seed health have acquired high importance. In seed production programme, seed certification standards have been worked out. Several diseases have been designated objectionable at field and seed levels. The book provides comprehensive and integrated information on 57 seed-borne diseases covering about 40 major field and vegetable crops. The information is supplemented with about 127 photographs, explanation of technical words in glossary and further readings. The book will be of great help to the people engaged in seed production (fields and vegetable crops), seed certification, agricultural extension workers, field workers and seed industry. It will be of immense use for all the teachers, students and researchers of seed science and technology. Feature: sRole of seed-borne pathogens. Significance of seed health testing. Seed health testing for seed-borne fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens. Protocols for some common methods employed in seed health testing. Integrated management of seed-borne diseases. Indian seed certification standards for Field and Vegetable crops. Identification and management of objectionable seed-borne diseases. Information on pathogens, location in seeds, disease-cycle and spread, nature, losses, detection techniques and certification standards of 57 seed-borne diseases, supplemented with 127 black and white photographs. Explanation of about 160 technical words in glossary.
Seeds provide an efficient means in disseminating plant virus and viroid diseases. The success of modern agriculture depends on pathogen free seed with high yielding character and in turn disease management. There is a serious scientific concern about the transmission of plant viruses sexually through seed and asexually through plant propagules. The present book provides the latest information along with the total list of seed transmitted virus and viroid diseases at global level including, the yield losses, diagnostic techniques, mechanism of seed transmission, epidemiology and virus disease management aspects. Additional information is also provided on the transmission of plant virus and virus-like diseases through vegetative propagules. It is also well known that seed transmitted viruses are introduced into new countries and continents during large-scale traffic movements through infected germplasm and plant propogules. The latest diagnostic molecular techniques in different virus-host combinations along with disease management measures have been included. The book shall be a good reference source and also a text book to the research scientists, teachers, students of plant pathology, agriculture, horticulture, life sciences, green house managers, professional entrepreneurs, persons involved in quarantines and seed companies. This book has several important features of seed transmitted virus diseases and is a good informative source and thus deserves a place in almost all university libraries, seed companies and research organizations.
Book Synopsis Seed-borne plant virus diseases by : K. Subramanya Sastry
Download or read book Seed-borne plant virus diseases written by K. Subramanya Sastry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-05 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seeds provide an efficient means in disseminating plant virus and viroid diseases. The success of modern agriculture depends on pathogen free seed with high yielding character and in turn disease management. There is a serious scientific concern about the transmission of plant viruses sexually through seed and asexually through plant propagules. The present book provides the latest information along with the total list of seed transmitted virus and viroid diseases at global level including, the yield losses, diagnostic techniques, mechanism of seed transmission, epidemiology and virus disease management aspects. Additional information is also provided on the transmission of plant virus and virus-like diseases through vegetative propagules. It is also well known that seed transmitted viruses are introduced into new countries and continents during large-scale traffic movements through infected germplasm and plant propogules. The latest diagnostic molecular techniques in different virus-host combinations along with disease management measures have been included. The book shall be a good reference source and also a text book to the research scientists, teachers, students of plant pathology, agriculture, horticulture, life sciences, green house managers, professional entrepreneurs, persons involved in quarantines and seed companies. This book has several important features of seed transmitted virus diseases and is a good informative source and thus deserves a place in almost all university libraries, seed companies and research organizations.
Book Synopsis Seed Borne Diseases and Their Control in Farming System by : Carroll Colten
Download or read book Seed Borne Diseases and Their Control in Farming System written by Carroll Colten and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Plant diseases are among the important factors that are responsible for causing yield loss in crop production. The loss due to diseases alone is estimated to be around 26 per cent. Diseases may attack at any stage of the standing crop, from seedlings till maturity of the crop. They may affect different parts of the plants, such as foliage, stem, root, flowers or seed and cause various types of symptoms, while the diseases such as wilt affect the entire plant. All these ultimately result in the reduction of yield and poor quality of the produce. Further, many pathogens continue to attack the stored grains and stored produce, and cause spoilage. To save the crops from diseases caused by pathogens and thereby to increase crop production, it is imminent that diseases have to be controlled by any means. To adopt various strategies for the control of pathogens, one should have some basic knowledge about the symptoms produced by the pathogens, their life cycle, mode of survival and spread, and the stage at which the host is most vulnerable to attack by the pathogens. Most of the cultivated varieties of different crops are susceptible to one disease or another, while some others are susceptible to many diseases. Even resistant cultivars of some of the crop species may become susceptible to some specific diseases in course of time as a result of development of new physiologic races of the pathogen by hybridization or natural mutation or when the environmental conditions are highly favorable for the pathogen and not quite favorable for the host. In this book the authors have given a detailed account of the major diseases of important field crops and horticultural crops, and their management. The text is substantiated with many hand-drawn illustrations, which are of excellent quality and in fact it is the highlight of the book. A on important edible mushrooms commonly grown in India, methods of cultivation of different mushrooms, diseases and pests attacking mushroom beds and mushrooms is also included in the book. This may be quite useful to emerging entrepreneur The book, which has been compiled as per the undergraduate syllabus of agricultural institutions, will also be of use to postgraduate students and to those working in the department of agriculture.
Book Synopsis Crop Diseases by : Darwin Henry
Download or read book Crop Diseases written by Darwin Henry and published by New India Publishing Agency. This book was released on 2011-01-11 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant diseases are among the important factors that are responsible for causing yield loss in crop production. The loss due to diseases alone is estimated to be around 26 per cent. Diseases may attack at any stage of the standing crop, from seedlings till maturity of the crop. They may affect different parts of the plants, such as foliage, stem, root, flowers or seed and cause various types of symptoms, while the diseases such as wilt affect the entire plant. All these ultimately result in the reduction of yield and poor quality of the produce. Further, many pathogens continue to attack the stored grains and stored produce, and cause spoilage. To save the crops from diseases caused by pathogens and thereby to increase crop production, it is imminent that diseases have to be controlled by any means. To adopt various strategies for the control of pathogens, one should have some basic knowledge about the symptoms produced by the pathogens, their life cycle, mode of survival and spread, and the stage at which the host is most vulnerable to attack by the pathogens. Most of the cultivated varieties of different crops are susceptible to one disease or another, while some others are susceptible to many diseases. Even resistant cultivars of some of the crop species may become susceptible to some specific diseases in course of time as a result of development of new physiologic races of the pathogen by hybridization or natural mutation or when the environmental conditions are highly favorable for the pathogen and not quite favorable for the host. In this book the authors have given a detailed account of the major diseases of important field crops and horticultural crops, and their management. The text is substantiated with many hand-drawn illustrations, which are of excellent quality and in fact it is the highlight of the book. A on important edible mushrooms commonly grown in India, methods of cultivation of different mushrooms, diseases and pests attacking mushroom beds and mushrooms is also included in the book. This may be quite useful to emerging entrepreneur The book, which has been compiled as per the undergraduate syllabus of agricultural institutions, will also be of use to postgraduate students and to those working in the department of agriculture.
Indian agriculture has witnessed spectacular advances in agricultural production in the last few decades. This was possible through green revolution in mid 60s leading to the country’s remarkable achievement in food grains and edible oil production. Seed has always been regarded as the most vital, basic and critical input in agriculture. It is interesting to note that today seed demand of only 10% farmers is met. Efforts are needed to provide good quality certify seeds to farmers. In recent years the awareness for seed health has increased among the growers, traders, and consumers. In post-GATT era and with emergence of WTO, seed health has assumed the global concern. Infection of seed borne pathogens results into seed rots, seedling decay, pre and post emergence mortality, distortion, discoloration, reduced seed size and shrivelledness of seeds. Their study and identification is primarily required to achieve satisfactory control. The book will be of great help to students, researchers, and people engaged in seed production activities. In this book, information about different seed borne diseases is presented in 20 chapters. There is an urgent need to find out effective, alternative methods of diseases control, which are less harmful to human beings and environment. There are chapters dealing with botanical pesticides and quarantine regulations. A chapter describes molecular aspects involved in seed borne diseases. The contents are divided into two parts (I) Seed borne diseases and (II) Wilt and foliar diseases and their control methods. Ecofriendly measures to control seed borne diseases are dealt in detail. The book provides comprehensive and integrated information on management of seed health written by experts in the field. It will be especially useful for students and young people involved in seed testing, seed industry as well as in teaching. Besides Agriculture Universities the book will be useful for all others offering courses related to Phytopathology and Seed Technology.
Book Synopsis Seed Borne Diseases: Ecofriendly Management by : Arun Arya
Download or read book Seed Borne Diseases: Ecofriendly Management written by Arun Arya and published by Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indian agriculture has witnessed spectacular advances in agricultural production in the last few decades. This was possible through green revolution in mid 60s leading to the country’s remarkable achievement in food grains and edible oil production. Seed has always been regarded as the most vital, basic and critical input in agriculture. It is interesting to note that today seed demand of only 10% farmers is met. Efforts are needed to provide good quality certify seeds to farmers. In recent years the awareness for seed health has increased among the growers, traders, and consumers. In post-GATT era and with emergence of WTO, seed health has assumed the global concern. Infection of seed borne pathogens results into seed rots, seedling decay, pre and post emergence mortality, distortion, discoloration, reduced seed size and shrivelledness of seeds. Their study and identification is primarily required to achieve satisfactory control. The book will be of great help to students, researchers, and people engaged in seed production activities. In this book, information about different seed borne diseases is presented in 20 chapters. There is an urgent need to find out effective, alternative methods of diseases control, which are less harmful to human beings and environment. There are chapters dealing with botanical pesticides and quarantine regulations. A chapter describes molecular aspects involved in seed borne diseases. The contents are divided into two parts (I) Seed borne diseases and (II) Wilt and foliar diseases and their control methods. Ecofriendly measures to control seed borne diseases are dealt in detail. The book provides comprehensive and integrated information on management of seed health written by experts in the field. It will be especially useful for students and young people involved in seed testing, seed industry as well as in teaching. Besides Agriculture Universities the book will be useful for all others offering courses related to Phytopathology and Seed Technology.
The global population is increasing rapidly, and feeding the ever-increasing population poses a serious challenge for agriculturalists around the world. Seed is a basic and critical input in agriculture to ensure global food security. Roughly 90 percent of the crops grown all over the world are propagated by seed. However, seed can also harbour and spread pathogens, e.g. fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses etc., which cause devastating diseases. Seed-borne pathogens represent a major threat to crop establishment and yield. Hence, timely detection and diagnosis is a prerequisite for their effective management. The book "Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management" addresses key issues related to seed-borne/transmitted diseases in various agricultural crops. Divided into 31 chapters, it offers a comprehensive compilation of papers concerning: the history of seed pathology, importance of seed-borne diseases, seed-borne diseases and quarantine, seed health testing and certification, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne diseases and their phytopathogens, host-parasite interactions during development of seed-borne diseases, diversity of seed-borne pathogens, seed-borne diseases in major agricultural crops, non-parasitic seed disorders, mechanisms of seed transmission and seed infection, storage fungi and mycotoxins, impact of seed-borne diseases on human and animal health, and management options for seed-borne diseases. We wish to thank all of the eminent researchers who contributed valuable chapters to our book, which will be immensely useful for students, researchers, academics, and all those involved in various agro-industries. .
Book Synopsis Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management by : Ravindra Kumar
Download or read book Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management written by Ravindra Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global population is increasing rapidly, and feeding the ever-increasing population poses a serious challenge for agriculturalists around the world. Seed is a basic and critical input in agriculture to ensure global food security. Roughly 90 percent of the crops grown all over the world are propagated by seed. However, seed can also harbour and spread pathogens, e.g. fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses etc., which cause devastating diseases. Seed-borne pathogens represent a major threat to crop establishment and yield. Hence, timely detection and diagnosis is a prerequisite for their effective management. The book "Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management" addresses key issues related to seed-borne/transmitted diseases in various agricultural crops. Divided into 31 chapters, it offers a comprehensive compilation of papers concerning: the history of seed pathology, importance of seed-borne diseases, seed-borne diseases and quarantine, seed health testing and certification, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne diseases and their phytopathogens, host-parasite interactions during development of seed-borne diseases, diversity of seed-borne pathogens, seed-borne diseases in major agricultural crops, non-parasitic seed disorders, mechanisms of seed transmission and seed infection, storage fungi and mycotoxins, impact of seed-borne diseases on human and animal health, and management options for seed-borne diseases. We wish to thank all of the eminent researchers who contributed valuable chapters to our book, which will be immensely useful for students, researchers, academics, and all those involved in various agro-industries. .
High-quality seed is essential for healthy crops and greater agricultural productivity. At the same time, advances in breeding technology require equivalent advances in seed technology. In order to ensure food security, it is crucial to develop seeds that are high yielding, and resistant to drought, heat, cold, and insects. Gathering the latest research in seed sciences, the book includes contributions on seed production in crops such as legumes, sugar, rice, wheat and other cereals. It discusses a range of topics, like the effect of climate change on seed quality, production and storage; seed rouging; seed certification for different crop species; seed biology; and seed pathologies and their effective management. Integrating basic and applied research, this compendium provides valuable insights for researchers and students in agricultural and life sciences; professionals involved in seed certification and those working in quarantine laboratories; as well as plant pathologists.
Book Synopsis Advances in Seed Production and Management by : Ajay Kumar Tiwari
Download or read book Advances in Seed Production and Management written by Ajay Kumar Tiwari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-26 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-quality seed is essential for healthy crops and greater agricultural productivity. At the same time, advances in breeding technology require equivalent advances in seed technology. In order to ensure food security, it is crucial to develop seeds that are high yielding, and resistant to drought, heat, cold, and insects. Gathering the latest research in seed sciences, the book includes contributions on seed production in crops such as legumes, sugar, rice, wheat and other cereals. It discusses a range of topics, like the effect of climate change on seed quality, production and storage; seed rouging; seed certification for different crop species; seed biology; and seed pathologies and their effective management. Integrating basic and applied research, this compendium provides valuable insights for researchers and students in agricultural and life sciences; professionals involved in seed certification and those working in quarantine laboratories; as well as plant pathologists.
This book is a compilation of the most challenging and significant chapters on the diagnosis and management of important bacterial, fungal, viral, viroid, phytoplasma, non parasitic diseases and various physiological disorders, in various crops. The chapters have been contributed by eminent plant pathologists, having wide experience of teaching and research on various crops with different types of diseases, which cause great economic losses. The book would be very useful for students, teachers and researchers of plant pathology. This book highlights recent advances made in the development of new types of resistance in host plants and alternative strategies for managing plant diseases to improve food quality and reduce the negative public health impact associated with plant diseases. Having entered into 21st century advancements in the Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens and Plant Disease Management need to be closely examined and adequately applied, so that newer challenges facing plant pathology could be adequately addressed in attaining food security for the growing population. Substantial advancements have been made in terms of expanding knowledge base of the biology of plant-microbial interactions, disease management strategies and application and practice of Plant Pathology. Application of molecular biology in Plant Pathology has greatly improved our ability to detect plant pathogens and in increasing our understanding, their ecology and epidemiology. Similarly, new technologies and resources have been evolved for the development of sustainable crop protection systems by different control strategies against various pests and pathogens that are important components of the integrated pest management programme. Natural products and chemical compounds discovered as a result of basic research and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have led to the development of “biorational” pesticides. Biological control has been found to be the most significant approach to plant health management during the twentieth century and promises using modern biotechnology, to be even more significant in the twenty-first century.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Plant Diseases by : L.P. Awasthi
Download or read book Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Plant Diseases written by L.P. Awasthi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-19 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of the most challenging and significant chapters on the diagnosis and management of important bacterial, fungal, viral, viroid, phytoplasma, non parasitic diseases and various physiological disorders, in various crops. The chapters have been contributed by eminent plant pathologists, having wide experience of teaching and research on various crops with different types of diseases, which cause great economic losses. The book would be very useful for students, teachers and researchers of plant pathology. This book highlights recent advances made in the development of new types of resistance in host plants and alternative strategies for managing plant diseases to improve food quality and reduce the negative public health impact associated with plant diseases. Having entered into 21st century advancements in the Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens and Plant Disease Management need to be closely examined and adequately applied, so that newer challenges facing plant pathology could be adequately addressed in attaining food security for the growing population. Substantial advancements have been made in terms of expanding knowledge base of the biology of plant-microbial interactions, disease management strategies and application and practice of Plant Pathology. Application of molecular biology in Plant Pathology has greatly improved our ability to detect plant pathogens and in increasing our understanding, their ecology and epidemiology. Similarly, new technologies and resources have been evolved for the development of sustainable crop protection systems by different control strategies against various pests and pathogens that are important components of the integrated pest management programme. Natural products and chemical compounds discovered as a result of basic research and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have led to the development of “biorational” pesticides. Biological control has been found to be the most significant approach to plant health management during the twentieth century and promises using modern biotechnology, to be even more significant in the twenty-first century.
