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Book Synopsis Silicon-Based High-Sensitivity Broadband Receiver by : Xiaojun Bi
Download or read book Silicon-Based High-Sensitivity Broadband Receiver written by Xiaojun Bi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Every bit of information that circulates the internet across the globe is a pulse of light, that at some point will need to be converted to an electric signal in order to be processed by the electronic circuitry in our data centers, computers, and cell phones. Photodetectors (PD’s) perform this conversion with ultra high speed and efficiency, in addition to being ubiquitously present in many other devices ranging from the mundane TV remote controls, to ultra high resolution instrumentation used in Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) that reach the edge of the universe and measure gravitational waves. The second edition of "Photodetectors" fully updates the popular first edition with updated information covering the state-of-the-art in modern photodetectors. The 2nd edition starts with basic metrology of photodetectors and common figures-of-merit to compare various devices. It follows with chapters that discuss single-photon detection with Avalanche Photodiodes; organic photodetectors that can be inkjet printed; and silicon-germanium PDs popular in burgeoning field of Silicon Photonics. Internationally recognized experts contribute chapters on one-dimensional, nanowire, PDs as well as high speed zero-dimensional, quantum dot, versions that increase the spectral span as well as speed and sensitivity of PDs and can be produced on various substrates. Solar-blind PDs that operate in harsh environments such as deep space, or rocket engines, are reviewed and new devices in GaN technology . Novel Plasmonic PDs, as well as devices which employ micro-plasma of confined charge in order to make devices that overcome speed limitation of transfer of electronic charge, are covered in other chapters. Using different, novel technologies, CMOS compatible devices are described in two chapters, and ultra high speed PDs that use low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) to detect fast THz signals are reviewed in another chapter. Photodetectors used in application areas of Silicon-Photonics and Microwave-Photonics are reviewed in final chapters of this book. All chapters are of a review nature, providing a perspective of the field before concentrating on particular advancements. As such, the book should appeal to a wide audience that ranges from those with general interest in the topic, to practitioners, graduate students and experts who are interested in the state-of-the-art in photodetection. Addresses various photodetector devices from ultra high speed to ultra high sensitivity, capable of operation in harsh environments Considers a range of applications for this important technology, including silicon photonics and photonic integrated circuits Includes discussions of detectors based on reduced dimensional systems such as quantum wells, nanowires, and quantum dots, as well as travelling wave, and plasmonic detectors
Book Synopsis Photodetectors by : Bahram Nabet
Download or read book Photodetectors written by Bahram Nabet and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2023-02-10 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every bit of information that circulates the internet across the globe is a pulse of light, that at some point will need to be converted to an electric signal in order to be processed by the electronic circuitry in our data centers, computers, and cell phones. Photodetectors (PD’s) perform this conversion with ultra high speed and efficiency, in addition to being ubiquitously present in many other devices ranging from the mundane TV remote controls, to ultra high resolution instrumentation used in Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) that reach the edge of the universe and measure gravitational waves. The second edition of "Photodetectors" fully updates the popular first edition with updated information covering the state-of-the-art in modern photodetectors. The 2nd edition starts with basic metrology of photodetectors and common figures-of-merit to compare various devices. It follows with chapters that discuss single-photon detection with Avalanche Photodiodes; organic photodetectors that can be inkjet printed; and silicon-germanium PDs popular in burgeoning field of Silicon Photonics. Internationally recognized experts contribute chapters on one-dimensional, nanowire, PDs as well as high speed zero-dimensional, quantum dot, versions that increase the spectral span as well as speed and sensitivity of PDs and can be produced on various substrates. Solar-blind PDs that operate in harsh environments such as deep space, or rocket engines, are reviewed and new devices in GaN technology . Novel Plasmonic PDs, as well as devices which employ micro-plasma of confined charge in order to make devices that overcome speed limitation of transfer of electronic charge, are covered in other chapters. Using different, novel technologies, CMOS compatible devices are described in two chapters, and ultra high speed PDs that use low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) to detect fast THz signals are reviewed in another chapter. Photodetectors used in application areas of Silicon-Photonics and Microwave-Photonics are reviewed in final chapters of this book. All chapters are of a review nature, providing a perspective of the field before concentrating on particular advancements. As such, the book should appeal to a wide audience that ranges from those with general interest in the topic, to practitioners, graduate students and experts who are interested in the state-of-the-art in photodetection. Addresses various photodetector devices from ultra high speed to ultra high sensitivity, capable of operation in harsh environments Considers a range of applications for this important technology, including silicon photonics and photonic integrated circuits Includes discussions of detectors based on reduced dimensional systems such as quantum wells, nanowires, and quantum dots, as well as travelling wave, and plasmonic detectors
Highly Sensitive Optical Receivers primarily treats the circuit design of optical receivers with external photodiodes. Continuous-mode and burst-mode receivers are compared. The monograph first summarizes the basics of III/V photodetectors, transistor and noise models, bit-error rate, sensitivity and analog circuit design, thus enabling readers to understand the circuits described in the main part of the book. In order to cover the topic comprehensively, detailed descriptions of receivers for optical data communication in general and, in particular, optical burst-mode receivers in deep-sub-μm CMOS are presented. Numerous detailed and elaborate illustrations facilitate better understanding.
Book Synopsis Highly Sensitive Optical Receivers by : Kerstin Schneider
Download or read book Highly Sensitive Optical Receivers written by Kerstin Schneider and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-10 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highly Sensitive Optical Receivers primarily treats the circuit design of optical receivers with external photodiodes. Continuous-mode and burst-mode receivers are compared. The monograph first summarizes the basics of III/V photodetectors, transistor and noise models, bit-error rate, sensitivity and analog circuit design, thus enabling readers to understand the circuits described in the main part of the book. In order to cover the topic comprehensively, detailed descriptions of receivers for optical data communication in general and, in particular, optical burst-mode receivers in deep-sub-μm CMOS are presented. Numerous detailed and elaborate illustrations facilitate better understanding.
An expert guide to the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication This exciting publication makes it easy for readers to enter into and deepen their knowledge of the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication. The author's selection and organization of material have been developed, tested, and refined from his many industry courses and seminars. Five types of broadband circuits are discussed in detail: * Transimpedance amplifiers * Limiting amplifiers * Automatic gain control (AGC) amplifiers * Lasers drivers * Modulator drivers Essential background on optical fiber, photodetectors, lasers, modulators, and receiver theory is presented to help readers understand the system environment in which these broadband circuits operate. For each circuit type, the main specifications and their impact on system performance are explained and illustrated with numerical values. Next, the circuit concepts are discussed and illustrated with practical implementations. A broad range of circuits in MESFET, HFET, BJT, HBT, BiCMOS, and CMOS technologies is covered. Emphasis is on circuits for digital, continuous-mode transmission in the 2.5 to 40 Gb/s range, typically used in SONET, SDH, and Gigabit Ethernet applications. Burst-mode circuits for passive optical networks (PON) and analog circuits for hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) cable-TV applications also are discussed. Learning aids are provided throughout the text to help readers grasp and apply difficult concepts and techniques, including: * Chapter summaries that highlight the key points * Problem-and-answer sections to help readers apply their new knowledge * Research directions that point to exciting new technological breakthroughs on the horizon * Product examples that show the performance of actual broadband circuits * Appendices that cover eye diagrams, differential circuits, S parameters, transistors, and technologies * A bibliography that leads readers to more complete and in-depth treatment of specialized topics This is a superior learning tool for upper-level undergraduates and graduate-level students in circuit design and optical fiber communication. Unlike other texts that concentrate on analog circuits in general or mostly on optics, this text provides balanced coverage of electronic, optic, and system issues. Professionals in the fiber optic industry will find it an excellent reference, incorporating the latest technology and discoveries in the industry.
Book Synopsis Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Communication by : Eduard Säckinger
Download or read book Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Communication written by Eduard Säckinger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-03-11 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An expert guide to the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication This exciting publication makes it easy for readers to enter into and deepen their knowledge of the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication. The author's selection and organization of material have been developed, tested, and refined from his many industry courses and seminars. Five types of broadband circuits are discussed in detail: * Transimpedance amplifiers * Limiting amplifiers * Automatic gain control (AGC) amplifiers * Lasers drivers * Modulator drivers Essential background on optical fiber, photodetectors, lasers, modulators, and receiver theory is presented to help readers understand the system environment in which these broadband circuits operate. For each circuit type, the main specifications and their impact on system performance are explained and illustrated with numerical values. Next, the circuit concepts are discussed and illustrated with practical implementations. A broad range of circuits in MESFET, HFET, BJT, HBT, BiCMOS, and CMOS technologies is covered. Emphasis is on circuits for digital, continuous-mode transmission in the 2.5 to 40 Gb/s range, typically used in SONET, SDH, and Gigabit Ethernet applications. Burst-mode circuits for passive optical networks (PON) and analog circuits for hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) cable-TV applications also are discussed. Learning aids are provided throughout the text to help readers grasp and apply difficult concepts and techniques, including: * Chapter summaries that highlight the key points * Problem-and-answer sections to help readers apply their new knowledge * Research directions that point to exciting new technological breakthroughs on the horizon * Product examples that show the performance of actual broadband circuits * Appendices that cover eye diagrams, differential circuits, S parameters, transistors, and technologies * A bibliography that leads readers to more complete and in-depth treatment of specialized topics This is a superior learning tool for upper-level undergraduates and graduate-level students in circuit design and optical fiber communication. Unlike other texts that concentrate on analog circuits in general or mostly on optics, this text provides balanced coverage of electronic, optic, and system issues. Professionals in the fiber optic industry will find it an excellent reference, incorporating the latest technology and discoveries in the industry.
This comprehensive handbook serves as a professional reference as well as a practitioner's guide to today's most complete and concise view of nanoscale networking and communications. It offers in-depth coverage of theory, technology, and practice as they relate to established technologies and recent advancements. It explores practical solutions to a wide range of nanoscale networking and communications issues. Individual chapters, authored by leading experts in the field, address the immediate and long-term challenges in the authors' respective areas of expertise.
Book Synopsis Nanoscale Networking and Communications Handbook by : John R. Vacca
Download or read book Nanoscale Networking and Communications Handbook written by John R. Vacca and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-05 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook serves as a professional reference as well as a practitioner's guide to today's most complete and concise view of nanoscale networking and communications. It offers in-depth coverage of theory, technology, and practice as they relate to established technologies and recent advancements. It explores practical solutions to a wide range of nanoscale networking and communications issues. Individual chapters, authored by leading experts in the field, address the immediate and long-term challenges in the authors' respective areas of expertise.
Explains the circuit design of silicon optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs), which are central to advances in wireless and wired telecommunications. The essential features of optical absorption are summarized, as is the device physics of photodetectors and their integration in modern bipolar, CMOS, and BiCMOS technologies. This information provides the basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms of the OEICs described in the main part of the book. In order to cover the topic comprehensively, Silicon Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits presents detailed descriptions of many OEICs for a wide variety of applications from various optical sensors, smart sensors, 3D-cameras, and optical storage systems (DVD) to fiber receivers in deep-sub-μm CMOS. Numerous detailed illustrations help to elucidate the material.
Book Synopsis Silicon Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits by : Horst Zimmermann
Download or read book Silicon Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits written by Horst Zimmermann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-30 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains the circuit design of silicon optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs), which are central to advances in wireless and wired telecommunications. The essential features of optical absorption are summarized, as is the device physics of photodetectors and their integration in modern bipolar, CMOS, and BiCMOS technologies. This information provides the basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms of the OEICs described in the main part of the book. In order to cover the topic comprehensively, Silicon Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits presents detailed descriptions of many OEICs for a wide variety of applications from various optical sensors, smart sensors, 3D-cameras, and optical storage systems (DVD) to fiber receivers in deep-sub-μm CMOS. Numerous detailed illustrations help to elucidate the material.
Presenting the cutting-edge results of new device developments and circuit implementations, High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications covers the recent advancements of nano devices for terahertz (THz) applications and the latest high-speed data rate connectivity technologies from system design to integrated circuit (IC) design, providing relevant standard activities and technical specifications. Featuring the contributions of leading experts from industry and academia, this pivotal work: Discusses THz sensing and imaging devices based on nano devices and materials Describes silicon on insulator (SOI) multigate nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) Explains the theory underpinning nanoscale nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), simulation methods, and their results Explores the physics of the silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), as well as commercially available SiGe HBT devices and their applications Details aspects of THz IC design using standard silicon (Si) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, including experimental setups for measurements, detection methods, and more An essential text for the future of high-frequency engineering, High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications offers valuable insight into emerging technologies and product possibilities that are attractive in terms of mass production and compatibility with current manufacturing facilities.
Book Synopsis High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications by : Jung Han Choi
Download or read book High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications written by Jung Han Choi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the cutting-edge results of new device developments and circuit implementations, High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications covers the recent advancements of nano devices for terahertz (THz) applications and the latest high-speed data rate connectivity technologies from system design to integrated circuit (IC) design, providing relevant standard activities and technical specifications. Featuring the contributions of leading experts from industry and academia, this pivotal work: Discusses THz sensing and imaging devices based on nano devices and materials Describes silicon on insulator (SOI) multigate nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) Explains the theory underpinning nanoscale nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), simulation methods, and their results Explores the physics of the silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), as well as commercially available SiGe HBT devices and their applications Details aspects of THz IC design using standard silicon (Si) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, including experimental setups for measurements, detection methods, and more An essential text for the future of high-frequency engineering, High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications offers valuable insight into emerging technologies and product possibilities that are attractive in terms of mass production and compatibility with current manufacturing facilities.
With the emergence of new IOT and mobile applications, there has been an ever-increasing demand for high-data-rate wireless communication and high-resolution sensing. Researchers have put an extensive e ort to push the operating frequency of the communication and sensing systems. Sub-Terahertz (Sub-THz) band offers a wide unlicensed bandwidth that plays a critical role in the realization of high-speed wireless communication links. In addition, THz waves benefit from short wavelengths putting them at advantage compared to lower frequency bands for sensing and short-range high-resolution radars. Considering that current commercial THz systems are costly and bulky, developing these systems in standard silicon technologies is vital to lower the cost. In addition, this enables the integration of THz systems with other circuit blocks to implement a compact solution. THz generation in standard silicon technologies faces various challenges, including the limited speed of transistors. Since conventional techniques in the RF domain are not practical in the THz band, researchers have proposed new techniques to tackle the limitations of THz generation in silicon. Despite recent advancements, state-of-the-art THz systems still suffer from lower efficiency and low radiated power. This study proposes a novel technique based on PIN diode reverse recovery to improve the power, bandwidth, and efficiency of the generated THz waves. Using the concept of reverse recovery, a PIN-diode-based pulse radiator is introduced that generates pulses with 1.7-ps Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). In the frequency domain, the generated pulses correspond to a frequency comb. The tones of the frequency comb are received using a harmonic mixer in the frequency range 220-1125 GHz. On the receiver side, a low-power heterodyne frequency comb receiver using Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) is demonstrated. The receiver is used in conjunction with the broadband pulse radiator to implement a dual-comb spectroscopy system operating up to 550 GHz. By extending the idea of PIN reverse recovery into Continuous-Wave (CW) domain, a PIN diode-based CW 2x3 array source is designed that radiates at 430 GHz with 18.1-dBm Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). Finally, the custom-built THz chips are employed for different applications, including micro-Doppler sensing of sound vibrations, long-distance THz communication, plasma physics characterization, imaging, and gas spectroscopy. My research on THz circuit design and techniques has resulted in innovations and advancements in the THz field by introducing new techniques for broadband efficient THz generation in low-cost silicon technologies. The proposed techniques pave the way for utilizing THz systems for different applications in applied physics, healthcare, and networks.
Book Synopsis Efficient Terahertz Transmitters and Receivers in Silicon for Broadband Sensing and High-Speed Wireless Communication by : Seyedmohammadreza Razavian
Download or read book Efficient Terahertz Transmitters and Receivers in Silicon for Broadband Sensing and High-Speed Wireless Communication written by Seyedmohammadreza Razavian and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the emergence of new IOT and mobile applications, there has been an ever-increasing demand for high-data-rate wireless communication and high-resolution sensing. Researchers have put an extensive e ort to push the operating frequency of the communication and sensing systems. Sub-Terahertz (Sub-THz) band offers a wide unlicensed bandwidth that plays a critical role in the realization of high-speed wireless communication links. In addition, THz waves benefit from short wavelengths putting them at advantage compared to lower frequency bands for sensing and short-range high-resolution radars. Considering that current commercial THz systems are costly and bulky, developing these systems in standard silicon technologies is vital to lower the cost. In addition, this enables the integration of THz systems with other circuit blocks to implement a compact solution. THz generation in standard silicon technologies faces various challenges, including the limited speed of transistors. Since conventional techniques in the RF domain are not practical in the THz band, researchers have proposed new techniques to tackle the limitations of THz generation in silicon. Despite recent advancements, state-of-the-art THz systems still suffer from lower efficiency and low radiated power. This study proposes a novel technique based on PIN diode reverse recovery to improve the power, bandwidth, and efficiency of the generated THz waves. Using the concept of reverse recovery, a PIN-diode-based pulse radiator is introduced that generates pulses with 1.7-ps Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). In the frequency domain, the generated pulses correspond to a frequency comb. The tones of the frequency comb are received using a harmonic mixer in the frequency range 220-1125 GHz. On the receiver side, a low-power heterodyne frequency comb receiver using Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) is demonstrated. The receiver is used in conjunction with the broadband pulse radiator to implement a dual-comb spectroscopy system operating up to 550 GHz. By extending the idea of PIN reverse recovery into Continuous-Wave (CW) domain, a PIN diode-based CW 2x3 array source is designed that radiates at 430 GHz with 18.1-dBm Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). Finally, the custom-built THz chips are employed for different applications, including micro-Doppler sensing of sound vibrations, long-distance THz communication, plasma physics characterization, imaging, and gas spectroscopy. My research on THz circuit design and techniques has resulted in innovations and advancements in the THz field by introducing new techniques for broadband efficient THz generation in low-cost silicon technologies. The proposed techniques pave the way for utilizing THz systems for different applications in applied physics, healthcare, and networks.
The increasing demand for more content, services, and security drives the development of high-speed wireless technologies, optical communication, automotive radar, imaging and sensing systems and many other mm-wave and THz applications. S-parameter measurement at mm-wave and sub-mm wave frequencies plays a crucial role in the modern IC design debug. Most importantly, however, is the step of device characterization for development and optimization of device model parameters for new technologies. Accurate characterization of the intrinsic device in its entire operation frequency range becomes extremely important and this task is very challenging. This book presents solutions for accurate mm-wave characterization of advanced semiconductor devices. It guides through the process of development, implementation and verification of the in-situ calibration methods optimized for high-performance silicon technologies. Technical topics discussed in the book include: Specifics of S-parameter measurements of planar structures Complete mathematical solution for lumped-standard based calibration methods, including the transfer Thru-Match-Reflect (TMR) algorithms Design guideline and examples for the on-wafer calibration standards realized in both advanced SiGe BiCMOS and RF CMOS processes Methods for verification of electrical characteristics of calibration standards and accuracy of the in-situ calibration results Comparison of the new technique vs. conventional approaches: the probe-tip calibration and the pad parasitic de-embedding for various device types, geometries and model parameters New aspects of the on-wafer RF measurements at mmWave frequency range and calibration assurance.
Book Synopsis On-Wafer Calibration Techniques Enabling Accurate Characterization of High-Performance Silicon Devices at the mm-Wave Range and Beyond by : Andrej Rumiantsev
Download or read book On-Wafer Calibration Techniques Enabling Accurate Characterization of High-Performance Silicon Devices at the mm-Wave Range and Beyond written by Andrej Rumiantsev and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing demand for more content, services, and security drives the development of high-speed wireless technologies, optical communication, automotive radar, imaging and sensing systems and many other mm-wave and THz applications. S-parameter measurement at mm-wave and sub-mm wave frequencies plays a crucial role in the modern IC design debug. Most importantly, however, is the step of device characterization for development and optimization of device model parameters for new technologies. Accurate characterization of the intrinsic device in its entire operation frequency range becomes extremely important and this task is very challenging. This book presents solutions for accurate mm-wave characterization of advanced semiconductor devices. It guides through the process of development, implementation and verification of the in-situ calibration methods optimized for high-performance silicon technologies. Technical topics discussed in the book include: Specifics of S-parameter measurements of planar structures Complete mathematical solution for lumped-standard based calibration methods, including the transfer Thru-Match-Reflect (TMR) algorithms Design guideline and examples for the on-wafer calibration standards realized in both advanced SiGe BiCMOS and RF CMOS processes Methods for verification of electrical characteristics of calibration standards and accuracy of the in-situ calibration results Comparison of the new technique vs. conventional approaches: the probe-tip calibration and the pad parasitic de-embedding for various device types, geometries and model parameters New aspects of the on-wafer RF measurements at mmWave frequency range and calibration assurance.
This book presents an investigative approach to globalization-driving technologies that efficiently deliver ubiquitous, last-mile, broadband internet access to emerging markets and rural areas. Research has shown that ubiquitous internet access boosts socio-economic growth through innovations in science and technology, and has a positive effect on the lives of individuals. Last-mile internet access in developing countries is not only intended to provide areas with stable, efficient, and cost-effective broadband capabilities, but also to encourage the use of connectivity for human capacity development. The book offers an overview of the principles of various technologies, such as light fidelity and millimeter-wave backhaul, as last-mile internet solutions and describes these potential solutions from a signal propagation perspective. It also provides readers with the notional context needed to understand their operation, benefits, and limitations, and enables them to investigate feasible and tailored solutions to ensure sustainable infrastructures that are expandable and maintainable.
Book Synopsis Last Mile Internet Access for Emerging Economies by : Wynand Lambrechts
Download or read book Last Mile Internet Access for Emerging Economies written by Wynand Lambrechts and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-22 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an investigative approach to globalization-driving technologies that efficiently deliver ubiquitous, last-mile, broadband internet access to emerging markets and rural areas. Research has shown that ubiquitous internet access boosts socio-economic growth through innovations in science and technology, and has a positive effect on the lives of individuals. Last-mile internet access in developing countries is not only intended to provide areas with stable, efficient, and cost-effective broadband capabilities, but also to encourage the use of connectivity for human capacity development. The book offers an overview of the principles of various technologies, such as light fidelity and millimeter-wave backhaul, as last-mile internet solutions and describes these potential solutions from a signal propagation perspective. It also provides readers with the notional context needed to understand their operation, benefits, and limitations, and enables them to investigate feasible and tailored solutions to ensure sustainable infrastructures that are expandable and maintainable.