Structural Research / Strukturforschung

Structural Research / Strukturforschung

Author: Dr. André Guinier

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 670

ISBN-13: 3642458661

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107 In this way the absolute values of the structure factors may be found, not the phases (6. 8). The problem to find these phases is the phase problem. The present article will treat the following topics. At first the description of the ideal crystal will be given in Chap. B. The underlying principles of this description are the concepts of reciprocal lattice, FOURIER synthesis and sym metry. The evaluation of the intensity will then follow in Chap. C and D. Chap. E is concerned with the phase problem and related topics. Though this article treats the analysis of crystal structures, the fundamental concepts for other structures will here be found too. But these topics, and the experimental methods, will l find their place elsewhere . B. Description of the crystalline state. I. Lattice theory. a) The direct lattice. 8. Introduction. In Sect. 3, a description of the ideal crystal was given: The space, occupied by a crystal, is divided into congruent parallelepipeds, each with the same orientation. This parallelepiped is defined by the three basic vectors, a, band c, drawn from an origin 0 (Fig. 2), and is called the primitive cell. This cell is filled with atoms (or ions), and the same configuration of atoms is repeated in space. It has been aptly called a three-dimensional wallpaper, as on a wallpaper the same pattern is repeated again and again.


Book Synopsis Structural Research / Strukturforschung by : Dr. André Guinier

Download or read book Structural Research / Strukturforschung written by Dr. André Guinier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 107 In this way the absolute values of the structure factors may be found, not the phases (6. 8). The problem to find these phases is the phase problem. The present article will treat the following topics. At first the description of the ideal crystal will be given in Chap. B. The underlying principles of this description are the concepts of reciprocal lattice, FOURIER synthesis and sym metry. The evaluation of the intensity will then follow in Chap. C and D. Chap. E is concerned with the phase problem and related topics. Though this article treats the analysis of crystal structures, the fundamental concepts for other structures will here be found too. But these topics, and the experimental methods, will l find their place elsewhere . B. Description of the crystalline state. I. Lattice theory. a) The direct lattice. 8. Introduction. In Sect. 3, a description of the ideal crystal was given: The space, occupied by a crystal, is divided into congruent parallelepipeds, each with the same orientation. This parallelepiped is defined by the three basic vectors, a, band c, drawn from an origin 0 (Fig. 2), and is called the primitive cell. This cell is filled with atoms (or ions), and the same configuration of atoms is repeated in space. It has been aptly called a three-dimensional wallpaper, as on a wallpaper the same pattern is repeated again and again.


Structural Research / Strukturforschung

Structural Research / Strukturforschung

Author: Andre Guinier

Publisher:

Published: 2014-09-01

Total Pages: 672

ISBN-13: 9783642458675

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Book Synopsis Structural Research / Strukturforschung by : Andre Guinier

Download or read book Structural Research / Strukturforschung written by Andre Guinier and published by . This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Structural Research / Strukturforschung

Structural Research / Strukturforschung

Author: Dr. André Guinier

Publisher: Springer

Published: 1957-01-03

Total Pages: 663

ISBN-13: 9783540021698

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107 In this way the absolute values of the structure factors may be found, not the phases (6. 8). The problem to find these phases is the phase problem. The present article will treat the following topics. At first the description of the ideal crystal will be given in Chap. B. The underlying principles of this description are the concepts of reciprocal lattice, FOURIER synthesis and sym metry. The evaluation of the intensity will then follow in Chap. C and D. Chap. E is concerned with the phase problem and related topics. Though this article treats the analysis of crystal structures, the fundamental concepts for other structures will here be found too. But these topics, and the experimental methods, will l find their place elsewhere . B. Description of the crystalline state. I. Lattice theory. a) The direct lattice. 8. Introduction. In Sect. 3, a description of the ideal crystal was given: The space, occupied by a crystal, is divided into congruent parallelepipeds, each with the same orientation. This parallelepiped is defined by the three basic vectors, a, band c, drawn from an origin 0 (Fig. 2), and is called the primitive cell. This cell is filled with atoms (or ions), and the same configuration of atoms is repeated in space. It has been aptly called a three-dimensional wallpaper, as on a wallpaper the same pattern is repeated again and again.


Book Synopsis Structural Research / Strukturforschung by : Dr. André Guinier

Download or read book Structural Research / Strukturforschung written by Dr. André Guinier and published by Springer. This book was released on 1957-01-03 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 107 In this way the absolute values of the structure factors may be found, not the phases (6. 8). The problem to find these phases is the phase problem. The present article will treat the following topics. At first the description of the ideal crystal will be given in Chap. B. The underlying principles of this description are the concepts of reciprocal lattice, FOURIER synthesis and sym metry. The evaluation of the intensity will then follow in Chap. C and D. Chap. E is concerned with the phase problem and related topics. Though this article treats the analysis of crystal structures, the fundamental concepts for other structures will here be found too. But these topics, and the experimental methods, will l find their place elsewhere . B. Description of the crystalline state. I. Lattice theory. a) The direct lattice. 8. Introduction. In Sect. 3, a description of the ideal crystal was given: The space, occupied by a crystal, is divided into congruent parallelepipeds, each with the same orientation. This parallelepiped is defined by the three basic vectors, a, band c, drawn from an origin 0 (Fig. 2), and is called the primitive cell. This cell is filled with atoms (or ions), and the same configuration of atoms is repeated in space. It has been aptly called a three-dimensional wallpaper, as on a wallpaper the same pattern is repeated again and again.


Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods

Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods

Author: W. Hoppe

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 125

ISBN-13: 1483158411

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Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods: Volume 5 presents discussions on application of diffraction methods in structure research. The book provides the aspects of structure research using various diffraction methods. The text contains 2 chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the general theory and experimental methods used in the study of all types of amorphous solid, by both X-ray and neutron diffraction, and the detailed bibliography of work on inorganic glasses. The second chapter discusses electron diffraction, one of the major methods of determining the structures of molecules in the gas phase. Chemists and molecular physicists will find the book a great source of information.


Book Synopsis Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods by : W. Hoppe

Download or read book Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods written by W. Hoppe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods: Volume 5 presents discussions on application of diffraction methods in structure research. The book provides the aspects of structure research using various diffraction methods. The text contains 2 chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the general theory and experimental methods used in the study of all types of amorphous solid, by both X-ray and neutron diffraction, and the detailed bibliography of work on inorganic glasses. The second chapter discusses electron diffraction, one of the major methods of determining the structures of molecules in the gas phase. Chemists and molecular physicists will find the book a great source of information.


Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods

Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods

Author: R. Brill

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 257

ISBN-13: 1483152286

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Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods reviews advances in the use of diffraction methods in structure research. Topics covered include the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, with emphasis on Ewald waves in theory and experiment; dynamical theory of electron diffraction; small angle scattering; and molecular packing. This book is comprised of four chapters and begins with an overview of the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, especially in terms of how it explains all the absorption and propagation properties of X-rays at the Bragg setting in a perfect crystal. The next chapter describes the dynamical theory of electron diffraction, paying particular attention to unconventional structure analysis in connection with the problems of absorption. The most important features of the background of small angle analysis are then examined, and some examples showing the direct analysis of small angle scattering (sometimes in combination with wide angle scattering) are provided. The last chapter deals with crystals built from molecules and their peculiar geometrical features. The principle of close packing of molecules in an organic crystal is also described, along with lattice dynamics, hydrogen bonds in crystals, and the rotational crystalline state. This monograph will be a useful resource for practitioners and researchers in physics and crystallography.


Book Synopsis Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods by : R. Brill

Download or read book Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods written by R. Brill and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods reviews advances in the use of diffraction methods in structure research. Topics covered include the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, with emphasis on Ewald waves in theory and experiment; dynamical theory of electron diffraction; small angle scattering; and molecular packing. This book is comprised of four chapters and begins with an overview of the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, especially in terms of how it explains all the absorption and propagation properties of X-rays at the Bragg setting in a perfect crystal. The next chapter describes the dynamical theory of electron diffraction, paying particular attention to unconventional structure analysis in connection with the problems of absorption. The most important features of the background of small angle analysis are then examined, and some examples showing the direct analysis of small angle scattering (sometimes in combination with wide angle scattering) are provided. The last chapter deals with crystals built from molecules and their peculiar geometrical features. The principle of close packing of molecules in an organic crystal is also described, along with lattice dynamics, hydrogen bonds in crystals, and the rotational crystalline state. This monograph will be a useful resource for practitioners and researchers in physics and crystallography.


Structures and Materials Research

Structures and Materials Research

Author: University of California, Berkeley. Structural Engineering Laboratory

Publisher:

Published: 1970

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Structures and Materials Research by : University of California, Berkeley. Structural Engineering Laboratory

Download or read book Structures and Materials Research written by University of California, Berkeley. Structural Engineering Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Visuality and Virtuality

Visuality and Virtuality

Author: Whitney Davis

Publisher: Princeton University Press

Published: 2022-06-14

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 0691245908

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A provocative and challenging new conceptual framework for the study of images This book builds on the groundbreaking theoretical framework established in Whitney Davis’s acclaimed previous book, A General Theory of Visual Culture, in which he shows how certain culturally constituted aspects of artifacts and pictures are visible to informed viewers. Here, Davis uses revealing archaeological and historical case studies to further develop his theory, presenting an exacting new account of the interaction that occurs when a viewer looks at a picture. Davis argues that pictoriality—the depiction intended by its maker to be seen—emerges at a particular standpoint in space and time. Reconstruction of this standpoint is the first step of the art historian’s craft. Because standpoints are inherently mutable and mobile, pictoriality constantly shifts in form and possible meaning. To capture this complexity, Davis develops new concepts of radical pictorial ambiguity, including “bivisibility” (the fact that pictures can always be seen in ways other than intended), pictorial naturalism, and the behavior of pictures under changing angles of view. He then applies these concepts to four cases—Paleolithic cave painting; ancient Egyptian tomb decoration; classical Greek architectural sculpture, with a focus on the Parthenon frieze; and Renaissance perspective as invented by Brunelleschi. A profound new theory of the work of both makers and viewers by one of the discipline’s most esteemed and engaged thinkers, Visuality and Virtuality is essential reading for art historians, architects, archaeologists, and philosophers of art and visual theory.


Book Synopsis Visuality and Virtuality by : Whitney Davis

Download or read book Visuality and Virtuality written by Whitney Davis and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative and challenging new conceptual framework for the study of images This book builds on the groundbreaking theoretical framework established in Whitney Davis’s acclaimed previous book, A General Theory of Visual Culture, in which he shows how certain culturally constituted aspects of artifacts and pictures are visible to informed viewers. Here, Davis uses revealing archaeological and historical case studies to further develop his theory, presenting an exacting new account of the interaction that occurs when a viewer looks at a picture. Davis argues that pictoriality—the depiction intended by its maker to be seen—emerges at a particular standpoint in space and time. Reconstruction of this standpoint is the first step of the art historian’s craft. Because standpoints are inherently mutable and mobile, pictoriality constantly shifts in form and possible meaning. To capture this complexity, Davis develops new concepts of radical pictorial ambiguity, including “bivisibility” (the fact that pictures can always be seen in ways other than intended), pictorial naturalism, and the behavior of pictures under changing angles of view. He then applies these concepts to four cases—Paleolithic cave painting; ancient Egyptian tomb decoration; classical Greek architectural sculpture, with a focus on the Parthenon frieze; and Renaissance perspective as invented by Brunelleschi. A profound new theory of the work of both makers and viewers by one of the discipline’s most esteemed and engaged thinkers, Visuality and Virtuality is essential reading for art historians, architects, archaeologists, and philosophers of art and visual theory.


Science of Religion. Studies in Methodology

Science of Religion. Studies in Methodology

Author: Lauri Honko

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter

Published: 2011-12-07

Total Pages: 669

ISBN-13: 3110814501

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Sinceits founding by Jacques Waardenburg in 1971, Religion and Reason has been a leading forum for contributions on theories, theoretical issues and agendas related to the phenomenon and the study of religion. Topics include (among others) category formation, comparison, ethnophilosophy, hermeneutics, methodology, myth, phenomenology, philosophy of science, scientific atheism, structuralism, and theories of religion. From time to time the series publishes volumes that map the state of the art and the history of the discipline.


Book Synopsis Science of Religion. Studies in Methodology by : Lauri Honko

Download or read book Science of Religion. Studies in Methodology written by Lauri Honko and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-12-07 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sinceits founding by Jacques Waardenburg in 1971, Religion and Reason has been a leading forum for contributions on theories, theoretical issues and agendas related to the phenomenon and the study of religion. Topics include (among others) category formation, comparison, ethnophilosophy, hermeneutics, methodology, myth, phenomenology, philosophy of science, scientific atheism, structuralism, and theories of religion. From time to time the series publishes volumes that map the state of the art and the history of the discipline.


Handbuch der Physik

Handbuch der Physik

Author: Siegfried Flügge

Publisher:

Published: 1957

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Handbuch der Physik by : Siegfried Flügge

Download or read book Handbuch der Physik written by Siegfried Flügge and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Unconventional Electron Microscopy for Molecular Structure Determination

Unconventional Electron Microscopy for Molecular Structure Determination

Author: W. Hoppe

Publisher: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag

Published: 1979-01-01

Total Pages: 226

ISBN-13: 9783528081171

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Book Synopsis Unconventional Electron Microscopy for Molecular Structure Determination by : W. Hoppe

Download or read book Unconventional Electron Microscopy for Molecular Structure Determination written by W. Hoppe and published by Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. This book was released on 1979-01-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: