Synthesizer Basics

Synthesizer Basics

Author: Brent Hurtig

Publisher: Hal Leonard Corporation

Published: 1988

Total Pages: 140

ISBN-13: 9780881887143

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Here is the fundamental knowledge and information that a beginning or intermediate electronic musician must have to understand and play today's keyboard synthesizers. This basic primer, newly updated from the classic original edition, offers step-by-step explanations and practical advice on what a synthesizer is, the basic concepts and components, and the latest technical developments and applications. Written by Bob Moog, Roger Powell, Steve Porcaro (of Toto), Tom Rhea, and other well-known experts, Synthesizer Basics is the first, and still the best, introduction available today.


Book Synopsis Synthesizer Basics by : Brent Hurtig

Download or read book Synthesizer Basics written by Brent Hurtig and published by Hal Leonard Corporation. This book was released on 1988 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is the fundamental knowledge and information that a beginning or intermediate electronic musician must have to understand and play today's keyboard synthesizers. This basic primer, newly updated from the classic original edition, offers step-by-step explanations and practical advice on what a synthesizer is, the basic concepts and components, and the latest technical developments and applications. Written by Bob Moog, Roger Powell, Steve Porcaro (of Toto), Tom Rhea, and other well-known experts, Synthesizer Basics is the first, and still the best, introduction available today.


Synthesizer Basics

Synthesizer Basics

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1986

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 9789997728005

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Book Synopsis Synthesizer Basics by :

Download or read book Synthesizer Basics written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


The Fundamentals of Synthesizer Programming

The Fundamentals of Synthesizer Programming

Author: Joseph Akins

Publisher:

Published: 2021-01-18

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 9780983496045

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The Fundamentals of Synthesizer Programming provides an introduction on how to program a synthesizer for creating music in the studio and on stage. Used as a textbook for the introductory electronic music course at the Department of Recording Industry at Middle Tennessee State University, it covers the components and controls, of both hardware and software synthesizers, that are used to create a patch on a typical synth. Concepts are explained thoroughly with block diagramming, and practical examples are given with Reason Studio's Subtractor and a Moog Voyager.


Book Synopsis The Fundamentals of Synthesizer Programming by : Joseph Akins

Download or read book The Fundamentals of Synthesizer Programming written by Joseph Akins and published by . This book was released on 2021-01-18 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fundamentals of Synthesizer Programming provides an introduction on how to program a synthesizer for creating music in the studio and on stage. Used as a textbook for the introductory electronic music course at the Department of Recording Industry at Middle Tennessee State University, it covers the components and controls, of both hardware and software synthesizers, that are used to create a patch on a typical synth. Concepts are explained thoroughly with block diagramming, and practical examples are given with Reason Studio's Subtractor and a Moog Voyager.


The Synthesizer

The Synthesizer

Author: Mark Vail

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2014-01-22

Total Pages: 427

ISBN-13: 0199334854

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Electronic music instruments weren't called synthesizers until the 1950s, but their lineage began in 1919 with Russian inventor Lev Sergeyevich Termen's development of the Etherphone, now known as the Theremin. From that point, synthesizers have undergone a remarkable evolution from prohibitively large mid-century models confined to university laboratories to the development of musical synthesis software that runs on tablet computers and portable media devices. Throughout its history, the synthesizer has always been at the forefront of technology for the arts. In The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument, veteran music technology journalist, educator, and performer Mark Vail tells the complete story of the synthesizer: the origins of the many forms the instrument takes; crucial advancements in sound generation, musical control, and composition made with instruments that may have become best sellers or gone entirely unnoticed; and the basics and intricacies of acoustics and synthesized sound. Vail also describes how to successfully select, program, and play a synthesizer; what alternative controllers exist for creating electronic music; and how to stay focused and productive when faced with a room full of instruments. This one-stop reference guide on all things synthesizer also offers tips on encouraging creativity, layering sounds, performance, composing and recording for film and television, and much more.


Book Synopsis The Synthesizer by : Mark Vail

Download or read book The Synthesizer written by Mark Vail and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-22 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electronic music instruments weren't called synthesizers until the 1950s, but their lineage began in 1919 with Russian inventor Lev Sergeyevich Termen's development of the Etherphone, now known as the Theremin. From that point, synthesizers have undergone a remarkable evolution from prohibitively large mid-century models confined to university laboratories to the development of musical synthesis software that runs on tablet computers and portable media devices. Throughout its history, the synthesizer has always been at the forefront of technology for the arts. In The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument, veteran music technology journalist, educator, and performer Mark Vail tells the complete story of the synthesizer: the origins of the many forms the instrument takes; crucial advancements in sound generation, musical control, and composition made with instruments that may have become best sellers or gone entirely unnoticed; and the basics and intricacies of acoustics and synthesized sound. Vail also describes how to successfully select, program, and play a synthesizer; what alternative controllers exist for creating electronic music; and how to stay focused and productive when faced with a room full of instruments. This one-stop reference guide on all things synthesizer also offers tips on encouraging creativity, layering sounds, performance, composing and recording for film and television, and much more.


How to Make a Noise

How to Make a Noise

Author: Simon Cann

Publisher: Simon Cann

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 289

ISBN-13: 0955495504

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How To Make A Noise: a Comprehensive Guide to Synthesizer Programming is perhaps the most widely ready book about synthesizer sound programming. It is a comprehensive, practical guide to sound design and synthesizer programming techniques using: subtractive (analog) synthesis; frequency modulation synthesis (including phase modulation and ring modulation); additive synthesis; wave-sequencing; sample-based synthesis.


Book Synopsis How to Make a Noise by : Simon Cann

Download or read book How to Make a Noise written by Simon Cann and published by Simon Cann. This book was released on 2007 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How To Make A Noise: a Comprehensive Guide to Synthesizer Programming is perhaps the most widely ready book about synthesizer sound programming. It is a comprehensive, practical guide to sound design and synthesizer programming techniques using: subtractive (analog) synthesis; frequency modulation synthesis (including phase modulation and ring modulation); additive synthesis; wave-sequencing; sample-based synthesis.


Designing Sound

Designing Sound

Author: Andy Farnell

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2010-08-20

Total Pages: 689

ISBN-13: 0262014416

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A practitioner's guide to the basic principles of creating sound effects using easily accessed free software. Designing Sound teaches students and professional sound designers to understand and create sound effects starting from nothing. Its thesis is that any sound can be generated from first principles, guided by analysis and synthesis. The text takes a practitioner's perspective, exploring the basic principles of making ordinary, everyday sounds using an easily accessed free software. Readers use the Pure Data (Pd) language to construct sound objects, which are more flexible and useful than recordings. Sound is considered as a process, rather than as data—an approach sometimes known as “procedural audio.” Procedural sound is a living sound effect that can run as computer code and be changed in real time according to unpredictable events. Applications include video games, film, animation, and media in which sound is part of an interactive process. The book takes a practical, systematic approach to the subject, teaching by example and providing background information that offers a firm theoretical context for its pragmatic stance. [Many of the examples follow a pattern, beginning with a discussion of the nature and physics of a sound, proceeding through the development of models and the implementation of examples, to the final step of producing a Pure Data program for the desired sound. Different synthesis methods are discussed, analyzed, and refined throughout.] After mastering the techniques presented in Designing Sound, students will be able to build their own sound objects for use in interactive applications and other projects


Book Synopsis Designing Sound by : Andy Farnell

Download or read book Designing Sound written by Andy Farnell and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2010-08-20 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practitioner's guide to the basic principles of creating sound effects using easily accessed free software. Designing Sound teaches students and professional sound designers to understand and create sound effects starting from nothing. Its thesis is that any sound can be generated from first principles, guided by analysis and synthesis. The text takes a practitioner's perspective, exploring the basic principles of making ordinary, everyday sounds using an easily accessed free software. Readers use the Pure Data (Pd) language to construct sound objects, which are more flexible and useful than recordings. Sound is considered as a process, rather than as data—an approach sometimes known as “procedural audio.” Procedural sound is a living sound effect that can run as computer code and be changed in real time according to unpredictable events. Applications include video games, film, animation, and media in which sound is part of an interactive process. The book takes a practical, systematic approach to the subject, teaching by example and providing background information that offers a firm theoretical context for its pragmatic stance. [Many of the examples follow a pattern, beginning with a discussion of the nature and physics of a sound, proceeding through the development of models and the implementation of examples, to the final step of producing a Pure Data program for the desired sound. Different synthesis methods are discussed, analyzed, and refined throughout.] After mastering the techniques presented in Designing Sound, students will be able to build their own sound objects for use in interactive applications and other projects


Synthesizer Basics

Synthesizer Basics

Author:

Publisher: Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation

Published: 1984

Total Pages: 128

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Synthesizer Basics by :

Download or read book Synthesizer Basics written by and published by Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation. This book was released on 1984 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Programming Synthesizers

Programming Synthesizers

Author: Helen Casabona

Publisher: Alfred Music

Published:

Total Pages: 52

ISBN-13: 9781457438905

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The second focus guide from Beginning Synthesizer. Instruction on Editing Presets, Editing in Performance and also includes musical examples and solos.


Book Synopsis Programming Synthesizers by : Helen Casabona

Download or read book Programming Synthesizers written by Helen Casabona and published by Alfred Music. This book was released on with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second focus guide from Beginning Synthesizer. Instruction on Editing Presets, Editing in Performance and also includes musical examples and solos.


Analog Synthesizers

Analog Synthesizers

Author: Mark Jenkins

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2009-10-19

Total Pages: 337

ISBN-13: 1136122788

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In this book, the technical explanation of the nature of analog sound creation is followed by the story of its birth and its subsequent development by various designers, manufacturers and performers. The individual components of analog sound creation are then examined in detail, with step by step examples of sound creation techniques. Then the modern imitative analog instruments are examined, again with detailed instructions for programming and using them, and the book is completed with appendices listing the major instrument lines available, hints on values and purchasing, other sources of information, and a discography of readily available recordings which give good examples of analog sound synthesis. The CD which accompanies the book gives many examples of analog sound creation basics as well as more advanced techniques, and of the abilities of the individual instruments associated with classical and with imitative analog sound synthesis.


Book Synopsis Analog Synthesizers by : Mark Jenkins

Download or read book Analog Synthesizers written by Mark Jenkins and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-10-19 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the technical explanation of the nature of analog sound creation is followed by the story of its birth and its subsequent development by various designers, manufacturers and performers. The individual components of analog sound creation are then examined in detail, with step by step examples of sound creation techniques. Then the modern imitative analog instruments are examined, again with detailed instructions for programming and using them, and the book is completed with appendices listing the major instrument lines available, hints on values and purchasing, other sources of information, and a discography of readily available recordings which give good examples of analog sound synthesis. The CD which accompanies the book gives many examples of analog sound creation basics as well as more advanced techniques, and of the abilities of the individual instruments associated with classical and with imitative analog sound synthesis.


Korg Volca Modular - The Expert Guide

Korg Volca Modular - The Expert Guide

Author: Tony Horgan

Publisher: Tony Horgan

Published: 2019-10-04

Total Pages: 218

ISBN-13:

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Korg Volca Modular - The Expert Guide is a goldmine of patches, tutorials, information and inspiration. World-renowned Volca expert Tony Horgan unravels the mysteries of the Volca Modular with mind-blowing patches, clear concept visuals and straight-talking text. Across more than 200 pages, every patch point, module, button and feature is explored and explained in detail, with the help of over 60 patches for you to recreate and adapt yourself. Learn how to create musical sounds, sound effects, drones, rhythms, process other instruments with the Volca Modular reverb effect, pass another instrument through the Volca Modular, control the Volca Modular from other instruments, create random self-generating sounds, connect to audio devices, add swing effects, master the sequencer, transpose patterns, play in different scales and so much more. 218 Pages, 61 patches Contents 01 About this book * About the author, ways to make contact 02 About the Volca Modular * About the Volca Modular * Patch cables * Front panel patch point inputs and outputs * Front panel connecting lines * What is CV (Control Voltage)? 03 Patches and sounds * Talking Droid * Space Out Feedback Loop * Correct Answer * Low Frequency Sweep * Buzz Bass * Automatic Bassline * Automatic Player * Tuned Kick Bass * Brain 04 Quick-start guides * Tips and hacks * Make a "patch" * Select and play a pattern * Select and play a pattern chain * Keyboard notes * Record a pattern * Save a pattern * Record a motion sequence * Synchronise timing with other Volcas * Connect to audio devices 05 Source * About the Source module * Source Pitch Input * Trampoline Bounce - Source Pitch Input example * Source Ratio Input * 2-Tone Hooter - Source Ratio Input example * Source Fold Input * Throb - Source Fold Input example * Source Mod Input * Space Oboe - Source Mod Input example 1 * Simple Drone - Source Mod Input example 2 * Source Modulator Wave Output * Sub-bass - Source Modulator Wave Output example * Source Carrier Output * Throat Singing - Source Carrier Output example 06 Functions * About the Functions * Function 1: Attack, Hold, Release generator * Function 1 Gate Input * Self-generating Random Gate - Function 1 Gate Input example * Function 1 Attack Input * Function 1 Release Input * Function 1 Positive Output * Brass Bugle - Function 1 Positive Output example * Function 1 Inverted Output * Slow, Fast, Slow - Function 1 Inverted Output example * Function 1 End Trigger Output * Bounce Back - Function 1 End Trigger Output example * Function 2: Rise, Fall generator * Function 2: Rise, Fall generator "LFO" * Function 2 Trigger Input * Function 2 Shape Input * Release Shape-Shifter - Function 2 Shape Input example * Function 2 Time Input * Alien Visit - Function 2 Time Input example * Function 2 Positive Output * Metallic Bounce - Function 2 Positive Output example * Function 2 Inverted Output * Function 2 End Trigger Output * Computer Processing - Function 2 End Trigger Output example 07 Clock / Sequences * Clock and Sequences * Slow, Faster, Slower - Clock Offset Input example * Sequences 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 Gate Output * Accents and Polyrhythms - Sequences 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 Gate Output example * Sequences Gate Output * Sequences Gate Output example * Sequences Pitch Output * Reverb On High Notes - Sequences Pitch Output example * Portamento - Sequences Pitch Output example 2 08 Dual LPG * Dual LPG explained * LPG 1 Signal Input * Easy sub-bass - LPG 1 Signal Input example * LPG 1 Level Input * Amplitude Modulation - LPG 1 Level Input example * LPG 1 Signal Output * Pitch Explosion - LPG 1 Signal Output example * Play It Louder - LPG 1 Signal Output example 2 * LPG 2 Signal Input * Organ Bass - LPG 2 Signal Input example * LPG 2 Level Input * Time Machine - LPG 2 Level Input example * LPG 2 Signal Output * Fuzz Bass - LPG 2 Signal Output example * Cutoff 09 Split * About the Split module * Split Input 1 / Output 1-A, Output 1-B * Split Input 2 / Output 2-A, Output 2-B * Power Station - Split example * Split mixer * Lift Off - Split mixer example * Lift Off (Extra Bass) - Split mixer example 10 Utility a, b, c * Utility a, b, c * Signal Input a * Signal Input b * Signal Input c * c knob * Intensity Control - c knob example * Volume Fluctuation - Utility a, b, c example * a+bxc Output * Self-generating Sound - a+bxc Output example 1 * Basic Wave Mixer - a+bxc Output example 2 * a-bxc Output * Pulse Width Modulation - a-bxc Output example 1 * If I Was A Pitch Man - a-bxc Output example 2 11 Woggle * About the Woggle * Woggle Sample Input * Video Game Jump - Woggle Sample Input example * Noisy Reverb - Woggle Sample Output example * Woggle Trigger Input * Simple 4th Note Trigger - Woggle Trigger Input * Woggle Stepped Output * Random Release - Woggle Stepped Output example * Woggle Smooth Output * Space Bee - Woggle Smooth Output example 12 Space Out, Microtune * About the Space Out module * Space Out Signal Input * Add reverb to an external sound source * Carrier Wave Always Audible - Space Out Signal Input example * Space Out Amount knob * Space Out Amount Input * Dry / Wet Foghorn - Space Out Amount Input example * Space Out Signal Output * Rocket Explode - Space Out Signal Output example * Microtune 13 CV In, Gate In, Sync * CV Input, Gate Input * Using CV and Gate to play notes * Calibrating (tuning) the CV Input * CV Output 1 * CV Output 2 * CV Input mixer example * Sync In / Out * Sync connections * Receive swing from another Volca * Sync problems 14 Volume, audio out, headphones * Volume * Headphones Output (audio output) 15 Buttons * Play, Active Step * Record (live recording) * Step Record * Memory, Write * Func 16 Keyboard * About the keyboard * Scale * Tonic * Microtuning * Microtuning keys * Octave keys * Randomize keys * Gate * Sequencer mode: Bounce * Sequence mode: Stoch. * Motion sequence keys * Clear keys 17 Power * Power options 18 Global parameters * Global parameters * System update (firmware update) 19 Module circuit diagrams * Source circuit diagram * Clock / Sequences circuit diagram * Functions circuit diagram * Split circuit diagram * LGP circuit diagram * Utility a, b, c circuit diagram * Woggle circuit diagram * Space Out circuit diagram


Book Synopsis Korg Volca Modular - The Expert Guide by : Tony Horgan

Download or read book Korg Volca Modular - The Expert Guide written by Tony Horgan and published by Tony Horgan. This book was released on 2019-10-04 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Korg Volca Modular - The Expert Guide is a goldmine of patches, tutorials, information and inspiration. World-renowned Volca expert Tony Horgan unravels the mysteries of the Volca Modular with mind-blowing patches, clear concept visuals and straight-talking text. Across more than 200 pages, every patch point, module, button and feature is explored and explained in detail, with the help of over 60 patches for you to recreate and adapt yourself. Learn how to create musical sounds, sound effects, drones, rhythms, process other instruments with the Volca Modular reverb effect, pass another instrument through the Volca Modular, control the Volca Modular from other instruments, create random self-generating sounds, connect to audio devices, add swing effects, master the sequencer, transpose patterns, play in different scales and so much more. 218 Pages, 61 patches Contents 01 About this book * About the author, ways to make contact 02 About the Volca Modular * About the Volca Modular * Patch cables * Front panel patch point inputs and outputs * Front panel connecting lines * What is CV (Control Voltage)? 03 Patches and sounds * Talking Droid * Space Out Feedback Loop * Correct Answer * Low Frequency Sweep * Buzz Bass * Automatic Bassline * Automatic Player * Tuned Kick Bass * Brain 04 Quick-start guides * Tips and hacks * Make a "patch" * Select and play a pattern * Select and play a pattern chain * Keyboard notes * Record a pattern * Save a pattern * Record a motion sequence * Synchronise timing with other Volcas * Connect to audio devices 05 Source * About the Source module * Source Pitch Input * Trampoline Bounce - Source Pitch Input example * Source Ratio Input * 2-Tone Hooter - Source Ratio Input example * Source Fold Input * Throb - Source Fold Input example * Source Mod Input * Space Oboe - Source Mod Input example 1 * Simple Drone - Source Mod Input example 2 * Source Modulator Wave Output * Sub-bass - Source Modulator Wave Output example * Source Carrier Output * Throat Singing - Source Carrier Output example 06 Functions * About the Functions * Function 1: Attack, Hold, Release generator * Function 1 Gate Input * Self-generating Random Gate - Function 1 Gate Input example * Function 1 Attack Input * Function 1 Release Input * Function 1 Positive Output * Brass Bugle - Function 1 Positive Output example * Function 1 Inverted Output * Slow, Fast, Slow - Function 1 Inverted Output example * Function 1 End Trigger Output * Bounce Back - Function 1 End Trigger Output example * Function 2: Rise, Fall generator * Function 2: Rise, Fall generator "LFO" * Function 2 Trigger Input * Function 2 Shape Input * Release Shape-Shifter - Function 2 Shape Input example * Function 2 Time Input * Alien Visit - Function 2 Time Input example * Function 2 Positive Output * Metallic Bounce - Function 2 Positive Output example * Function 2 Inverted Output * Function 2 End Trigger Output * Computer Processing - Function 2 End Trigger Output example 07 Clock / Sequences * Clock and Sequences * Slow, Faster, Slower - Clock Offset Input example * Sequences 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 Gate Output * Accents and Polyrhythms - Sequences 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 Gate Output example * Sequences Gate Output * Sequences Gate Output example * Sequences Pitch Output * Reverb On High Notes - Sequences Pitch Output example * Portamento - Sequences Pitch Output example 2 08 Dual LPG * Dual LPG explained * LPG 1 Signal Input * Easy sub-bass - LPG 1 Signal Input example * LPG 1 Level Input * Amplitude Modulation - LPG 1 Level Input example * LPG 1 Signal Output * Pitch Explosion - LPG 1 Signal Output example * Play It Louder - LPG 1 Signal Output example 2 * LPG 2 Signal Input * Organ Bass - LPG 2 Signal Input example * LPG 2 Level Input * Time Machine - LPG 2 Level Input example * LPG 2 Signal Output * Fuzz Bass - LPG 2 Signal Output example * Cutoff 09 Split * About the Split module * Split Input 1 / Output 1-A, Output 1-B * Split Input 2 / Output 2-A, Output 2-B * Power Station - Split example * Split mixer * Lift Off - Split mixer example * Lift Off (Extra Bass) - Split mixer example 10 Utility a, b, c * Utility a, b, c * Signal Input a * Signal Input b * Signal Input c * c knob * Intensity Control - c knob example * Volume Fluctuation - Utility a, b, c example * a+bxc Output * Self-generating Sound - a+bxc Output example 1 * Basic Wave Mixer - a+bxc Output example 2 * a-bxc Output * Pulse Width Modulation - a-bxc Output example 1 * If I Was A Pitch Man - a-bxc Output example 2 11 Woggle * About the Woggle * Woggle Sample Input * Video Game Jump - Woggle Sample Input example * Noisy Reverb - Woggle Sample Output example * Woggle Trigger Input * Simple 4th Note Trigger - Woggle Trigger Input * Woggle Stepped Output * Random Release - Woggle Stepped Output example * Woggle Smooth Output * Space Bee - Woggle Smooth Output example 12 Space Out, Microtune * About the Space Out module * Space Out Signal Input * Add reverb to an external sound source * Carrier Wave Always Audible - Space Out Signal Input example * Space Out Amount knob * Space Out Amount Input * Dry / Wet Foghorn - Space Out Amount Input example * Space Out Signal Output * Rocket Explode - Space Out Signal Output example * Microtune 13 CV In, Gate In, Sync * CV Input, Gate Input * Using CV and Gate to play notes * Calibrating (tuning) the CV Input * CV Output 1 * CV Output 2 * CV Input mixer example * Sync In / Out * Sync connections * Receive swing from another Volca * Sync problems 14 Volume, audio out, headphones * Volume * Headphones Output (audio output) 15 Buttons * Play, Active Step * Record (live recording) * Step Record * Memory, Write * Func 16 Keyboard * About the keyboard * Scale * Tonic * Microtuning * Microtuning keys * Octave keys * Randomize keys * Gate * Sequencer mode: Bounce * Sequence mode: Stoch. * Motion sequence keys * Clear keys 17 Power * Power options 18 Global parameters * Global parameters * System update (firmware update) 19 Module circuit diagrams * Source circuit diagram * Clock / Sequences circuit diagram * Functions circuit diagram * Split circuit diagram * LGP circuit diagram * Utility a, b, c circuit diagram * Woggle circuit diagram * Space Out circuit diagram