Clinical Chemistry - E-Book

Clinical Chemistry - E-Book

Author: Donna Larson

Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences

Published: 2015-12-17

Total Pages: 739

ISBN-13: 0323292534

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Gain a clear understanding of pathophysiology and lab testing! Clinical Chemistry: Fundamentals and Laboratory Techniques prepares you for success as a medical lab technician by simplifying complex chemistry concepts and lab essentials including immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, and quality control. A pathophysiologic approach covers diseases that are commonly diagnosed through chemical tests — broken down by body system and category — such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular conditions. Written by clinical chemistry educator Donna Larson and a team of expert contributors, this full-color book is ideal for readers who may have minimal knowledge of chemistry and are learning laboratory science for the first time. Full-color illustrations and design simplify complex concepts and make learning easier by highlighting important material. Case studies help you apply information to real-life scenarios. Pathophysiology and Analytes section includes information related to diseases or conditions, such as a biochemistry review, disease mechanisms, clinical correlation, and laboratory analytes and assays. Evolve companion website includes case studies and animations that reinforce what you’ve learned from the book. Laboratory Principles section covers safety, quality assurance, and other fundamentals of laboratory techniques. Review questions at the end of each chapter are tied to the learning objectives, helping you review and retain the material. Critical thinking questions and discussion questions help you think about and apply key points and concepts. Other Aspects of Clinical Chemistry section covers therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, transplantation, and emergency preparedness. Learning objectives in each chapter help you to remember key points or to analyze and synthesize concepts in clinical chemistry. A list of key words Is provided at the beginning of each chapter, and these are also bolded in the text. Chapter summaries consist of bulleted lists and tables highlighting the most important points of each chapter. A glossary at the back of the book provides a quick reference to definitions of all clinical chemistry terms.


Book Synopsis Clinical Chemistry - E-Book by : Donna Larson

Download or read book Clinical Chemistry - E-Book written by Donna Larson and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain a clear understanding of pathophysiology and lab testing! Clinical Chemistry: Fundamentals and Laboratory Techniques prepares you for success as a medical lab technician by simplifying complex chemistry concepts and lab essentials including immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, and quality control. A pathophysiologic approach covers diseases that are commonly diagnosed through chemical tests — broken down by body system and category — such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular conditions. Written by clinical chemistry educator Donna Larson and a team of expert contributors, this full-color book is ideal for readers who may have minimal knowledge of chemistry and are learning laboratory science for the first time. Full-color illustrations and design simplify complex concepts and make learning easier by highlighting important material. Case studies help you apply information to real-life scenarios. Pathophysiology and Analytes section includes information related to diseases or conditions, such as a biochemistry review, disease mechanisms, clinical correlation, and laboratory analytes and assays. Evolve companion website includes case studies and animations that reinforce what you’ve learned from the book. Laboratory Principles section covers safety, quality assurance, and other fundamentals of laboratory techniques. Review questions at the end of each chapter are tied to the learning objectives, helping you review and retain the material. Critical thinking questions and discussion questions help you think about and apply key points and concepts. Other Aspects of Clinical Chemistry section covers therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, transplantation, and emergency preparedness. Learning objectives in each chapter help you to remember key points or to analyze and synthesize concepts in clinical chemistry. A list of key words Is provided at the beginning of each chapter, and these are also bolded in the text. Chapter summaries consist of bulleted lists and tables highlighting the most important points of each chapter. A glossary at the back of the book provides a quick reference to definitions of all clinical chemistry terms.


Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 8 E; South Asia Edition;e-Book

Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 8 E; South Asia Edition;e-Book

Author: Nader Rifai

Publisher: Elsevier India

Published: 2019-07-16

Total Pages: 1092

ISBN-13: 8131258246

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Get the foundational knowledge you need to successfully work in a real-world, clinical lab with Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 8th Edition. From highly respected clinical chemistry expert Nader Rifai, this condensed, easier-to-understand version of the acclaimed Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics uses a laboratory perspective to guide you through selecting and performing diagnostic lab tests and accurately evaluating the results. Coverage includes laboratory principles, analytical techniques, instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. This eighth edition features new clinical cases from The Coakley Collection, new questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection, plus new content throughout the text to ensure you stay ahead of all the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. Condensed version of the clinical chemistry "bible" offers the same authoritative and well-presented content in a much more focused and streamlined manner. Coverage of analytical techniques and instrumentation includes optical techniques, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, enzymology, immunochemical techniques, microchips, automation, and point of care testing. Updated chapters on molecular diagnostics cover the principles of molecular biology, nucleic acid techniques and applications, and genomes and nucleic acid alterations, reflecting the changes in this rapidly evolving field. Learning objectives, key words, and review questions are included in each chapter to support learning. More than 500 illustrations plus easy-to-read tables help readers better understand and remember key concepts


Book Synopsis Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 8 E; South Asia Edition;e-Book by : Nader Rifai

Download or read book Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 8 E; South Asia Edition;e-Book written by Nader Rifai and published by Elsevier India. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the foundational knowledge you need to successfully work in a real-world, clinical lab with Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 8th Edition. From highly respected clinical chemistry expert Nader Rifai, this condensed, easier-to-understand version of the acclaimed Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics uses a laboratory perspective to guide you through selecting and performing diagnostic lab tests and accurately evaluating the results. Coverage includes laboratory principles, analytical techniques, instrumentation, analytes, pathophysiology, and more. This eighth edition features new clinical cases from The Coakley Collection, new questions from The Deacon's Challenge of Biochemical Calculations Collection, plus new content throughout the text to ensure you stay ahead of all the latest techniques, instrumentation, and technologies. Condensed version of the clinical chemistry "bible" offers the same authoritative and well-presented content in a much more focused and streamlined manner. Coverage of analytical techniques and instrumentation includes optical techniques, electrochemistry, electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, enzymology, immunochemical techniques, microchips, automation, and point of care testing. Updated chapters on molecular diagnostics cover the principles of molecular biology, nucleic acid techniques and applications, and genomes and nucleic acid alterations, reflecting the changes in this rapidly evolving field. Learning objectives, key words, and review questions are included in each chapter to support learning. More than 500 illustrations plus easy-to-read tables help readers better understand and remember key concepts


Clinical Chemistry

Clinical Chemistry

Author: David White

Publisher: Garland Science

Published: 2016-09-09

Total Pages: 587

ISBN-13: 1315392321

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Clinical Chemistry is a comprehensive textbook covering the area of medical science variously known as chemical pathology, clinical chemistry, medical biochemistry and clinical biochemistry. The biochemical processes and physiological interrelationships, of tissues, organs and molecules are discussed in the context of disease processes and related to the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of disease. Also included are analytical processes, such as immunoassay, and how these relate to clinical practice. Although the emphasis of this book is clinical biochemistry, some chapters include sections on haematology, radiology and microbiology where this helps in the understanding of disease processes. The increasing use of the techniques of molecular biology and genetics in the investigation of disease is acknowledged also by appropriate inclusion of these disciplines in a number of chapters. Standard International (SI) units of measurement are used throughout, but for tests where non-SI units are in common use as well as SI units both sets of units are quoted.


Book Synopsis Clinical Chemistry by : David White

Download or read book Clinical Chemistry written by David White and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2016-09-09 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Chemistry is a comprehensive textbook covering the area of medical science variously known as chemical pathology, clinical chemistry, medical biochemistry and clinical biochemistry. The biochemical processes and physiological interrelationships, of tissues, organs and molecules are discussed in the context of disease processes and related to the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of disease. Also included are analytical processes, such as immunoassay, and how these relate to clinical practice. Although the emphasis of this book is clinical biochemistry, some chapters include sections on haematology, radiology and microbiology where this helps in the understanding of disease processes. The increasing use of the techniques of molecular biology and genetics in the investigation of disease is acknowledged also by appropriate inclusion of these disciplines in a number of chapters. Standard International (SI) units of measurement are used throughout, but for tests where non-SI units are in common use as well as SI units both sets of units are quoted.


Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine - E-Book

Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine - E-Book

Author: Nader Rifai

Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences

Published: 2022-02-03

Total Pages: 4232

ISBN-13: 0323834671

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Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Comprehensive coverage includes the latest advances in topics such as clinical chemistry, genetic metabolic disorders, molecular diagnostics, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology, transfusion medicine, and clinical immunology. From a team of expert contributors led by Nader Rifai, this reference includes access to wide-ranging online resources on Expert Consult — featuring the comprehensive product with fully searchable text, regular content updates, animations, podcasts, over 1300 clinical case studies, lecture series, and more. Authoritative, current content helps you perform tests in a cost-effective, timely, and efficient manner; provides expertise in managing clinical laboratory needs; and shows how to be responsive to an ever-changing environment. Current guidelines help you select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Expert, internationally recognized chapter authors present guidelines representing different practices and points of view. Analytical criteria focus on the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures. Use of standard and international units of measure makes this text appropriate for any user, anywhere in the world. Expert Consult provides the entire text as a fully searchable eBook, and includes regular content updates, animations, podcasts, more than 1300 clinical case studies, over 2500 multiple-choice questions, a lecture series, and more. NEW! 19 additional chapters highlight various specialties throughout laboratory medicine. NEW! Updated, peer-reviewed content provides the most current information possible. NEW! The largest-ever compilation of clinical cases in laboratory medicine is included on Expert Consult. NEW! Over 100 adaptive learning courses on Expert Consult offer the opportunity for personalized education.


Book Synopsis Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine - E-Book by : Nader Rifai

Download or read book Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine - E-Book written by Nader Rifai and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-02-03 with total page 4232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Comprehensive coverage includes the latest advances in topics such as clinical chemistry, genetic metabolic disorders, molecular diagnostics, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology, transfusion medicine, and clinical immunology. From a team of expert contributors led by Nader Rifai, this reference includes access to wide-ranging online resources on Expert Consult — featuring the comprehensive product with fully searchable text, regular content updates, animations, podcasts, over 1300 clinical case studies, lecture series, and more. Authoritative, current content helps you perform tests in a cost-effective, timely, and efficient manner; provides expertise in managing clinical laboratory needs; and shows how to be responsive to an ever-changing environment. Current guidelines help you select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Expert, internationally recognized chapter authors present guidelines representing different practices and points of view. Analytical criteria focus on the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures. Use of standard and international units of measure makes this text appropriate for any user, anywhere in the world. Expert Consult provides the entire text as a fully searchable eBook, and includes regular content updates, animations, podcasts, more than 1300 clinical case studies, over 2500 multiple-choice questions, a lecture series, and more. NEW! 19 additional chapters highlight various specialties throughout laboratory medicine. NEW! Updated, peer-reviewed content provides the most current information possible. NEW! The largest-ever compilation of clinical cases in laboratory medicine is included on Expert Consult. NEW! Over 100 adaptive learning courses on Expert Consult offer the opportunity for personalized education.


Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry

Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry

Author: Norbert W. Tietz

Publisher: Saunders

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 1048

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry by : Norbert W. Tietz

Download or read book Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry written by Norbert W. Tietz and published by Saunders. This book was released on 1987 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Author: Carl A. Burtis

Publisher: W B Saunders Company

Published: 2006

Total Pages: 2412

ISBN-13: 9780721601892

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Bridging the gap between the clinical laboratory and medical management by relating pathophysiology to analytical results in health and disease, this classic resource provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Its up-to-date, encyclopedic coverage of the field defines analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures, introduces new approaches for establishing reference ranges, describes variables that affect tests and results, examines modern analytical tools and their impact on lab management and costs, and demonstrates the applications of statistical methods. All three editors are well known in the clinical chemistry world, and they bring a wealth of expertise to this reference. Encompasses the tremendous strides made in clinical laboratory medicine in recent years - keeping readers completely up to date. Nearly 800 tables and figures illustrate key issues in clinical chemistry. A comprehensive chapter containing tables of reference values provides one location for comparing and evaluating test results. A section has been added that contains 8 new chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques in molecular diagnostics and genetics. Co-editor David Bruns, the editor of Clinical Chemistry, provides an authoritative look into laboratory medicine in general and specifically in the field of molecular technology.


Book Synopsis Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics by : Carl A. Burtis

Download or read book Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics written by Carl A. Burtis and published by W B Saunders Company. This book was released on 2006 with total page 2412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between the clinical laboratory and medical management by relating pathophysiology to analytical results in health and disease, this classic resource provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Its up-to-date, encyclopedic coverage of the field defines analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures, introduces new approaches for establishing reference ranges, describes variables that affect tests and results, examines modern analytical tools and their impact on lab management and costs, and demonstrates the applications of statistical methods. All three editors are well known in the clinical chemistry world, and they bring a wealth of expertise to this reference. Encompasses the tremendous strides made in clinical laboratory medicine in recent years - keeping readers completely up to date. Nearly 800 tables and figures illustrate key issues in clinical chemistry. A comprehensive chapter containing tables of reference values provides one location for comparing and evaluating test results. A section has been added that contains 8 new chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques in molecular diagnostics and genetics. Co-editor David Bruns, the editor of Clinical Chemistry, provides an authoritative look into laboratory medicine in general and specifically in the field of molecular technology.


Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Author: Nader Rifai

Publisher: Saunders

Published: 2017-02-06

Total Pages: 1867

ISBN-13: 9780323359214

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"The Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 6th Edition provides the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating the results of new and established laboratory tests. This classic clinical chemistry reference offers encyclopedic coverage of the field that defines analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures, introduces new approaches for establishing reference ranges, describes variables that affect tests and results, examines modern analytical tools and their impact on laboratory management and costs, and demonstrates the applications of statistical methods. It is THE definitive reference in clinical chemistry, now fully searchable and with quarterly content updates, podcasts, and extended content online through Expert Consult." -- Provided by publisher.


Book Synopsis Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics by : Nader Rifai

Download or read book Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics written by Nader Rifai and published by Saunders. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 1867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 6th Edition provides the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating the results of new and established laboratory tests. This classic clinical chemistry reference offers encyclopedic coverage of the field that defines analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures, introduces new approaches for establishing reference ranges, describes variables that affect tests and results, examines modern analytical tools and their impact on laboratory management and costs, and demonstrates the applications of statistical methods. It is THE definitive reference in clinical chemistry, now fully searchable and with quarterly content updates, podcasts, and extended content online through Expert Consult." -- Provided by publisher.


Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics

Author: Carl A. Burtis

Publisher: Saunders

Published: 2015

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781455741656

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"For the laboratory science student, the professional laboratorian, and the practicing pathologist, this textbook serves as an outstanding resource for (1) the study of basic laboratory operations, (2) understanding clinical chemistry analytes, and (3) comprehending fundamental pathophysiology." --p. xiii


Book Synopsis Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics by : Carl A. Burtis

Download or read book Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics written by Carl A. Burtis and published by Saunders. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "For the laboratory science student, the professional laboratorian, and the practicing pathologist, this textbook serves as an outstanding resource for (1) the study of basic laboratory operations, (2) understanding clinical chemistry analytes, and (3) comprehending fundamental pathophysiology." --p. xiii


Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book

Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book

Author: Carl A. Burtis

Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences

Published: 2011-12-16

Total Pages: 2259

ISBN-13: 1455759422

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As the definitive reference for clinical chemistry, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 5th Edition offers the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating results of new and established laboratory tests. Up-to-date encyclopedic coverage details everything you need to know, including: analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures; new approaches for establishing reference ranges; variables that affect tests and results; the impact of modern analytical tools on lab management and costs; and applications of statistical methods. In addition to updated content throughout, this two-color edition also features a new chapter on hemostasis and the latest advances in molecular diagnostics. Section on Molecular Diagnostics and Genetics contains nine expanded chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques, written by experts in field, including Y.M. Dennis Lo, Rossa W.K. Chiu, Carl Wittwer, Noriko Kusukawa, Cindy Vnencak-Jones, Thomas Williams, Victor Weedn, Malek Kamoun, Howard Baum, Angela Caliendo, Aaron Bossler, Gwendolyn McMillin, and Kojo S.J. Elenitoba-Johnson. Highly-respected author team includes three editors who are well known in the clinical chemistry world. Reference values in the appendix give you one location for comparing and evaluating test results. NEW! Two-color design throughout highlights important features, illustrations, and content for a quick reference. NEW! Chapter on hemostasis provides you with all the information you need to accurately conduct this type of clinical testing. NEW! Six associate editors lend even more expertise and insight to the reference. NEW! Reorganized chapters ensure that only the most current information is included.


Book Synopsis Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book by : Carl A. Burtis

Download or read book Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book written by Carl A. Burtis and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-12-16 with total page 2259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the definitive reference for clinical chemistry, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 5th Edition offers the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating results of new and established laboratory tests. Up-to-date encyclopedic coverage details everything you need to know, including: analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures; new approaches for establishing reference ranges; variables that affect tests and results; the impact of modern analytical tools on lab management and costs; and applications of statistical methods. In addition to updated content throughout, this two-color edition also features a new chapter on hemostasis and the latest advances in molecular diagnostics. Section on Molecular Diagnostics and Genetics contains nine expanded chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques, written by experts in field, including Y.M. Dennis Lo, Rossa W.K. Chiu, Carl Wittwer, Noriko Kusukawa, Cindy Vnencak-Jones, Thomas Williams, Victor Weedn, Malek Kamoun, Howard Baum, Angela Caliendo, Aaron Bossler, Gwendolyn McMillin, and Kojo S.J. Elenitoba-Johnson. Highly-respected author team includes three editors who are well known in the clinical chemistry world. Reference values in the appendix give you one location for comparing and evaluating test results. NEW! Two-color design throughout highlights important features, illustrations, and content for a quick reference. NEW! Chapter on hemostasis provides you with all the information you need to accurately conduct this type of clinical testing. NEW! Six associate editors lend even more expertise and insight to the reference. NEW! Reorganized chapters ensure that only the most current information is included.


Success! in Clinical Laboratory Science

Success! in Clinical Laboratory Science

Author: Anna P. Ciulla

Publisher: Prentice Hall

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 1129

ISBN-13: 9780135126486

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Completely updated in a new edition this valuable review book prepares a wide range of laboratory professionals for certification examinations by presenting them with the latest technology and terminology, as well as current test taking formats. Its large number of practice questions, variety of practice modes, and explanations for clarification prepare learner for success on examinations. Comprehensive coverage of laboratory medicine includes clinical chemistry, hematology, hemostasis, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, uranalysis and body fluids, molecular diagnostics, laboratory calculations, general laboratory principles and safety, laboratory management, education, and computers and laboratory informatics. For clinical laboratory directors, pathologists specializing in laboratory medicine, resident and attending physicians, hematologists, chemists, immunohematologists, microbiologists, biosafety officers, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and infection control practitioners.


Book Synopsis Success! in Clinical Laboratory Science by : Anna P. Ciulla

Download or read book Success! in Clinical Laboratory Science written by Anna P. Ciulla and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2009 with total page 1129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely updated in a new edition this valuable review book prepares a wide range of laboratory professionals for certification examinations by presenting them with the latest technology and terminology, as well as current test taking formats. Its large number of practice questions, variety of practice modes, and explanations for clarification prepare learner for success on examinations. Comprehensive coverage of laboratory medicine includes clinical chemistry, hematology, hemostasis, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, uranalysis and body fluids, molecular diagnostics, laboratory calculations, general laboratory principles and safety, laboratory management, education, and computers and laboratory informatics. For clinical laboratory directors, pathologists specializing in laboratory medicine, resident and attending physicians, hematologists, chemists, immunohematologists, microbiologists, biosafety officers, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and infection control practitioners.