The Digital Playbook eBook Download PDF

Download The Digital Playbook full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Digital Playbook ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Digital Transformation Playbook

Author: David L. Rogers

Publisher: Columbia University Press

Published: 2016-04-05

Total Pages: 267

ISBN-13: 0231541651

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Rethink your business for the digital age. Every business begun before the Internet now faces the same challenge: How to transform to compete in a digital economy? Globally recognized digital expert David L. Rogers argues that digital transformation is not about updating your technology but about upgrading your strategic thinking. Based on Rogers's decade of research and teaching at Columbia Business School, and his consulting for businesses around the world, The Digital Transformation Playbook shows how pre-digital-era companies can reinvigorate their game plans and capture the new opportunities of the digital world. Rogers shows why traditional businesses need to rethink their underlying assumptions in five domains of strategy—customers, competition, data, innovation, and value. He reveals how to harness customer networks, platforms, big data, rapid experimentation, and disruptive business models—and how to integrate these into your existing business and organization. Rogers illustrates every strategy in this playbook with real-world case studies, from Google to GE, from Airbnb to the New York Times. With practical frameworks and nine step-by-step planning tools, he distills the lessons of today's greatest digital innovators and makes them usable for businesses at any stage. Many books offer advice for digital start-ups, but The Digital Transformation Playbook is the first complete treatment of how legacy businesses can transform to thrive in the digital age. It is an indispensable guide for executives looking to take their firms to the next stage of profitable growth.

Book Synopsis The Digital Transformation Playbook by : David L. Rogers

Download or read book The Digital Transformation Playbook written by David L. Rogers and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-05 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rethink your business for the digital age. Every business begun before the Internet now faces the same challenge: How to transform to compete in a digital economy? Globally recognized digital expert David L. Rogers argues that digital transformation is not about updating your technology but about upgrading your strategic thinking. Based on Rogers's decade of research and teaching at Columbia Business School, and his consulting for businesses around the world, The Digital Transformation Playbook shows how pre-digital-era companies can reinvigorate their game plans and capture the new opportunities of the digital world. Rogers shows why traditional businesses need to rethink their underlying assumptions in five domains of strategy—customers, competition, data, innovation, and value. He reveals how to harness customer networks, platforms, big data, rapid experimentation, and disruptive business models—and how to integrate these into your existing business and organization. Rogers illustrates every strategy in this playbook with real-world case studies, from Google to GE, from Airbnb to the New York Times. With practical frameworks and nine step-by-step planning tools, he distills the lessons of today's greatest digital innovators and makes them usable for businesses at any stage. Many books offer advice for digital start-ups, but The Digital Transformation Playbook is the first complete treatment of how legacy businesses can transform to thrive in the digital age. It is an indispensable guide for executives looking to take their firms to the next stage of profitable growth.

L&D’s Playbook for the Digital Age

Author: Brandon Carson

Publisher: Association for Talent Development

Published: 2021-07-06

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 1952157595

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Build a Modern L&D Team Organizations are facing an era of rapid acceleration. As new technology and digital strategies are integrated, workers at all levels will be required to build capability much faster than before, navigating more complex systems and processes. Yet, learning and development (L&D) has lagged in this area, as too many L&D functions still focus on transactional interactions across a broad and complex portfolio while starved for resources. In L&D’s Playbook for the Digital Age, Brandon Carson makes the case that it’s time to reorient L&D, take a more proactive role in enabling the workforce, and create a new framework for developing skills and capabilities. L&D leaders must realize theirs is one of the most critical business functions and must be appropriately funded and resourced to realize the performance gains that are crucial to the business. L&D cannot be caught standing still and, in fact, needs a new playbook to navigate the radical and complex transformation the digital age is demanding. Stemming from the sports world, a playbook ensures the players know their roles, connect as a team, and understand the winning strategy and how to execute the game plan. For L&D, a playbook can help build alignment across the team and with stakeholders by being flexible as business needs change. Carson walks you through the steps to formulate how a new playbook could help the alignment of your L&D function—whether it’s restructuring, new skilling, or rescoping. He asks readers to speak the language of business instead of the language of learning. For example, does your workforce repair aircraft or do they enable safe flight? In other words, can you be the visionary your organization requires?

Book Synopsis L&D’s Playbook for the Digital Age by : Brandon Carson

Download or read book L&D’s Playbook for the Digital Age written by Brandon Carson and published by Association for Talent Development. This book was released on 2021-07-06 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a Modern L&D Team Organizations are facing an era of rapid acceleration. As new technology and digital strategies are integrated, workers at all levels will be required to build capability much faster than before, navigating more complex systems and processes. Yet, learning and development (L&D) has lagged in this area, as too many L&D functions still focus on transactional interactions across a broad and complex portfolio while starved for resources. In L&D’s Playbook for the Digital Age, Brandon Carson makes the case that it’s time to reorient L&D, take a more proactive role in enabling the workforce, and create a new framework for developing skills and capabilities. L&D leaders must realize theirs is one of the most critical business functions and must be appropriately funded and resourced to realize the performance gains that are crucial to the business. L&D cannot be caught standing still and, in fact, needs a new playbook to navigate the radical and complex transformation the digital age is demanding. Stemming from the sports world, a playbook ensures the players know their roles, connect as a team, and understand the winning strategy and how to execute the game plan. For L&D, a playbook can help build alignment across the team and with stakeholders by being flexible as business needs change. Carson walks you through the steps to formulate how a new playbook could help the alignment of your L&D function—whether it’s restructuring, new skilling, or rescoping. He asks readers to speak the language of business instead of the language of learning. For example, does your workforce repair aircraft or do they enable safe flight? In other words, can you be the visionary your organization requires?

The Digital Innovation Playbook

Author: Nicholas J. Webb

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2011-07-05

Total Pages: 288

ISBN-13: 1118113039

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A complete and practical road map to achieving unprecedented business success through digital innovation excellence In this breakthrough book, world-renowned innovation strategist Nicholas J. Webb uncovers the secrets of the world's best innovators. And what he found is that there is a new phenomenon that he calls "Digital Innovation" which is sweeping the world. In this powerful book, Webb clearly defines innovation as "the process of delivering exceptional value through active listening." His case studies show how great organizations like Kodak, IndyCar, U.S. Army, and Southwest Airlines have used Digital Innovation to drive colossal success. Webb also discusses how Dell Computers has set up their own Digital Command Center to monitor over 70,000 keywords in over 11 languages to listen, to learn, and to ultimately invent world-class technologies. He predicts that Digital Innovation will replace the term Open Innovation and that ultimately every successful organization in the world will hire a Chief Listening Officer (CLO). Demystifies the hyper-complex world of Digital Innovation Presents comprehensive case examples of how organizations both large and small have deployed Digital Innovation methodologies to grow both sales and profit Shows how organizations are using digital media, Web 2.0, and social media to connect to their customer communities and internal stakeholders alike With free online training that will help you put theory into practice, The Digital Innovation Playbook prepares you to implement a Digital Innovation culture into your corporate life.

Book Synopsis The Digital Innovation Playbook by : Nicholas J. Webb

Download or read book The Digital Innovation Playbook written by Nicholas J. Webb and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-05 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete and practical road map to achieving unprecedented business success through digital innovation excellence In this breakthrough book, world-renowned innovation strategist Nicholas J. Webb uncovers the secrets of the world's best innovators. And what he found is that there is a new phenomenon that he calls "Digital Innovation" which is sweeping the world. In this powerful book, Webb clearly defines innovation as "the process of delivering exceptional value through active listening." His case studies show how great organizations like Kodak, IndyCar, U.S. Army, and Southwest Airlines have used Digital Innovation to drive colossal success. Webb also discusses how Dell Computers has set up their own Digital Command Center to monitor over 70,000 keywords in over 11 languages to listen, to learn, and to ultimately invent world-class technologies. He predicts that Digital Innovation will replace the term Open Innovation and that ultimately every successful organization in the world will hire a Chief Listening Officer (CLO). Demystifies the hyper-complex world of Digital Innovation Presents comprehensive case examples of how organizations both large and small have deployed Digital Innovation methodologies to grow both sales and profit Shows how organizations are using digital media, Web 2.0, and social media to connect to their customer communities and internal stakeholders alike With free online training that will help you put theory into practice, The Digital Innovation Playbook prepares you to implement a Digital Innovation culture into your corporate life.

Digital @ Scale

Author: Anand Swaminathan

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2017-06-01

Total Pages: 288

ISBN-13: 1119433770

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A blueprint for reinventing the core of your business Value in the next phase of the digital era will go to those companies that don't just try digital but also scale it. Digital@Scale examines what it takes for companies to break through the gravitational pull of their legacy organizations and capture the full value of digital. Digging into more than fifty detailed case studies and years of McKinsey experience and data, the authors, along with a group of expert contributors, show how companies can move beyond incremental change to transform the business where the greatest value is generated—at its core. The authors provide practical insights into the three pillars of digital transformations that successfully scale: reinventing the business model, building out a business architecture from the customer back into the organization, and establishing an 'amoeba' IT and organizational foundation that learns and evolves. This is the ideal guide for all leaders who recognize the power and promise of a digital transformation.

Book Synopsis Digital @ Scale by : Anand Swaminathan

Download or read book Digital @ Scale written by Anand Swaminathan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A blueprint for reinventing the core of your business Value in the next phase of the digital era will go to those companies that don't just try digital but also scale it. Digital@Scale examines what it takes for companies to break through the gravitational pull of their legacy organizations and capture the full value of digital. Digging into more than fifty detailed case studies and years of McKinsey experience and data, the authors, along with a group of expert contributors, show how companies can move beyond incremental change to transform the business where the greatest value is generated—at its core. The authors provide practical insights into the three pillars of digital transformations that successfully scale: reinventing the business model, building out a business architecture from the customer back into the organization, and establishing an 'amoeba' IT and organizational foundation that learns and evolves. This is the ideal guide for all leaders who recognize the power and promise of a digital transformation.

The Design Thinking Playbook

Author: Michael Lewrick

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2018-04-24

Total Pages: 350

ISBN-13: 1119467489

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A radical shift in perspective to transform your organization to become more innovative The Design Thinking Playbook is an actionable guide to the future of business. By stepping back and questioning the current mindset, the faults of the status quo stand out in stark relief—and this guide gives you the tools and frameworks you need to kick off a digital transformation. Design Thinking is about approaching things differently with a strong user orientation and fast iterations with multidisciplinary teams to solve wicked problems. It is equally applicable to (re-)design products, services, processes, business models, and ecosystems. It inspires radical innovation as a matter of course, and ignites capabilities beyond mere potential. Unmatched as a source of competitive advantage, Design Thinking is the driving force behind those who will lead industries through transformations and evolutions. This book describes how Design Thinking is applied across a variety of industries, enriched with other proven approaches as well as the necessary tools, and the knowledge to use them effectively. Packed with solutions for common challenges including digital transformation, this practical, highly visual discussion shows you how Design Thinking fits into agile methods within management, innovation, and startups. Explore the digitized future using new design criteria to create real value for the user Foster radical innovation through an inspiring framework for action Gather the right people to build highly-motivated teams Apply Design Thinking, Systems Thinking, Big Data Analytics, and Lean Start-up using new tools and a fresh new perspective Create Minimum Viable Ecosystems (MVEs) for digital processes and services which becomes for example essential in building Blockchain applications Practical frameworks, real-world solutions, and radical innovation wrapped in a whole new outlook give you the power to mindfully lead to new heights. From systems and operations to people, projects, culture, digitalization, and beyond, this invaluable mind shift paves the way for organizations—and individuals—to do great things. When you're ready to give your organization a big step forward, The Design Thinking Playbook is your practical guide to a more innovative future.

Book Synopsis The Design Thinking Playbook by : Michael Lewrick

Download or read book The Design Thinking Playbook written by Michael Lewrick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-24 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A radical shift in perspective to transform your organization to become more innovative The Design Thinking Playbook is an actionable guide to the future of business. By stepping back and questioning the current mindset, the faults of the status quo stand out in stark relief—and this guide gives you the tools and frameworks you need to kick off a digital transformation. Design Thinking is about approaching things differently with a strong user orientation and fast iterations with multidisciplinary teams to solve wicked problems. It is equally applicable to (re-)design products, services, processes, business models, and ecosystems. It inspires radical innovation as a matter of course, and ignites capabilities beyond mere potential. Unmatched as a source of competitive advantage, Design Thinking is the driving force behind those who will lead industries through transformations and evolutions. This book describes how Design Thinking is applied across a variety of industries, enriched with other proven approaches as well as the necessary tools, and the knowledge to use them effectively. Packed with solutions for common challenges including digital transformation, this practical, highly visual discussion shows you how Design Thinking fits into agile methods within management, innovation, and startups. Explore the digitized future using new design criteria to create real value for the user Foster radical innovation through an inspiring framework for action Gather the right people to build highly-motivated teams Apply Design Thinking, Systems Thinking, Big Data Analytics, and Lean Start-up using new tools and a fresh new perspective Create Minimum Viable Ecosystems (MVEs) for digital processes and services which becomes for example essential in building Blockchain applications Practical frameworks, real-world solutions, and radical innovation wrapped in a whole new outlook give you the power to mindfully lead to new heights. From systems and operations to people, projects, culture, digitalization, and beyond, this invaluable mind shift paves the way for organizations—and individuals—to do great things. When you're ready to give your organization a big step forward, The Design Thinking Playbook is your practical guide to a more innovative future.

The Network Is Your Customer

Author: David L. Rogers

Publisher: Yale University Press

Published: 2014-05-14

Total Pages: 336

ISBN-13: 030016601X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

"An incredibly useful and valuable guidebook to the new consumer economy. Buy it. Learn from it. Succeed with it."--Jeff Jarvis, author of "What Would Google Do " "This is the stuff that every business and nonprofit needs to embrace if they're going to succeed in a changing world."--Vivian Schiller, CEO of NPR With clear analysis and practical frameworks, this book provides a strategic guide that any business or nonprofit can use to succeed in the digital age. Marketing expert David Rogers examines how digital technologies--from smartphones to social networks--connect us in frameworks that transform our relationships to business and each other. To thrive today, organizations need new strategies--strategies designed for customer networks. Rogers offers five strategies that any business can use to create new value: ACCESS--be faster, be easier, be everywhere, be always on ENGAGE--become a source of valued content CUSTOMIZE--make your offering adaptable to your customer's needs CONNECT--become a part of your customers' conversations COLLABORATE--involve your customers at every stage of your enterpriseRogers explains these five strategies with over 100 cases from every type and size of business--from shoes to news, and software to healthcare. In "The Network Is Your Customer," he shows: How Apple harnessed a host of collaborators to write apps for its iPhone How IBM designed a videogame to help sell its enterprise software How Ford Motors inspired an online community to build brand awareness for its new Fiesta...and countless other cases from consumer, b2b, and nonprofit categories. The book outlines a process for planning and implementing a customer network strategy to match "your" customers, "your" business, and "your" objectives--whether you need to drive sales, to enhance innovation, to reduce costs, to gain customer insight, or to build breakthrough products and services. Because today, whatever your goals and whatever your business, the network is your customer.

Book Synopsis The Network Is Your Customer by : David L. Rogers

Download or read book The Network Is Your Customer written by David L. Rogers and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An incredibly useful and valuable guidebook to the new consumer economy. Buy it. Learn from it. Succeed with it."--Jeff Jarvis, author of "What Would Google Do " "This is the stuff that every business and nonprofit needs to embrace if they're going to succeed in a changing world."--Vivian Schiller, CEO of NPR With clear analysis and practical frameworks, this book provides a strategic guide that any business or nonprofit can use to succeed in the digital age. Marketing expert David Rogers examines how digital technologies--from smartphones to social networks--connect us in frameworks that transform our relationships to business and each other. To thrive today, organizations need new strategies--strategies designed for customer networks. Rogers offers five strategies that any business can use to create new value: ACCESS--be faster, be easier, be everywhere, be always on ENGAGE--become a source of valued content CUSTOMIZE--make your offering adaptable to your customer's needs CONNECT--become a part of your customers' conversations COLLABORATE--involve your customers at every stage of your enterpriseRogers explains these five strategies with over 100 cases from every type and size of business--from shoes to news, and software to healthcare. In "The Network Is Your Customer," he shows: How Apple harnessed a host of collaborators to write apps for its iPhone How IBM designed a videogame to help sell its enterprise software How Ford Motors inspired an online community to build brand awareness for its new Fiesta...and countless other cases from consumer, b2b, and nonprofit categories. The book outlines a process for planning and implementing a customer network strategy to match "your" customers, "your" business, and "your" objectives--whether you need to drive sales, to enhance innovation, to reduce costs, to gain customer insight, or to build breakthrough products and services. Because today, whatever your goals and whatever your business, the network is your customer.

The Digital Broker's Playbook

Author: David Reid

Publisher: Charles Michael Publishing

Published: 2021-06-22

Total Pages: 128

ISBN-13: 9781642938760

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

If you’re a broker and are still relying on a paper-based system rather than adopting new technology to meet the needs of your customers, you have a big problem; there’s an easier way to serve your clients and grow your business! Still relying on a paper-based system? There’s an easier way to serve your clients and grow your business! If you’ve wondered how to bring technology into your business but decided it’s too late or too difficult, let David Reid guide you through the process. It’s not too late to become a digital broker, and the time to make the change is now.

Book Synopsis The Digital Broker's Playbook by : David Reid

Download or read book The Digital Broker's Playbook written by David Reid and published by Charles Michael Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you’re a broker and are still relying on a paper-based system rather than adopting new technology to meet the needs of your customers, you have a big problem; there’s an easier way to serve your clients and grow your business! Still relying on a paper-based system? There’s an easier way to serve your clients and grow your business! If you’ve wondered how to bring technology into your business but decided it’s too late or too difficult, let David Reid guide you through the process. It’s not too late to become a digital broker, and the time to make the change is now.

Beyond Digital

Author: Paul Leinwand

Publisher: Harvard Business Press

Published: 2022-01-04

Total Pages: 142

ISBN-13: 1647822335

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Two world-renowned strategists detail the seven leadership imperatives for transforming companies in the new digital era. Digital transformation is critical. But winning in today's world requires more than digitization. It requires understanding that the nature of competitive advantage has shifted—and that being digital is not enough. In Beyond Digital, Paul Leinwand and Matt Mani from Strategy&, PwC's global strategy consulting business, take readers inside twelve companies and how they have navigated through this monumental shift: from Philips's reinvention from a broad conglomerate to a focused health technology player, to Cleveland Clinic's engagement with its broader ecosystem to improve and expand its leading patient care to more locations around the world, to Microsoft's overhaul of its global commercial business to drive customer outcomes. Other case studies include Adobe, Citigroup, Eli Lilly, Hitachi, Honeywell, Inditex, Komatsu, STC Pay, and Titan. Building on a major new body of research, the authors identify the seven imperatives that leaders must follow as the digital age continues to evolve: Reimagine your company's place in the world Embrace and create value via ecosystems Build a system of privileged insights with your customers Make your organization outcome-oriented Invert the focus of your leadership team Reinvent the social contract with your people Disrupt your own leadership approach Together, these seven imperatives comprise a playbook for how leaders can define a bolder purpose and transform their organizations.

Book Synopsis Beyond Digital by : Paul Leinwand

Download or read book Beyond Digital written by Paul Leinwand and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2022-01-04 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two world-renowned strategists detail the seven leadership imperatives for transforming companies in the new digital era. Digital transformation is critical. But winning in today's world requires more than digitization. It requires understanding that the nature of competitive advantage has shifted—and that being digital is not enough. In Beyond Digital, Paul Leinwand and Matt Mani from Strategy&, PwC's global strategy consulting business, take readers inside twelve companies and how they have navigated through this monumental shift: from Philips's reinvention from a broad conglomerate to a focused health technology player, to Cleveland Clinic's engagement with its broader ecosystem to improve and expand its leading patient care to more locations around the world, to Microsoft's overhaul of its global commercial business to drive customer outcomes. Other case studies include Adobe, Citigroup, Eli Lilly, Hitachi, Honeywell, Inditex, Komatsu, STC Pay, and Titan. Building on a major new body of research, the authors identify the seven imperatives that leaders must follow as the digital age continues to evolve: Reimagine your company's place in the world Embrace and create value via ecosystems Build a system of privileged insights with your customers Make your organization outcome-oriented Invert the focus of your leadership team Reinvent the social contract with your people Disrupt your own leadership approach Together, these seven imperatives comprise a playbook for how leaders can define a bolder purpose and transform their organizations.

The CEO's Digital Marketing Playbook

Author: Thomas J. Donohoe

Publisher: Koehler Books

Published: 2019-11-15

Total Pages: 250

ISBN-13: 9781633939509

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The CEO's Digital Marketing Playbook is the definitive playbook and crash course for both the baseline and advanced digital and direct marketing that every company on Earth needs to deploy in the 21st Century. Unlike the hundreds of books about social media or online advertising concepts, this step by step guide lays out every strategy and tactic that is essential to achieving the single greatest achievement in marketing: driving new customers and doing so profitably. Every CEO, from startup to Fortune 100, needs to understand every concept in this book or risk bleeding money and opportunity, which 99% are doing whether they know it or not. Every marketing professional and small business owner needs to embrace the tactics laid out or risk being bad at their job of profitable customer generation and best practice marketing. In just over 200 pages, every business professional can become a smart, customer generation focused digital marketer by following this playbook.

Book Synopsis The CEO's Digital Marketing Playbook by : Thomas J. Donohoe

Download or read book The CEO's Digital Marketing Playbook written by Thomas J. Donohoe and published by Koehler Books. This book was released on 2019-11-15 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The CEO's Digital Marketing Playbook is the definitive playbook and crash course for both the baseline and advanced digital and direct marketing that every company on Earth needs to deploy in the 21st Century. Unlike the hundreds of books about social media or online advertising concepts, this step by step guide lays out every strategy and tactic that is essential to achieving the single greatest achievement in marketing: driving new customers and doing so profitably. Every CEO, from startup to Fortune 100, needs to understand every concept in this book or risk bleeding money and opportunity, which 99% are doing whether they know it or not. Every marketing professional and small business owner needs to embrace the tactics laid out or risk being bad at their job of profitable customer generation and best practice marketing. In just over 200 pages, every business professional can become a smart, customer generation focused digital marketer by following this playbook.

The Business Transformation Playbook

Author: Heath Gascoigne Mba

Publisher:

Published: 2019-01-31

Total Pages: 374

ISBN-13: 9780995777903

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Why do only 30% of business transformation projects deliver on time, on budget and scope, realising the intended benefits while 70% fail? This book uncovers HOBA(R) (House of Business Architecture(R)) Business Transformation framework and provides a practical guide that has helped organisations successfully implement their business transformation.

Book Synopsis The Business Transformation Playbook by : Heath Gascoigne Mba

Download or read book The Business Transformation Playbook written by Heath Gascoigne Mba and published by . This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do only 30% of business transformation projects deliver on time, on budget and scope, realising the intended benefits while 70% fail? This book uncovers HOBA(R) (House of Business Architecture(R)) Business Transformation framework and provides a practical guide that has helped organisations successfully implement their business transformation.