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Download or read book The Philosophical Status of Value written by John Frederick Dashiell and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author: Heather E. Douglas
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Published: 2009-07-15
Total Pages: 227
ISBN-13: 082297357X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
Download or read book Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal written by Heather E. Douglas and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 2009-07-15 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
Author: J. F. Dashiell
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Published: 2016-06-27
Total Pages: 74
ISBN-13: 9781534952393
DOWNLOAD EBOOKFrom the Introduction. One of the greatest antitheses in the whole history of philosophy is one which is fundamental to a dilemma strikingly brought out in Fichte's "Vocation of Man." The thorough-going scientific and rationalistic treatment of human life as a part of the cosmos, as one link in the chain of absolute necessity and causality, living a life totally amenable even to mathematical treatment, is indeed satisfying to one's intellect; but how our personality, our inner heart life, does cry out for a radically different viewpoint, one which gives a truer picture of life as we actively and intimately, live it! The antithesis, I say, permeates the whole story of man's mental development. The Platonic message which holds the essence of things to be their meanings, their future and higher significances, as over against a Democritean theory of the world as describable primarily in terms of physical constitution; the analytic description of man's mental life in terms of motion by a Hobbes, as over against a Humian recognition of philosophy as after all secondary to the daily life of human beings-as human; the Kantian antithesis of pure and practical reason; and even the broad distinction between ancient and modern science as holding, the former to a qualitative diversity of existence in the interest of ideals, the latter to a homogeneity in the interest of manipulation: -these are but examples of the opposition of motives permeating the history of thought from the early Greeks to to-day. It is the opposition of head and heart. Modern thought may be characterized as developing these two interests and points of view in striking forms. On the one hand is the scientific interest, from Galileo, Hobbes, and Descartes, on down to our specialized and highly technical sciences of the present. On the other hand, a romantic tendency seems irrepressible, and we have throughout waves of idealism of this, that, and the other kind. In this perspective the philosophic situation of the present takes on partial meaning. The scientific advance of the last decades has formed a happy and important picture; while the philosophic thought that has been supposedly directed to a realization, a justification, and a systematic treatment of man's more intimate affective and volitional life, has slowly settled into hardened rationalistic systems that know not life and revel in logistic realms of thought which offer in the final outcome little more than husks to the hungry.
Download or read book The Philosophical Status of Values written by J. F. Dashiell and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Introduction. One of the greatest antitheses in the whole history of philosophy is one which is fundamental to a dilemma strikingly brought out in Fichte's "Vocation of Man." The thorough-going scientific and rationalistic treatment of human life as a part of the cosmos, as one link in the chain of absolute necessity and causality, living a life totally amenable even to mathematical treatment, is indeed satisfying to one's intellect; but how our personality, our inner heart life, does cry out for a radically different viewpoint, one which gives a truer picture of life as we actively and intimately, live it! The antithesis, I say, permeates the whole story of man's mental development. The Platonic message which holds the essence of things to be their meanings, their future and higher significances, as over against a Democritean theory of the world as describable primarily in terms of physical constitution; the analytic description of man's mental life in terms of motion by a Hobbes, as over against a Humian recognition of philosophy as after all secondary to the daily life of human beings-as human; the Kantian antithesis of pure and practical reason; and even the broad distinction between ancient and modern science as holding, the former to a qualitative diversity of existence in the interest of ideals, the latter to a homogeneity in the interest of manipulation: -these are but examples of the opposition of motives permeating the history of thought from the early Greeks to to-day. It is the opposition of head and heart. Modern thought may be characterized as developing these two interests and points of view in striking forms. On the one hand is the scientific interest, from Galileo, Hobbes, and Descartes, on down to our specialized and highly technical sciences of the present. On the other hand, a romantic tendency seems irrepressible, and we have throughout waves of idealism of this, that, and the other kind. In this perspective the philosophic situation of the present takes on partial meaning. The scientific advance of the last decades has formed a happy and important picture; while the philosophic thought that has been supposedly directed to a realization, a justification, and a systematic treatment of man's more intimate affective and volitional life, has slowly settled into hardened rationalistic systems that know not life and revel in logistic realms of thought which offer in the final outcome little more than husks to the hungry.
Author: Bertrand Russell
Publisher:
Published: 2017-10-05
Total Pages: 27
ISBN-13: 9781549905544
DOWNLOAD EBOOK"The Value of Philosophy" is one of the most important chapters of Bertrand's Russell's magnum Opus, The Problems of Philosophy. As a whole, Russell focuses on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics: If it is uncertain that external objects exist, how can we then have knowledge of them but by probability. There is no reason to doubt the existence of external objects simply because of sense data.
Download or read book The Value of Philosophy written by Bertrand Russell and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Value of Philosophy" is one of the most important chapters of Bertrand's Russell's magnum Opus, The Problems of Philosophy. As a whole, Russell focuses on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics: If it is uncertain that external objects exist, how can we then have knowledge of them but by probability. There is no reason to doubt the existence of external objects simply because of sense data.
Author: Dan Egonsson
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2018-10-24
Total Pages: 287
ISBN-13: 1351815067
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis title was first published in 28/11/2001: The broad label ’practical philosophy’ brings together such topics as ethics and metaethics as well as philosophy of law, society, art and religion. In practical philosophy, theory of value and action is basic, and woven into our understanding of all practical and ethical reasoning. New essays from leading international philosophers illustrate that substantial results in the subdisciplines of practical philosophy require insights into its core issues: the nature of actions, persons, values and reasons. This anthology is published in honour of Ingmar Persson on his fiftieth birthday.
Download or read book Exploring Practical Philosophy: From Action to Values written by Dan Egonsson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 28/11/2001: The broad label ’practical philosophy’ brings together such topics as ethics and metaethics as well as philosophy of law, society, art and religion. In practical philosophy, theory of value and action is basic, and woven into our understanding of all practical and ethical reasoning. New essays from leading international philosophers illustrate that substantial results in the subdisciplines of practical philosophy require insights into its core issues: the nature of actions, persons, values and reasons. This anthology is published in honour of Ingmar Persson on his fiftieth birthday.
Author: Richard Joyce
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2009-12-01
Total Pages: 254
ISBN-13: 9048133394
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWhat kind of properties are moral qualities, such as rightness, badness, etc? Some ethicists doubt that there are any such properties; they maintain that thinking that something is morally wrong (for example) is comparable to thinking that something is a unicorn or a ghost. These "moral error theorists" argue that the world simply does not contain the kind of properties or objects necessary to render our moral judgments true. This radical form of moral skepticism was championed by the philosopher John Mackie (1917-1981). This anthology is a collection of philosophical essays critically examining Mackie’s view.
Download or read book A World Without Values written by Richard Joyce and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What kind of properties are moral qualities, such as rightness, badness, etc? Some ethicists doubt that there are any such properties; they maintain that thinking that something is morally wrong (for example) is comparable to thinking that something is a unicorn or a ghost. These "moral error theorists" argue that the world simply does not contain the kind of properties or objects necessary to render our moral judgments true. This radical form of moral skepticism was championed by the philosopher John Mackie (1917-1981). This anthology is a collection of philosophical essays critically examining Mackie’s view.
Author: Samuel Scheffler
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2012-01-12
Total Pages: 352
ISBN-13: 0199899576
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis collection of essays by noted philosopher Samuel Scheffler combines discussion of abstract questions in moral and political theory with attention to the normative dimension of current social and political controversies. In addition to chapters on more abstract issues such as the nature of human valuing, the role of partiality in ethics, and the significance of the distinction between doing and allowing, the volume also includes essays on immigration, terrorism, toleration, political equality, and the normative significance of tradition. Uniting the essays is a shared preoccupation with questions about human value and values. The volume opens with an essay that considers the general question of what it is to value something - as opposed, say, to wanting it, wanting to want it, or thinking that it is valuable. Other essays explore particular values, such as equality, whose meaning and content are contested. Still others consider the tensions that arise, both within and among individuals, in consequence of the diversity of human values. One of the overarching aims of the book is to illuminate the different ways in which liberal political theory attempts to resolve conflicts of both of these kinds.
Download or read book Equality and Tradition written by Samuel Scheffler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays by noted philosopher Samuel Scheffler combines discussion of abstract questions in moral and political theory with attention to the normative dimension of current social and political controversies. In addition to chapters on more abstract issues such as the nature of human valuing, the role of partiality in ethics, and the significance of the distinction between doing and allowing, the volume also includes essays on immigration, terrorism, toleration, political equality, and the normative significance of tradition. Uniting the essays is a shared preoccupation with questions about human value and values. The volume opens with an essay that considers the general question of what it is to value something - as opposed, say, to wanting it, wanting to want it, or thinking that it is valuable. Other essays explore particular values, such as equality, whose meaning and content are contested. Still others consider the tensions that arise, both within and among individuals, in consequence of the diversity of human values. One of the overarching aims of the book is to illuminate the different ways in which liberal political theory attempts to resolve conflicts of both of these kinds.
Author: John Richardson
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2020-07-03
Total Pages: 464
ISBN-13: 0190098244
DOWNLOAD EBOOKJohn Richardson here organizes Nietzsche's thinking around the central and unifying concept of values. Richardson maps in detail Nietzsche's arguments, which crucially distinguish three basic ways of valuing. The first is the valuing Nietzsche attributes to all living things, and to us humans in our bodies; Nietzsche insists that we already value in our drives and affects. The second is our distinctively human valuing, which we carry out as subjects and agents; these conscious and worded values are superimposed on those bodily ones, in ways Nietzsche finds deeply problematic. The third is the new way of valuing that Nietzsche offers as his lesson from that diagnosis and critique of our human values; these new values are centered on a universal affirmation or "Yes," epitomized in the thought of eternal return. Each of the book's twelve chapters examines a different aspect of one of these ways of valuing, showing the complexity of Nietzsche's thinking on its topic, but also its unity and consistency. Incorporating recent advances in philosophical scholarship on Nietzsche, Richardson's thought-provoking new interpretation will serve as a vital updated reference point for future work.
Download or read book Nietzsche's Values written by John Richardson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Richardson here organizes Nietzsche's thinking around the central and unifying concept of values. Richardson maps in detail Nietzsche's arguments, which crucially distinguish three basic ways of valuing. The first is the valuing Nietzsche attributes to all living things, and to us humans in our bodies; Nietzsche insists that we already value in our drives and affects. The second is our distinctively human valuing, which we carry out as subjects and agents; these conscious and worded values are superimposed on those bodily ones, in ways Nietzsche finds deeply problematic. The third is the new way of valuing that Nietzsche offers as his lesson from that diagnosis and critique of our human values; these new values are centered on a universal affirmation or "Yes," epitomized in the thought of eternal return. Each of the book's twelve chapters examines a different aspect of one of these ways of valuing, showing the complexity of Nietzsche's thinking on its topic, but also its unity and consistency. Incorporating recent advances in philosophical scholarship on Nietzsche, Richardson's thought-provoking new interpretation will serve as a vital updated reference point for future work.
Author: Peter Railton
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2003-03-17
Total Pages: 412
ISBN-13: 9780521426930
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn our everyday lives we struggle with the notions of why we do what we do and the need to assign values to our actions. Somehow, it seems possible through experience and life to gain knowledge and understanding of such matters. Yet once we start delving deeper into the concepts that underwrite these domains of thought and actions, we face a philosophical disappointment. In contrast to the world of facts, values and morality seem insecure, uncomfortably situated, easily influenced by illusion or ideology. How can we apply this same objectivity and accuracy to the spheres of value and morality? In the essays included in this collection, Peter Railton shows how a fairly sober, naturalistically informed view of the world might nonetheless incorporate objective values and moral knowledge. This book will be of interest to professionals and students working in philosophy and ethics.
Download or read book Facts, Values, and Norms written by Peter Railton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-03-17 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In our everyday lives we struggle with the notions of why we do what we do and the need to assign values to our actions. Somehow, it seems possible through experience and life to gain knowledge and understanding of such matters. Yet once we start delving deeper into the concepts that underwrite these domains of thought and actions, we face a philosophical disappointment. In contrast to the world of facts, values and morality seem insecure, uncomfortably situated, easily influenced by illusion or ideology. How can we apply this same objectivity and accuracy to the spheres of value and morality? In the essays included in this collection, Peter Railton shows how a fairly sober, naturalistically informed view of the world might nonetheless incorporate objective values and moral knowledge. This book will be of interest to professionals and students working in philosophy and ethics.
Author: Hugh P. McDonald
Publisher: Rodopi
Published: 2004
Total Pages: 428
ISBN-13: 9789042010406
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book treats values as the basis for all of philosophy, an approach distinct from critiquing theories of value and far rarer. "First Philosophy," the effort to justify the foundations for a system of philosophy, is one of the main issues that divide philosophers today. McDonald's philosophy of values is a comprehensive attempt to replace philosophies of "existence," "being," "experience," the "subject," or "language," with a philosophy that locates value as most basic. This transformation is a radical move within Western philosophy as a whole, since it has never been done in such a thoroughgoing way. Hugh P. McDonald makes a comprehensive case against first philosophy as metaphysical, by mounting a case against all metaphysical systems of philosophy. Radical Axiology: A First Philosophy of Values is a fresh start for a rebirth of philosophy. While other movements debate the "death of philosophy," this book radically re-evaluates the direction of philosophy by discovering values at the basis of all philosophy. This reorientation addresses the question of what the love of wisdom can mean for us today.
Download or read book Radical Axiology written by Hugh P. McDonald and published by Rodopi. This book was released on 2004 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book treats values as the basis for all of philosophy, an approach distinct from critiquing theories of value and far rarer. "First Philosophy," the effort to justify the foundations for a system of philosophy, is one of the main issues that divide philosophers today. McDonald's philosophy of values is a comprehensive attempt to replace philosophies of "existence," "being," "experience," the "subject," or "language," with a philosophy that locates value as most basic. This transformation is a radical move within Western philosophy as a whole, since it has never been done in such a thoroughgoing way. Hugh P. McDonald makes a comprehensive case against first philosophy as metaphysical, by mounting a case against all metaphysical systems of philosophy. Radical Axiology: A First Philosophy of Values is a fresh start for a rebirth of philosophy. While other movements debate the "death of philosophy," this book radically re-evaluates the direction of philosophy by discovering values at the basis of all philosophy. This reorientation addresses the question of what the love of wisdom can mean for us today.
