Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Author: J. F. Hornbeck

Publisher: DIANE Publishing

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 24

ISBN-13: 143794311X

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This report presents background and analysis on the development of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), which expired on July 1, 2007. The report also includes a summary of the major provisions under the recently expired authority and a discussion of the issues that have arisen in the debate over TPA renewal. It also explores the policy options available to Congress and will be updated as the congressional debate unfolds.


Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy by : J. F. Hornbeck

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy written by J. F. Hornbeck and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents background and analysis on the development of Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), which expired on July 1, 2007. The report also includes a summary of the major provisions under the recently expired authority and a discussion of the issues that have arisen in the debate over TPA renewal. It also explores the policy options available to Congress and will be updated as the congressional debate unfolds.


Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa)

Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa)

Author: Congressional Research Service

Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform

Published: 2018-09-15

Total Pages: 40

ISBN-13: 9781727358049

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Legislation to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)-sometimes called "fast track"-the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015 (TPA-2015), was signed into law by President Obama on June 29, 2015 (P.L. 114-26). If the President negotiates an international trade agreement that would reduce tariff or nontariff barriers to trade in ways that require changes in U.S. law, the United States can implement the agreement only through the enactment of legislation. If the trade agreement and the process of negotiating it meet certain requirements, TPA allows Congress to consider the required implementing bill under expedited procedures, pursuant to which the bill may come to the floor without action by the leadership, and can receive a guaranteed up-or-down vote with no amendments. Under TPA, an implementing bill may be eligible for expedited consideration if (1) the trade agreement was negotiated during the limited time period for which TPA is in effect; (2) the agreement advances a series of U.S. trade negotiating objectives specified in the TPA statute; (3) the negotiations were conducted in compliance with an extensive array of required notifications to and consultations with Congress and other stakeholders; and (4) the President submits to Congress a draft implementing bill, which must meet specific content requirements, and a range of required supporting information. If, in any given case, Congress judges that these requirements have not been met, TPA provides mechanisms through which the eligibility of the implementing bill for expedited consideration may be withdrawn in one or both chambers. TPA is authorized through July 1, 2021. The United States is now engaged in renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), for which TPA could be used to consider implementing legislation. The issue of TPA reauthorization raises a number of questions regarding TPA itself and the pending legislation. This report addresses a number of those questions that are frequently asked, including the following: What is trade promotion authority? Is TPA necessary? What are trade negotiating objectives and how are they reflected in TPA statutes? What requirements does Congress impose on the President under TPA? Does TPA affect congressional authority on trade policy?


Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa) by : Congressional Research Service

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa) written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-09-15 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legislation to reauthorize Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)-sometimes called "fast track"-the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015 (TPA-2015), was signed into law by President Obama on June 29, 2015 (P.L. 114-26). If the President negotiates an international trade agreement that would reduce tariff or nontariff barriers to trade in ways that require changes in U.S. law, the United States can implement the agreement only through the enactment of legislation. If the trade agreement and the process of negotiating it meet certain requirements, TPA allows Congress to consider the required implementing bill under expedited procedures, pursuant to which the bill may come to the floor without action by the leadership, and can receive a guaranteed up-or-down vote with no amendments. Under TPA, an implementing bill may be eligible for expedited consideration if (1) the trade agreement was negotiated during the limited time period for which TPA is in effect; (2) the agreement advances a series of U.S. trade negotiating objectives specified in the TPA statute; (3) the negotiations were conducted in compliance with an extensive array of required notifications to and consultations with Congress and other stakeholders; and (4) the President submits to Congress a draft implementing bill, which must meet specific content requirements, and a range of required supporting information. If, in any given case, Congress judges that these requirements have not been met, TPA provides mechanisms through which the eligibility of the implementing bill for expedited consideration may be withdrawn in one or both chambers. TPA is authorized through July 1, 2021. The United States is now engaged in renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), for which TPA could be used to consider implementing legislation. The issue of TPA reauthorization raises a number of questions regarding TPA itself and the pending legislation. This report addresses a number of those questions that are frequently asked, including the following: What is trade promotion authority? Is TPA necessary? What are trade negotiating objectives and how are they reflected in TPA statutes? What requirements does Congress impose on the President under TPA? Does TPA affect congressional authority on trade policy?


Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Author: William H. Cooper

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 23

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy by : William H. Cooper

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy written by William H. Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Crs Report for Congress

Crs Report for Congress

Author: J. F. Hornbeck

Publisher: BiblioGov

Published: 2013-10

Total Pages: 30

ISBN-13: 9781295021697

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On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA -- formerly fast track) is set to expire, and with it a special authority that Congress grants to the President to negotiate certain trade agreements and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided the President complies with certain statutory obligations. The procedures allow Congress to exercise its constitutional authority over trade, while giving the President added negotiating flexibility by assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements are given swift and unamended consideration. The United States is currently engaged in multiple trade negotiations that may not be completed before TPA expires, raising the question of its renewal. TPA reflects years of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the Executive Branch. Congress has express constitutional authority to impose duties and regulate foreign commerce, while the President has the sole authority to negotiate international agreements and exerts broad power over U.S. foreign policy. TPA arose from a pragmatic need to accommodate these authorities in the conduct of U.S. trade policy, as well as address concerns that constituent pressures can often lead to poor trade policy decisions. The "Smoot-Hawley" Tariff Act of 1930, for example, raised tariffs significantly, diminishing trade and ...


Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : J. F. Hornbeck

Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by J. F. Hornbeck and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA -- formerly fast track) is set to expire, and with it a special authority that Congress grants to the President to negotiate certain trade agreements and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided the President complies with certain statutory obligations. The procedures allow Congress to exercise its constitutional authority over trade, while giving the President added negotiating flexibility by assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements are given swift and unamended consideration. The United States is currently engaged in multiple trade negotiations that may not be completed before TPA expires, raising the question of its renewal. TPA reflects years of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the Executive Branch. Congress has express constitutional authority to impose duties and regulate foreign commerce, while the President has the sole authority to negotiate international agreements and exerts broad power over U.S. foreign policy. TPA arose from a pragmatic need to accommodate these authorities in the conduct of U.S. trade policy, as well as address concerns that constituent pressures can often lead to poor trade policy decisions. The "Smoot-Hawley" Tariff Act of 1930, for example, raised tariffs significantly, diminishing trade and ...


Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Author: Congressional Research Congressional Research Service

Publisher: CreateSpace

Published: 2015-01-23

Total Pages: 26

ISBN-13: 9781507737446

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Legislation to renew TPA is expected to be introduced in the 114th Congress. On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA-previously known as fast track) expired. TPA is the authority Congress grants to the President to enter into certain reciprocal trade agreements, and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided the President observes certain statutory obligations. TPA defines how Congress has chosen to exercise its constitutional authority over a particular aspect of trade policy, while giving the President added leverage to negotiate trade agreements by effectively assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements will be given timely and unamended consideration. On July 30, 2013, President Obama first publicly requested that Congress reauthorize TPA and he reiterated his request for TPA in his January 20, 2015, State of the Union address. Legislation to renew TPA-the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities Act of 2014-was introduced in the 113th Congress (H.R. 3830) (S. 1900), but it was not acted upon. TPA reflects decades of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the executive branch in finding a pragmatic accommodation to the exercise of each branch's respective authorities over trade policy. The expedited legislative procedures have not changed since first codified in the Trade Act of 1974 (P.L.93-618). Congress, however, has required that the authority to use TPA be periodically reauthorized, and at times has chosen to revise trade negotiation objectives, the consultative mechanism, and presidential notification requirements. While early versions of fast track/TPA received bipartisan support, later renewal efforts have been more controversial, culminating in a more partisan vote on the 2002 TPA renewal. Future debates on TPA renewal may center on trade negotiation objectives, congressional oversight of trade negotiations, trade agreement enforcement, and clarifying the congressional authority over approval of reciprocal trade agreements and trade policy more generally, among others. TPA renewal may become a more pressing issue in the 114th Congress because current trade negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), and the Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) are in progress. Technically, TPA is not necessary to begin or even conclude trade negotiations, but it is widely understood to be a key element of defining congressional authority, and of passing trade agreement implementing legislation. Therefore, its renewal can be construed as signaling serious congressional support for moving ahead with trade negotiations. Addressing congressional concerns over the definition and operation of TPA may be a central part of the debate. Although there appears to be support for renewal of TPA in Congress, the details of the legislation are likely to be subject to considerable debate, including the specific treatment of any related TAA program reauthorization. This report presents background and analysis on the development of TPA, a summary of the major provisions under the expired authority, and a discussion of the issues that have arisen in the debate over TPA renewal. It also explores some of the policy options available to Congress.


Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy by : Congressional Research Congressional Research Service

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (Tpa) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy written by Congressional Research Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-23 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legislation to renew TPA is expected to be introduced in the 114th Congress. On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA-previously known as fast track) expired. TPA is the authority Congress grants to the President to enter into certain reciprocal trade agreements, and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided the President observes certain statutory obligations. TPA defines how Congress has chosen to exercise its constitutional authority over a particular aspect of trade policy, while giving the President added leverage to negotiate trade agreements by effectively assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements will be given timely and unamended consideration. On July 30, 2013, President Obama first publicly requested that Congress reauthorize TPA and he reiterated his request for TPA in his January 20, 2015, State of the Union address. Legislation to renew TPA-the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities Act of 2014-was introduced in the 113th Congress (H.R. 3830) (S. 1900), but it was not acted upon. TPA reflects decades of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the executive branch in finding a pragmatic accommodation to the exercise of each branch's respective authorities over trade policy. The expedited legislative procedures have not changed since first codified in the Trade Act of 1974 (P.L.93-618). Congress, however, has required that the authority to use TPA be periodically reauthorized, and at times has chosen to revise trade negotiation objectives, the consultative mechanism, and presidential notification requirements. While early versions of fast track/TPA received bipartisan support, later renewal efforts have been more controversial, culminating in a more partisan vote on the 2002 TPA renewal. Future debates on TPA renewal may center on trade negotiation objectives, congressional oversight of trade negotiations, trade agreement enforcement, and clarifying the congressional authority over approval of reciprocal trade agreements and trade policy more generally, among others. TPA renewal may become a more pressing issue in the 114th Congress because current trade negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), and the Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) are in progress. Technically, TPA is not necessary to begin or even conclude trade negotiations, but it is widely understood to be a key element of defining congressional authority, and of passing trade agreement implementing legislation. Therefore, its renewal can be construed as signaling serious congressional support for moving ahead with trade negotiations. Addressing congressional concerns over the definition and operation of TPA may be a central part of the debate. Although there appears to be support for renewal of TPA in Congress, the details of the legislation are likely to be subject to considerable debate, including the specific treatment of any related TAA program reauthorization. This report presents background and analysis on the development of TPA, a summary of the major provisions under the expired authority, and a discussion of the issues that have arisen in the debate over TPA renewal. It also explores some of the policy options available to Congress.


Crs Report for Congress

Crs Report for Congress

Author: J. F. Hornbeck

Publisher: BiblioGov

Published: 2013-10

Total Pages: 26

ISBN-13: 9781293021040

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On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA--previously fast track), expired. TPA is the authority Congress grants to the President to enter into certain reciprocal (free) trade agreements (FTAs), and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided he observes certain statutory obligations in negotiating them. TPA defines how Congress has chosen to exercise its constitutional authority over a particular aspect of trade policy, while presumably giving the President added leverage to exercise his authority to negotiate trade agreements by effectively assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements will be given swift and unamended consideration. TPA reflects years of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the Executive Branch in finding a pragmatic accommodation to the exercise of each branch's respective authorities over trade policy. The core provisions of the fast track legislative procedures have not changed since first enacted in 1974, although Congress has expanded trade negotiation objectives, oversight, and presidential notification requirements. While early versions of fast track/TPA received broad bipartisan support, renewal efforts have become increasingly controversial as fears have grown over the negative effects of trade, and as the trade debate has become more partisan and constituent driven, culminating in a party-line vote ...


Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : J. F. Hornbeck

Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by J. F. Hornbeck and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA--previously fast track), expired. TPA is the authority Congress grants to the President to enter into certain reciprocal (free) trade agreements (FTAs), and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided he observes certain statutory obligations in negotiating them. TPA defines how Congress has chosen to exercise its constitutional authority over a particular aspect of trade policy, while presumably giving the President added leverage to exercise his authority to negotiate trade agreements by effectively assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements will be given swift and unamended consideration. TPA reflects years of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the Executive Branch in finding a pragmatic accommodation to the exercise of each branch's respective authorities over trade policy. The core provisions of the fast track legislative procedures have not changed since first enacted in 1974, although Congress has expanded trade negotiation objectives, oversight, and presidential notification requirements. While early versions of fast track/TPA received broad bipartisan support, renewal efforts have become increasingly controversial as fears have grown over the negative effects of trade, and as the trade debate has become more partisan and constituent driven, culminating in a party-line vote ...


Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy

Author: William H. Cooper

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 23

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy by : William H. Cooper

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and the Role of Congress in Trade Policy written by William H. Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:


Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA -- formerly fast track) is set to expire. TPA is the authority Congress grants to the President to enter into certain trade agreements, and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided he observes certain statutory obligations in negotiating them. TPA allows Congress to exercise its constitutional authority over trade, while giving the President added negotiating leverage by effectively assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements are given swift and unamended consideration. President Bush formally requested TPA renewal on January 31, 2007. TPA reflects years of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the Executive Branch. Congress has express constitutional authority to impose duties and regulate foreign commerce, while the President has the sole authority to negotiate international agreements and exerts broad power over U.S. foreign policy. TPA arose from a pragmatic need to accommodate these authorities in the conduct of U.S. trade policy, as well as address concerns that constituent pressures can often lead to poor trade policy decisions. The "Smoot-Hawley" Tariff Act of 1930, for example, raised tariffs significantly, diminishing trade and prolonging the Great Depression. In response, Congress in 1934 delegated to the President authority to implement "pre-approved" reductions in tariff rates. TPA evolved in 1974 from this precedent to allow the President to enter into non-tariff barrier (NTB) agreements, provided he observes congressional negotiating requirements set out in the statute. The core provisions of the fast track legislative procedures have remained unchanged since first enacted, although Congress has expanded trade negotiation objectives, oversight, and presidential notification requirements. While early versions of fast track/TPA received broad bipartisan support, renewal efforts became increasingly controversial as fears grew over the perceived negative effects of trade, and as the trade debate became more partisan in nature, culminating in a largely party-line vote on the 2002 renewal. The current renewal debate is centered on the broad effects of trade on the United States, with an emphasis on at least four specific issues: stronger labor and environment provisions; stricter enforcement of trade agreements; enhanced adjustment and assistance programs; and revisions to the congressional consultation process. Congress faces a difficult challenge given the number of trade negotiations, including the WTO Doha Round and bilateral agreements with South Korea, Malaysia, and Panama, among others, that are close to being concluded before TPA expires. Congress can choose among various options: no action; temporary extension; revision and renewal; permanent authority; or some hybrid solution. How this issue plays out depends on a host of variables, including the status of uncompleted negotiations, the economic effects of pursuing trade liberalization as perceived by various stakeholders, the political will to compromise between the Bush Administration and Congress, and the willingness and ability of the 110th Congress, with its new Members and majority, to craft a bipartisan solution. This report will be updated as events warrant.


Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) by :

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA -- formerly fast track) is set to expire. TPA is the authority Congress grants to the President to enter into certain trade agreements, and to have their implementing bills considered under expedited legislative procedures, provided he observes certain statutory obligations in negotiating them. TPA allows Congress to exercise its constitutional authority over trade, while giving the President added negotiating leverage by effectively assuring U.S. trade partners that final agreements are given swift and unamended consideration. President Bush formally requested TPA renewal on January 31, 2007. TPA reflects years of debate, cooperation, and compromise between Congress and the Executive Branch. Congress has express constitutional authority to impose duties and regulate foreign commerce, while the President has the sole authority to negotiate international agreements and exerts broad power over U.S. foreign policy. TPA arose from a pragmatic need to accommodate these authorities in the conduct of U.S. trade policy, as well as address concerns that constituent pressures can often lead to poor trade policy decisions. The "Smoot-Hawley" Tariff Act of 1930, for example, raised tariffs significantly, diminishing trade and prolonging the Great Depression. In response, Congress in 1934 delegated to the President authority to implement "pre-approved" reductions in tariff rates. TPA evolved in 1974 from this precedent to allow the President to enter into non-tariff barrier (NTB) agreements, provided he observes congressional negotiating requirements set out in the statute. The core provisions of the fast track legislative procedures have remained unchanged since first enacted, although Congress has expanded trade negotiation objectives, oversight, and presidential notification requirements. While early versions of fast track/TPA received broad bipartisan support, renewal efforts became increasingly controversial as fears grew over the perceived negative effects of trade, and as the trade debate became more partisan in nature, culminating in a largely party-line vote on the 2002 renewal. The current renewal debate is centered on the broad effects of trade on the United States, with an emphasis on at least four specific issues: stronger labor and environment provisions; stricter enforcement of trade agreements; enhanced adjustment and assistance programs; and revisions to the congressional consultation process. Congress faces a difficult challenge given the number of trade negotiations, including the WTO Doha Round and bilateral agreements with South Korea, Malaysia, and Panama, among others, that are close to being concluded before TPA expires. Congress can choose among various options: no action; temporary extension; revision and renewal; permanent authority; or some hybrid solution. How this issue plays out depends on a host of variables, including the status of uncompleted negotiations, the economic effects of pursuing trade liberalization as perceived by various stakeholders, the political will to compromise between the Bush Administration and Congress, and the willingness and ability of the 110th Congress, with its new Members and majority, to craft a bipartisan solution. This report will be updated as events warrant.


Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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This report is a brief overview of key issues addressed in CRS Report RL33864, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal: Core Labor Standards Issues. Trade promotion authority (TPA), formerly known as "fast-track" authority, is scheduled to expire July 1, 2007. With it will expire the President's authority to negotiate trade agreements that Congress will then consider without amendment and with limited debate. For the 110th Congress, a likely issue in this debate is whether to include enforceable core labor standards as a principal negotiating objective in trade agreements. Accordingly, this report (1) identifies key labor provisions in the current TPA law and how they have translated into free trade agreements negotiated under it; (2) presents some legislative options, and summarizes arguments for and against listing enforceable core labor standards as a principal negotiating objective; and (3) looks at possible outcomes and implications of the legislative options. This report will be updated as events warrant.


Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal by :

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is a brief overview of key issues addressed in CRS Report RL33864, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal: Core Labor Standards Issues. Trade promotion authority (TPA), formerly known as "fast-track" authority, is scheduled to expire July 1, 2007. With it will expire the President's authority to negotiate trade agreements that Congress will then consider without amendment and with limited debate. For the 110th Congress, a likely issue in this debate is whether to include enforceable core labor standards as a principal negotiating objective in trade agreements. Accordingly, this report (1) identifies key labor provisions in the current TPA law and how they have translated into free trade agreements negotiated under it; (2) presents some legislative options, and summarizes arguments for and against listing enforceable core labor standards as a principal negotiating objective; and (3) looks at possible outcomes and implications of the legislative options. This report will be updated as events warrant.


Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)

Author: William H. Cooper

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 2

ISBN-13:

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Book Synopsis Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) by : William H. Cooper

Download or read book Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) written by William H. Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: