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In the early nineteenth century the theory and practice of translation received special attention in Italy, a country that was still trying to define itself. Translation, particularly from English, became a means of enriching the Italian language, culture and literature, laying the foundations for the construction of a new national identity.
Book Synopsis Translating Italy for the Nineteenth Century by : Mirella Agorni
Download or read book Translating Italy for the Nineteenth Century written by Mirella Agorni and published by Linguistic Insights. This book was released on 2021-10-28 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early nineteenth century the theory and practice of translation received special attention in Italy, a country that was still trying to define itself. Translation, particularly from English, became a means of enriching the Italian language, culture and literature, laying the foundations for the construction of a new national identity.
Translating Italy in the Eighteenth Century offers a historical analysis of the role played by translation in that complex redefinition of women's writing that was taking place in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century. It investigates the ways in which women writers managed to appropriate images of Italy and adapt them to their own purposes in a period which covers the 'moral turn' in women's writing in the 1740s and foreshadows the Romantic interest in Italy at the end of the century. A brief survey of translations produced by women in the period 1730-1799 provides an overview of the genres favoured by women translators, such as the moral novel, sentimental play and a type of conduct literature of a distinctively 'proto-feminist' character. Elizabeth Carter's translation of Francesco Algarotti's II Newtonianesimo per le Dame (1739) is one of the best examples of the latter kind of texts. A close reading of the English translation indicates a 'proto-feminist' exploitation of the myth of Italian women's cultural prestige. Another genre increasingly accessible to women, namely travel writing, confirms this female interest in Italy. Female travellers who visited Italy in the second half of the century, such as Hester Piozzi, observed the state of women's education through the lenses provided by Carter. Piozzi's image of Italy, a paradoxical mixture of imagination and realistic observation, became a powerful symbolic source, which enabled the fictional image of a modern, relatively egalitarian British society to take shape.
Book Synopsis Translating Italy for the Eighteenth Century by : Mirella Agorni
Download or read book Translating Italy for the Eighteenth Century written by Mirella Agorni and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translating Italy in the Eighteenth Century offers a historical analysis of the role played by translation in that complex redefinition of women's writing that was taking place in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century. It investigates the ways in which women writers managed to appropriate images of Italy and adapt them to their own purposes in a period which covers the 'moral turn' in women's writing in the 1740s and foreshadows the Romantic interest in Italy at the end of the century. A brief survey of translations produced by women in the period 1730-1799 provides an overview of the genres favoured by women translators, such as the moral novel, sentimental play and a type of conduct literature of a distinctively 'proto-feminist' character. Elizabeth Carter's translation of Francesco Algarotti's II Newtonianesimo per le Dame (1739) is one of the best examples of the latter kind of texts. A close reading of the English translation indicates a 'proto-feminist' exploitation of the myth of Italian women's cultural prestige. Another genre increasingly accessible to women, namely travel writing, confirms this female interest in Italy. Female travellers who visited Italy in the second half of the century, such as Hester Piozzi, observed the state of women's education through the lenses provided by Carter. Piozzi's image of Italy, a paradoxical mixture of imagination and realistic observation, became a powerful symbolic source, which enabled the fictional image of a modern, relatively egalitarian British society to take shape.
This book provides an in-depth study of translation and translators in nineteenth-century Ireland, using translation history to widen our understanding of cultural exchange in the period. It paints a new picture of a transnational Ireland in contact with Europe, offering fresh perspectives on the historical, political and cultural debates of the era. Employing contemporary translation theories and applying them to Ireland’s socio-historical past, the author offers novel insights on a large range of disciplines relating to the country, such as religion, gender, authorship and nationalism. She maps out new ways of understanding the impact of translation in society and re-examines assumptions about the place of language and Europe in nineteenth-century Ireland. By focusing on a period of significant linguistic and societal change, she questions the creative, conflictual and hegemonic energies unleashed by translations. This book will therefore be of interest to those working in Translation Studies, Irish Studies, History, Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies.
Book Synopsis Translation and Language in Nineteenth-Century Ireland by : Anne O’Connor
Download or read book Translation and Language in Nineteenth-Century Ireland written by Anne O’Connor and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an in-depth study of translation and translators in nineteenth-century Ireland, using translation history to widen our understanding of cultural exchange in the period. It paints a new picture of a transnational Ireland in contact with Europe, offering fresh perspectives on the historical, political and cultural debates of the era. Employing contemporary translation theories and applying them to Ireland’s socio-historical past, the author offers novel insights on a large range of disciplines relating to the country, such as religion, gender, authorship and nationalism. She maps out new ways of understanding the impact of translation in society and re-examines assumptions about the place of language and Europe in nineteenth-century Ireland. By focusing on a period of significant linguistic and societal change, she questions the creative, conflictual and hegemonic energies unleashed by translations. This book will therefore be of interest to those working in Translation Studies, Irish Studies, History, Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies.
MACHINE GENERATED CONTENTS NOTE: PART 1 TRADING AMERICA: CIRCULATION OF IDENTITIES, GOODS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES: Re-Translating America's Words: A View from Beyond / Mario Corona -- Fun in the Cup: From the Italian Espresso Bar to the Globalized "Starbucks Experience" / Eva-Sabine Zehelein -- Disneyland in Europe: Or, How to Translate "Cultural Chernobyl" into Cultural Shock "Therapy"/ Simona Sangiorgi -- Mainscreening America: Cultural Translation in US TV Series/ Gianna Fusco -- Foreign Route of Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire, 1949-2009/ Alessandro Clericuzio -- La linea della palma in Brooklyn: Sicily and Sicilian America in Alberto Lattuada's Mafioso/ Francesca De Lucia -- PART 2 RE-WRITING STORIES ACROSS THE MEDIA: Coloniality, Performance, Translation: The Embodied Public Sphere in Early America/ Elizabeth Maddock Dillon -- Left in Translation: Mirror Images of Italy and America in the Italian TV Version of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Marble Faun/ Valerio Massimo De Angelis -- Transformation of Wilderness from the Aesthetic of the Sublime to the Aesthetic of Life: Into the Wild as a Palimpsest of the American Myth of Nature/ Paola Loreto -- Eternal Frame: Photographs, Fiction, and Falling Men in Don DeLillo and Jonathan Safran Foer/ Francesco Pontuale -- In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Art Spiegelman's Representation of Trauma in the Comic-Book Form/ Stefania Porcelli -- Translating Comics into Literature and Vice Versa: Intersections between Comics and Non-Graphic Narratives in the United States/ Paolo Simonetti -- PART 3 LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION BETWEEN THE US AND ITALY: Never-Finished Job: Translating H.D.'s Trilogy into Italian/ Marina Camboni -- Translating with an Accent: The Importance of Sound, Orality and History in the Works of Italian American Women Poets/ Elisabetta Marino -- Between God(fathers) and Good(fellas): To Kill, To Slur, To Eat in Tony Soprano's Words/ Cinzia Scarpino -- PART 4 POLITICAL AND CULTURAL MODELS ACROSS THE ATLANTIC: "Let Trade Be as Free as Air:" The "Liberal" American Revolution and the Early State-Building/ Matteo Battistini -- Conservative Translation of European Classical Liberalism: William Graham Sumner's Thought in Late Nineteenth-Century America/ Gabriele Rosso -- Ethnic Press and the Translation of the US Political System for Italian Immigrants in the United States, 1924-1941/ Stefano Luconi -- Against the Stream: American-European Transnational Contacts During the Nazi Years. A Labor Perspective/ Catherine Collomp -- Translating Italian Americanness in Martin Scorsese's GoodFellas/ Fulvio Orsitto. Publisher's note.
Book Synopsis Translating America by : Associazione italiana di studi nord-americani
Download or read book Translating America written by Associazione italiana di studi nord-americani and published by Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MACHINE GENERATED CONTENTS NOTE: PART 1 TRADING AMERICA: CIRCULATION OF IDENTITIES, GOODS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES: Re-Translating America's Words: A View from Beyond / Mario Corona -- Fun in the Cup: From the Italian Espresso Bar to the Globalized "Starbucks Experience" / Eva-Sabine Zehelein -- Disneyland in Europe: Or, How to Translate "Cultural Chernobyl" into Cultural Shock "Therapy"/ Simona Sangiorgi -- Mainscreening America: Cultural Translation in US TV Series/ Gianna Fusco -- Foreign Route of Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire, 1949-2009/ Alessandro Clericuzio -- La linea della palma in Brooklyn: Sicily and Sicilian America in Alberto Lattuada's Mafioso/ Francesca De Lucia -- PART 2 RE-WRITING STORIES ACROSS THE MEDIA: Coloniality, Performance, Translation: The Embodied Public Sphere in Early America/ Elizabeth Maddock Dillon -- Left in Translation: Mirror Images of Italy and America in the Italian TV Version of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Marble Faun/ Valerio Massimo De Angelis -- Transformation of Wilderness from the Aesthetic of the Sublime to the Aesthetic of Life: Into the Wild as a Palimpsest of the American Myth of Nature/ Paola Loreto -- Eternal Frame: Photographs, Fiction, and Falling Men in Don DeLillo and Jonathan Safran Foer/ Francesco Pontuale -- In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Art Spiegelman's Representation of Trauma in the Comic-Book Form/ Stefania Porcelli -- Translating Comics into Literature and Vice Versa: Intersections between Comics and Non-Graphic Narratives in the United States/ Paolo Simonetti -- PART 3 LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION BETWEEN THE US AND ITALY: Never-Finished Job: Translating H.D.'s Trilogy into Italian/ Marina Camboni -- Translating with an Accent: The Importance of Sound, Orality and History in the Works of Italian American Women Poets/ Elisabetta Marino -- Between God(fathers) and Good(fellas): To Kill, To Slur, To Eat in Tony Soprano's Words/ Cinzia Scarpino -- PART 4 POLITICAL AND CULTURAL MODELS ACROSS THE ATLANTIC: "Let Trade Be as Free as Air:" The "Liberal" American Revolution and the Early State-Building/ Matteo Battistini -- Conservative Translation of European Classical Liberalism: William Graham Sumner's Thought in Late Nineteenth-Century America/ Gabriele Rosso -- Ethnic Press and the Translation of the US Political System for Italian Immigrants in the United States, 1924-1941/ Stefano Luconi -- Against the Stream: American-European Transnational Contacts During the Nazi Years. A Labor Perspective/ Catherine Collomp -- Translating Italian Americanness in Martin Scorsese's GoodFellas/ Fulvio Orsitto. Publisher's note.
Medieval Italy gathers together an unparalleled selection of newly translated primary sources from the central and later Middle Ages, a period during which Italy was famous for its diverse cultural landscape of urban towers and fortified castles, the spirituality of Saints Francis and Clare, and the vernacular poetry of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. The texts highlight the continuities with the medieval Latin West while simultaneously emphasizing the ways in which Italy was exceptional, particularly for its cities that drove Mediterranean trade, its new communal forms of government, the impact of the papacy's temporal claims on the central peninsula, and the richly textured religious life of the mainland and its islands. A unique feature of this volume is its incorporation of the southern part of the peninsula and Sicily—the glittering Norman court at Palermo, the multicultural emporium of the south, and the kingdoms of Frederick II—into a larger narrative of Italian history. Including Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, and Lombard sources, the documents speak in ethnically and religiously differentiated voices, while providing wider chronological and geographical coverage than previously available. Rich in interdisciplinary texts and organized to enable the reader to focus by specific region, topic, or period, this is a volume that will be an essential resource for anyone with a professional or private interest in the history, religion, literature, politics, and built environment of Italy from ca. 1000 to 1400.
Book Synopsis Medieval Italy by : Katherine L. Jansen
Download or read book Medieval Italy written by Katherine L. Jansen and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medieval Italy gathers together an unparalleled selection of newly translated primary sources from the central and later Middle Ages, a period during which Italy was famous for its diverse cultural landscape of urban towers and fortified castles, the spirituality of Saints Francis and Clare, and the vernacular poetry of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. The texts highlight the continuities with the medieval Latin West while simultaneously emphasizing the ways in which Italy was exceptional, particularly for its cities that drove Mediterranean trade, its new communal forms of government, the impact of the papacy's temporal claims on the central peninsula, and the richly textured religious life of the mainland and its islands. A unique feature of this volume is its incorporation of the southern part of the peninsula and Sicily—the glittering Norman court at Palermo, the multicultural emporium of the south, and the kingdoms of Frederick II—into a larger narrative of Italian history. Including Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, and Lombard sources, the documents speak in ethnically and religiously differentiated voices, while providing wider chronological and geographical coverage than previously available. Rich in interdisciplinary texts and organized to enable the reader to focus by specific region, topic, or period, this is a volume that will be an essential resource for anyone with a professional or private interest in the history, religion, literature, politics, and built environment of Italy from ca. 1000 to 1400.
This bibliography lists English-language translations of twentieth-century Italian literature published chiefly in book form between 1929 and 1997, encompassing fiction, poetry, plays, screenplays, librettos, journals and diaries, and correspondence.
Book Synopsis Twentieth-century Italian Literature in English Translation by : Robin Healey
Download or read book Twentieth-century Italian Literature in English Translation written by Robin Healey and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This bibliography lists English-language translations of twentieth-century Italian literature published chiefly in book form between 1929 and 1997, encompassing fiction, poetry, plays, screenplays, librettos, journals and diaries, and correspondence.
This interdisciplinary, transhistorical collection brings together international scholars from English literature, Italian studies, performance history, and comparative literature to offer new perspectives on the vibrant engagements between Shakespeare and Italian theatre, literary culture, and politics, from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century. Chapters address the intricate, two-way exchange between Shakespeare and Italy: how the artistic and intellectual culture of Renaissance Italy shaped Shakespeare’s drama in his own time, and how the afterlife of Shakespeare’s work and reputation in Italy since the eighteenth century has permeated Italian drama, poetry, opera, novels, and film. Responding to exciting recent scholarship on Shakespeare and Italy, as well as transnational theatre, this volume moves beyond conventional source study and familiar questions about influence, location, and adaptation to propose instead a new, evolving paradigm of cultural interchange. Essays in this volume, ranging in methodology from archival research to repertory study, are unified by an interest in how Shakespeare’s works represent and enact exchanges across the linguistic, cultural, and political boundaries separating England and Italy. Arranged chronologically, chapters address historically-contingent cultural negotiations: from networks, intertextual dialogues, and exchanges of ideas and people in the early modern period to questions of authenticity and formations of Italian cultural and national identity in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. They also explore problems of originality and ownership in twentieth- and twenty-first-century translations of Shakespeare’s works, and new settings and new media in highly personalized revisions that often make a paradoxical return to earlier origins. This book captures, defines, and explains these lively, shifting currents of cultural interchange.
Book Synopsis Shakespeare, Italy, and Transnational Exchange by : Enza De Francisci
Download or read book Shakespeare, Italy, and Transnational Exchange written by Enza De Francisci and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-05-12 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interdisciplinary, transhistorical collection brings together international scholars from English literature, Italian studies, performance history, and comparative literature to offer new perspectives on the vibrant engagements between Shakespeare and Italian theatre, literary culture, and politics, from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century. Chapters address the intricate, two-way exchange between Shakespeare and Italy: how the artistic and intellectual culture of Renaissance Italy shaped Shakespeare’s drama in his own time, and how the afterlife of Shakespeare’s work and reputation in Italy since the eighteenth century has permeated Italian drama, poetry, opera, novels, and film. Responding to exciting recent scholarship on Shakespeare and Italy, as well as transnational theatre, this volume moves beyond conventional source study and familiar questions about influence, location, and adaptation to propose instead a new, evolving paradigm of cultural interchange. Essays in this volume, ranging in methodology from archival research to repertory study, are unified by an interest in how Shakespeare’s works represent and enact exchanges across the linguistic, cultural, and political boundaries separating England and Italy. Arranged chronologically, chapters address historically-contingent cultural negotiations: from networks, intertextual dialogues, and exchanges of ideas and people in the early modern period to questions of authenticity and formations of Italian cultural and national identity in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. They also explore problems of originality and ownership in twentieth- and twenty-first-century translations of Shakespeare’s works, and new settings and new media in highly personalized revisions that often make a paradoxical return to earlier origins. This book captures, defines, and explains these lively, shifting currents of cultural interchange.
Translating Travel examines the relationship between travel writing and translation, asking what happens when books travel beyond the narrow confines of one genre, one literary system and one culture. The volume takes as its starting point the marginal position of contemporary Italian travel writing in the Italian literary system, and proposes a comparative reading of originals and translations designed to highlight the varying reception of texts in different cultures. Two main themes in the book are the affinity between the representations produced by travel and the practices of translation, and the complex links between travel writing and genres such as ethnography, journalism, autobiography and fiction. Individual chapters are devoted to Italian travellers' accounts of Tibet and their English translations; the hybridization of journalism and travel writing in the works of Oriana Fallaci; Italo Calvino's sublimation of travel writing in the stylized fiction of Le città invisibili; and the complex network of literary references which marked the reception of Claudio Magris's Danubio in different cultures.
Book Synopsis Translating Travel by : Loredana Polezzi
Download or read book Translating Travel written by Loredana Polezzi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translating Travel examines the relationship between travel writing and translation, asking what happens when books travel beyond the narrow confines of one genre, one literary system and one culture. The volume takes as its starting point the marginal position of contemporary Italian travel writing in the Italian literary system, and proposes a comparative reading of originals and translations designed to highlight the varying reception of texts in different cultures. Two main themes in the book are the affinity between the representations produced by travel and the practices of translation, and the complex links between travel writing and genres such as ethnography, journalism, autobiography and fiction. Individual chapters are devoted to Italian travellers' accounts of Tibet and their English translations; the hybridization of journalism and travel writing in the works of Oriana Fallaci; Italo Calvino's sublimation of travel writing in the stylized fiction of Le città invisibili; and the complex network of literary references which marked the reception of Claudio Magris's Danubio in different cultures.
When America began to emerge as a world power at the end of the nineteenth century, Italy was a young nation, recently unified. The technological advances brought about by electricity and the combustion engine were vastly speeding up the capacity of news, ideas, and artefacts to travel internationally. Furthermore, improved literacy and social reforms had produced an Italian working class with increased time, money, and education. At the turn of the century, if Italy's ruling elite continued the tradition of viewing Paris as a model of sophistication and good taste, millions of lowly-educated Italians began to dream of America, and many bought a transatlantic ticket to migrate there. By the 1920s, Italians were encountering America through Hollywood films and, thanks to illustrated magazines, they were mesmerised by the sight of Manhattan's futuristic skyline and by news of American lifestyle. The USA offered a model of modernity which flouted national borders and spoke to all. It could be snubbed, adored, or transformed for one's personal use, but it could not be ignored. Perversely, Italy was by then in the hands of a totalitarian dictatorship, Mussolini's Fascism. What were the effects of the nationalistic policies and campaigns aimed at protecting Italians from this supposedly pernicious foreign influence? What did Mussolini think of America? Why were jazz, American literature, and comics so popular, even as the USA became Italy's political enemy? America in Italian Culture provides a scholarly and captivating narrative of this epochal shift in Italian culture.
Book Synopsis America in Italian Culture by : Guido Bonsaver
Download or read book America in Italian Culture written by Guido Bonsaver and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-15 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When America began to emerge as a world power at the end of the nineteenth century, Italy was a young nation, recently unified. The technological advances brought about by electricity and the combustion engine were vastly speeding up the capacity of news, ideas, and artefacts to travel internationally. Furthermore, improved literacy and social reforms had produced an Italian working class with increased time, money, and education. At the turn of the century, if Italy's ruling elite continued the tradition of viewing Paris as a model of sophistication and good taste, millions of lowly-educated Italians began to dream of America, and many bought a transatlantic ticket to migrate there. By the 1920s, Italians were encountering America through Hollywood films and, thanks to illustrated magazines, they were mesmerised by the sight of Manhattan's futuristic skyline and by news of American lifestyle. The USA offered a model of modernity which flouted national borders and spoke to all. It could be snubbed, adored, or transformed for one's personal use, but it could not be ignored. Perversely, Italy was by then in the hands of a totalitarian dictatorship, Mussolini's Fascism. What were the effects of the nationalistic policies and campaigns aimed at protecting Italians from this supposedly pernicious foreign influence? What did Mussolini think of America? Why were jazz, American literature, and comics so popular, even as the USA became Italy's political enemy? America in Italian Culture provides a scholarly and captivating narrative of this epochal shift in Italian culture.
This book presents and analyses twelve different writings from 19th century Italian literature on the topic of translation. With the exception of their original publication and some earlier reissues, these texts have never been republished in the 20th or 21st centuries and have remained in the shadows for about two centuries. Nevertheless, they provide a very important testimony to the lively interest in translation and the debate that characterized this specific period of Italian literary culture. The few international studies that deal with 19th century theoretical reflection on translation in Italy often focus only on some scattered contributions of a few influential writers (e.g. Leopardi and Foscolo). In this regard, this book could spark new investigations on the subject. While it is commonly thought that reflections on translation during the century analysed in this book came almost exclusively from Germany, France, and England, the debate on this topic was alive and well in Italy during that time and produced many interesting original ideas. Some of the topics discussed by the authors presented here, such as language hospitality, foreign translation, authorial translation, importance of translation in the receiving culture, among others, are presented in an original way that anticipates twentieth-century reflection. Above all, they demonstrate Italian intellectuals’ awareness of the observations on translation originating from other time periods and nations. Although studies on the theory of translation in Italy are often hoped for, they are still rare and undeveloped, and have yet to examine the texts published in this book. The academic awareness of the origins of translation studies in other countries, on the other hand, is more advanced. This book aims to be among these studies.
Book Synopsis The Hidden Reflection by : Dr Francesco Laurenti
Download or read book The Hidden Reflection written by Dr Francesco Laurenti and published by Chartridge Books Oxford. This book was released on 2018-03-22 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents and analyses twelve different writings from 19th century Italian literature on the topic of translation. With the exception of their original publication and some earlier reissues, these texts have never been republished in the 20th or 21st centuries and have remained in the shadows for about two centuries. Nevertheless, they provide a very important testimony to the lively interest in translation and the debate that characterized this specific period of Italian literary culture. The few international studies that deal with 19th century theoretical reflection on translation in Italy often focus only on some scattered contributions of a few influential writers (e.g. Leopardi and Foscolo). In this regard, this book could spark new investigations on the subject. While it is commonly thought that reflections on translation during the century analysed in this book came almost exclusively from Germany, France, and England, the debate on this topic was alive and well in Italy during that time and produced many interesting original ideas. Some of the topics discussed by the authors presented here, such as language hospitality, foreign translation, authorial translation, importance of translation in the receiving culture, among others, are presented in an original way that anticipates twentieth-century reflection. Above all, they demonstrate Italian intellectuals’ awareness of the observations on translation originating from other time periods and nations. Although studies on the theory of translation in Italy are often hoped for, they are still rare and undeveloped, and have yet to examine the texts published in this book. The academic awareness of the origins of translation studies in other countries, on the other hand, is more advanced. This book aims to be among these studies.
