What is a Compound? Stress in English Noun-Plus-Noun Constructions

What is a Compound? Stress in English Noun-Plus-Noun Constructions

Author: Sebastian Just

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2023-04-26

Total Pages: 17

ISBN-13: 3346861724

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Essay from the year 2020 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Humboldt-University of Berlin (Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik), course: Word Formation, language: English, abstract: The question, whether a construction consisting of two or more nouns can automatically be considered a compound has been subject to discussion amongst many linguists. The topic seems to be of particular importance because it sheds some light on the relationship between morphology and syntax in the English language. The Cambridge Dictionary defines a compound as “a word that combines two or more different words“, which at first glance implies that a construction of two nouns can always be considered a compound. In fact, the matter linguists are discordant about is whether all noun-plus-noun (N+N) construction can be considered morphological compounds – or in other words – if all compounds are derived from the lexicon and not also from the syntax. The main criterion, which the articles trying to solve this issue use as a basis of argumentation, is stress. More precisely, it is examined whether the first or the final constituent of the construction is emphasized. To further examine this topic, I want to put in contrast two texts which are each based on a different view. At first I will look at “Compounding and stress in English: A closer look at the boundary between morphology and syntax“ by Susan Olsen, which was published in the German linguistic journal Linguistische Berichte in 2000. The second text will be “Compound or phrase? English noun-plus-noun constructions and the stress criterion“ by Heinz J. Giegerich, an article first published in the international linguistic journal English Language and Linguistics in 2004. The purpose is to determine whether the two perceptions are completely dissenting or if some accordance can be found in certain arguments.


Book Synopsis What is a Compound? Stress in English Noun-Plus-Noun Constructions by : Sebastian Just

Download or read book What is a Compound? Stress in English Noun-Plus-Noun Constructions written by Sebastian Just and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2023-04-26 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2020 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Humboldt-University of Berlin (Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik), course: Word Formation, language: English, abstract: The question, whether a construction consisting of two or more nouns can automatically be considered a compound has been subject to discussion amongst many linguists. The topic seems to be of particular importance because it sheds some light on the relationship between morphology and syntax in the English language. The Cambridge Dictionary defines a compound as “a word that combines two or more different words“, which at first glance implies that a construction of two nouns can always be considered a compound. In fact, the matter linguists are discordant about is whether all noun-plus-noun (N+N) construction can be considered morphological compounds – or in other words – if all compounds are derived from the lexicon and not also from the syntax. The main criterion, which the articles trying to solve this issue use as a basis of argumentation, is stress. More precisely, it is examined whether the first or the final constituent of the construction is emphasized. To further examine this topic, I want to put in contrast two texts which are each based on a different view. At first I will look at “Compounding and stress in English: A closer look at the boundary between morphology and syntax“ by Susan Olsen, which was published in the German linguistic journal Linguistische Berichte in 2000. The second text will be “Compound or phrase? English noun-plus-noun constructions and the stress criterion“ by Heinz J. Giegerich, an article first published in the international linguistic journal English Language and Linguistics in 2004. The purpose is to determine whether the two perceptions are completely dissenting or if some accordance can be found in certain arguments.

Compound Stress in English

Compound Stress in English

Author: Gero Kunter

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 241

ISBN-13: 3110254697

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While it has long been noted that the first element of most, but not of all English nominal compounds is perceptually most prominent (e.g. TABLE cloth vs. paper CUP), a principled empirical investigation of the acoustics, perception, and the phonological distribution of these two prominence patterns has been missing. Using a corpus of spoken language, the current volume presents the first thorough and detailed investigation of these areas, while also introducing several methodological and statistical innovations to the field.


Book Synopsis Compound Stress in English by : Gero Kunter

Download or read book Compound Stress in English written by Gero Kunter and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While it has long been noted that the first element of most, but not of all English nominal compounds is perceptually most prominent (e.g. TABLE cloth vs. paper CUP), a principled empirical investigation of the acoustics, perception, and the phonological distribution of these two prominence patterns has been missing. Using a corpus of spoken language, the current volume presents the first thorough and detailed investigation of these areas, while also introducing several methodological and statistical innovations to the field.

The Noun Phrase and the Generative Lexicon

The Noun Phrase and the Generative Lexicon

Author: Ionela Ganea

Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Published: 2024-05-09

Total Pages: 139

ISBN-13: 1036404919

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This paper presents a semantico-syntactic description of the noun phrase from a new perspective, that of the generative lexicon. The analysis proposed by the author highlights the advantages that this theory offers for refining the description of the noun phrase. The study demonstrates the way in which certain semantic structures within the head-noun or the dependents (as identified by the generative lexicon) explain certain phrase formations or constrain their scope. From this point of view, the paper delves into the way in which the semantics of the words within a noun phrase influence the syntax of the whole noun phrase. The result is a bold, well-defined and highly useful proposal for a comprehensive grammar of the noun phrase from a lexicalist-generativist perspective that could be extended to other phrases or syntactic configurations. The book will be a useful tool for linguists, researchers, teachers and students in philology who are interested in semantics. The usefulness of this field of investigation resides in the fact that it does not apply to a single language, but it can be applied to all existing languages.


Book Synopsis The Noun Phrase and the Generative Lexicon by : Ionela Ganea

Download or read book The Noun Phrase and the Generative Lexicon written by Ionela Ganea and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2024-05-09 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents a semantico-syntactic description of the noun phrase from a new perspective, that of the generative lexicon. The analysis proposed by the author highlights the advantages that this theory offers for refining the description of the noun phrase. The study demonstrates the way in which certain semantic structures within the head-noun or the dependents (as identified by the generative lexicon) explain certain phrase formations or constrain their scope. From this point of view, the paper delves into the way in which the semantics of the words within a noun phrase influence the syntax of the whole noun phrase. The result is a bold, well-defined and highly useful proposal for a comprehensive grammar of the noun phrase from a lexicalist-generativist perspective that could be extended to other phrases or syntactic configurations. The book will be a useful tool for linguists, researchers, teachers and students in philology who are interested in semantics. The usefulness of this field of investigation resides in the fact that it does not apply to a single language, but it can be applied to all existing languages.

Expanding the Lexicon

Expanding the Lexicon

Author: Sabine Arndt-Lappe

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2018-01-22

Total Pages: 310

ISBN-13: 3110498162

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The creation of new lexical units and patterns has been studied in different research frameworks, focusing on either system-internal or system-external aspects, from which no comprehensive view has emerged. The volume aims to fill this gap by studying dynamic processes in the lexicon – understood in a wide sense as not being necessarily limited to the word level – by bringing together approaches directed to morphological productivity as well as approaches analyzing general types of lexical innovation and the role of discourse-related factors. The papers deal with ongoing changes as well as with historical processes of change in different languages and reflect on patterns and specific subtypes of lexical innovation as well as on their external conditions and the speakers’ motivations for innovating. Moreover, the diffusion and conventionalization of innovations will be addressed. In this way, the volume contributes to understanding the complex interplay of structural, cognitive and functional factors in the lexicon as a highly dynamic domain.


Book Synopsis Expanding the Lexicon by : Sabine Arndt-Lappe

Download or read book Expanding the Lexicon written by Sabine Arndt-Lappe and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-01-22 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The creation of new lexical units and patterns has been studied in different research frameworks, focusing on either system-internal or system-external aspects, from which no comprehensive view has emerged. The volume aims to fill this gap by studying dynamic processes in the lexicon – understood in a wide sense as not being necessarily limited to the word level – by bringing together approaches directed to morphological productivity as well as approaches analyzing general types of lexical innovation and the role of discourse-related factors. The papers deal with ongoing changes as well as with historical processes of change in different languages and reflect on patterns and specific subtypes of lexical innovation as well as on their external conditions and the speakers’ motivations for innovating. Moreover, the diffusion and conventionalization of innovations will be addressed. In this way, the volume contributes to understanding the complex interplay of structural, cognitive and functional factors in the lexicon as a highly dynamic domain.

Memorization and the Compound-Phrase Distinction

Memorization and the Compound-Phrase Distinction

Author: Marcel Schlechtweg

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2018-01-09

Total Pages: 310

ISBN-13: 3110568675

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Over the last decades, it has been hotly debated whether and how compounds, i.e. word-formations, and phrases differ from each other. The book discusses this issue by investigating compounds and phrases from a structural, semantic-functional and, crucially, cognitive perspective. The analysis focuses on compounds and phrases that are composed of either an adjective and a noun or two nouns in German, French and English. Having distinguished compounds from phrases on structural and semantic-functional grounds, the author claims that compounds are by their nature more appropriate to be stored in the mental lexicon than phrases and supports his argument with empirical evidence from new psycholinguistic studies. In sum, the book maintains the separation between compounds and phrases and reflects upon its cognitive consequences.


Book Synopsis Memorization and the Compound-Phrase Distinction by : Marcel Schlechtweg

Download or read book Memorization and the Compound-Phrase Distinction written by Marcel Schlechtweg and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-01-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decades, it has been hotly debated whether and how compounds, i.e. word-formations, and phrases differ from each other. The book discusses this issue by investigating compounds and phrases from a structural, semantic-functional and, crucially, cognitive perspective. The analysis focuses on compounds and phrases that are composed of either an adjective and a noun or two nouns in German, French and English. Having distinguished compounds from phrases on structural and semantic-functional grounds, the author claims that compounds are by their nature more appropriate to be stored in the mental lexicon than phrases and supports his argument with empirical evidence from new psycholinguistic studies. In sum, the book maintains the separation between compounds and phrases and reflects upon its cognitive consequences.

Lexical Structures

Lexical Structures

Author: Heinz J Giegerich

Publisher: Edinburgh University Press

Published: 2015-09-30

Total Pages: 192

ISBN-13: 0748630554

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An original study of both structural entitiesoriginating in the lexicon, and the structural characteristics of thelexicon as a module of formal grammar, this book makes two contributions toour understanding of the formal grammar of English. Firstly, it presents acoherent theory of 'compounding' in English. There is a long-standingbut unresolved dispute in the literature as to whether certain constructions(e.g. LONDON ROAD, DENTAL TREATMENT) are compound words or syntacticphrases. The question is important because in other cases the distinction isclear-cut (RING ROAD, FREE TREATMENT respectively), and because it impingeson central assumptions regarding the organisation of the grammar.Secondly,the book suggests an alternative to the commonly assumed sharp division ofthe grammar into the 'lexicon' and the 'syntax'. The lexicon-syntaxdistinction facilitates important new insights in the nature of compoundingin English. However, Heinz Giegerich argues that the Lexicalist assumptionof a sharp divide between the modules cannot be upheld: the two modulesoverlap, such that there are constructions in English that aresimultaneously compound and phrase. He suggests an alternative, tripartite,structure comprising three successive, and significantly overlapping,modules: the lexicon proper, the morphology and the syntax.The bookillustrates a grammar that is rather different from that envisaged inLexicalism (while still retaining that theory's basic insights) andprovides a better understanding of some of the most recalcitrant problems inEnglish word formation.


Book Synopsis Lexical Structures by : Heinz J Giegerich

Download or read book Lexical Structures written by Heinz J Giegerich and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An original study of both structural entitiesoriginating in the lexicon, and the structural characteristics of thelexicon as a module of formal grammar, this book makes two contributions toour understanding of the formal grammar of English. Firstly, it presents acoherent theory of 'compounding' in English. There is a long-standingbut unresolved dispute in the literature as to whether certain constructions(e.g. LONDON ROAD, DENTAL TREATMENT) are compound words or syntacticphrases. The question is important because in other cases the distinction isclear-cut (RING ROAD, FREE TREATMENT respectively), and because it impingeson central assumptions regarding the organisation of the grammar.Secondly,the book suggests an alternative to the commonly assumed sharp division ofthe grammar into the 'lexicon' and the 'syntax'. The lexicon-syntaxdistinction facilitates important new insights in the nature of compoundingin English. However, Heinz Giegerich argues that the Lexicalist assumptionof a sharp divide between the modules cannot be upheld: the two modulesoverlap, such that there are constructions in English that aresimultaneously compound and phrase. He suggests an alternative, tripartite,structure comprising three successive, and significantly overlapping,modules: the lexicon proper, the morphology and the syntax.The bookillustrates a grammar that is rather different from that envisaged inLexicalism (while still retaining that theory's basic insights) andprovides a better understanding of some of the most recalcitrant problems inEnglish word formation.

Morphology and its Interfaces

Morphology and its Interfaces

Author: Alexandra Galani

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2011-08-17

Total Pages: 365

ISBN-13: 9027287015

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One of the most striking trends across linguistic research in recent years has been the examination of the interfaces between the various subcomponents of the language faculty. Yet, approaches to these interfaces across different theoretical frameworks differ substantially. This volume pulls together research into Morphology and its interfaces from researchers employing a variety of different theoretical and methodological perspectives: Morphology is a diverse field, and rather than aiming to collect works sharing a particular approach or framework of assumptions, this collection instead captures the diversity and provides an overview of the state of the research field while also addressing particular empirical phenomena with up-to-date analyses. The articles collected provide case studies from a diverse variety of languages revealing properties of the interfaces that morphology shares with syntax, semantics, phonology, and the lexicon, while the volume's inclusive cross-theoretical approach will serve to introduce readers to the findings of alternative frameworks and methodologies.


Book Synopsis Morphology and its Interfaces by : Alexandra Galani

Download or read book Morphology and its Interfaces written by Alexandra Galani and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most striking trends across linguistic research in recent years has been the examination of the interfaces between the various subcomponents of the language faculty. Yet, approaches to these interfaces across different theoretical frameworks differ substantially. This volume pulls together research into Morphology and its interfaces from researchers employing a variety of different theoretical and methodological perspectives: Morphology is a diverse field, and rather than aiming to collect works sharing a particular approach or framework of assumptions, this collection instead captures the diversity and provides an overview of the state of the research field while also addressing particular empirical phenomena with up-to-date analyses. The articles collected provide case studies from a diverse variety of languages revealing properties of the interfaces that morphology shares with syntax, semantics, phonology, and the lexicon, while the volume's inclusive cross-theoretical approach will serve to introduce readers to the findings of alternative frameworks and methodologies.

Words, Words, Words: Philology and Beyond

Words, Words, Words: Philology and Beyond

Author: Sarah Chevalier

Publisher: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag

Published: 2012-02-15

Total Pages: 257

ISBN-13: 3772054358

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This Festschrift comprises a series of papers written in honour of the philologist Andreas Fischer, on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. As in Andreas Fischer's own research, the main focus of the volume is on words: words in modern varieties, such as emergent conjunctions in Australian, American and British English, words in their cultural and historical context, such as English keywords in Old Norse literature, and words in a diachronic perspective, such as Romance suffixation in the history of English. Many contributions are anchored in the philological tradition that has informed much of Andreas Fischer's own scholarship, such as the study of verbal duelling in the late thirteenth-century romance Kyng Alisaunder. Others examine the construction ofdiscourses, such as those surrounding the Black Death. The volume, with its innovative studies,offers fascinating insights into words, discourses,and their contexts, both past and present.


Book Synopsis Words, Words, Words: Philology and Beyond by : Sarah Chevalier

Download or read book Words, Words, Words: Philology and Beyond written by Sarah Chevalier and published by Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. This book was released on 2012-02-15 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Festschrift comprises a series of papers written in honour of the philologist Andreas Fischer, on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. As in Andreas Fischer's own research, the main focus of the volume is on words: words in modern varieties, such as emergent conjunctions in Australian, American and British English, words in their cultural and historical context, such as English keywords in Old Norse literature, and words in a diachronic perspective, such as Romance suffixation in the history of English. Many contributions are anchored in the philological tradition that has informed much of Andreas Fischer's own scholarship, such as the study of verbal duelling in the late thirteenth-century romance Kyng Alisaunder. Others examine the construction ofdiscourses, such as those surrounding the Black Death. The volume, with its innovative studies,offers fascinating insights into words, discourses,and their contexts, both past and present.

Lexical Creativity, Texts and Contexts

Lexical Creativity, Texts and Contexts

Author: Judith Munat

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 9789027215673

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The coining of novel lexical items and the creative manipulation of existing words and expressions is heavily dependent on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The twelve specialists contributing to this collection aim to illuminate creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles, but also examine 'critical creativity' determined by language policy, as well as diachronic phonetic variation in creatively-coined words. The data, based either on large corpora or smaller hand-collected samples, is drawn from advertising, the daily press, electronic communication, literature, spoken interaction, cartoons, lexical ontologies and style guides. The coining of novel lexical items and the creative manipulation of existing words and expressions is heavily dependent on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The twelve specialists contributing to this collection aim to illuminate creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles, but also examine 'critical creativity' determined by language policy, as well as diachronic phonetic variation in creatively-coined words. The data, based either on large corpora or smaller hand-collected samples, is drawn from advertising, the daily press, electronic communication, literature, spoken interaction, cartoons, lexical ontologies and style guides. Each study analyses novel formations in relation to their contexts of use and inevitably leads to the crucial question of creativity vs. productivity. By focussing on creative lexical formations at the level of parole, these studies provide insights into morphological theory at the level of langue, and ultimately seek to explain lexical creativity as a function of language use.


Book Synopsis Lexical Creativity, Texts and Contexts by : Judith Munat

Download or read book Lexical Creativity, Texts and Contexts written by Judith Munat and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The coining of novel lexical items and the creative manipulation of existing words and expressions is heavily dependent on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The twelve specialists contributing to this collection aim to illuminate creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles, but also examine 'critical creativity' determined by language policy, as well as diachronic phonetic variation in creatively-coined words. The data, based either on large corpora or smaller hand-collected samples, is drawn from advertising, the daily press, electronic communication, literature, spoken interaction, cartoons, lexical ontologies and style guides. The coining of novel lexical items and the creative manipulation of existing words and expressions is heavily dependent on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The twelve specialists contributing to this collection aim to illuminate creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles, but also examine 'critical creativity' determined by language policy, as well as diachronic phonetic variation in creatively-coined words. The data, based either on large corpora or smaller hand-collected samples, is drawn from advertising, the daily press, electronic communication, literature, spoken interaction, cartoons, lexical ontologies and style guides. Each study analyses novel formations in relation to their contexts of use and inevitably leads to the crucial question of creativity vs. productivity. By focussing on creative lexical formations at the level of parole, these studies provide insights into morphological theory at the level of langue, and ultimately seek to explain lexical creativity as a function of language use.

Compounding in Modern Greek

Compounding in Modern Greek

Author: Angela Ralli

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-10-29

Total Pages: 306

ISBN-13: 9400749600

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One of the core challenges in linguistics is elucidating compounds—their formation as well as the reasons their structure varies between languages. This book on Modern Greek rises to the challenge with a meticulous treatment of its diverse, intricate compounds, a study as grounded in theory as it is rich in data. Enhancing our knowledge of compounding and word-formation in general, its exceptional scope is a worthy model for linguists, particularly morphologists, and offers insights for students of syntax, phonology, dialectology and typology, among others. The author examines first-tier themes such as the order and relations of constituents, headedness, exocentricity, and theta-role saturation. She shows how Modern Greek compounding relates to derivation and inflection, and charts the boundaries between compounds and phrases. Exploring dialectically variant compounds, and identifying historical changes, the analysis extends to similarly formed compounds in wholly unrelated languages.


Book Synopsis Compounding in Modern Greek by : Angela Ralli

Download or read book Compounding in Modern Greek written by Angela Ralli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-29 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the core challenges in linguistics is elucidating compounds—their formation as well as the reasons their structure varies between languages. This book on Modern Greek rises to the challenge with a meticulous treatment of its diverse, intricate compounds, a study as grounded in theory as it is rich in data. Enhancing our knowledge of compounding and word-formation in general, its exceptional scope is a worthy model for linguists, particularly morphologists, and offers insights for students of syntax, phonology, dialectology and typology, among others. The author examines first-tier themes such as the order and relations of constituents, headedness, exocentricity, and theta-role saturation. She shows how Modern Greek compounding relates to derivation and inflection, and charts the boundaries between compounds and phrases. Exploring dialectically variant compounds, and identifying historical changes, the analysis extends to similarly formed compounds in wholly unrelated languages.